^ 4W -C^ SAIITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 81 per\ 5'S'=* /ORI UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1933 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- zations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The present volume is the eighty-first of this series. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues of type specimens and special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published bj^ the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C, February S, 1933. n CONTENTS Article Aldrich, J. M. New Diptera, or two-winged flies, from America, Asia, and Java, with additional notes. No. 2932, pp. 1-28. June 30, 1932 1 9 New genera: Collinellula, Dyscrasis, Schislochilus, Trophops. New species: Ocnaea triviltata, Collinellula magislri, Leptocera {Limosina) opaca, Dyscrasis hendeli, Kroberia floridensis, Scatophaga gigantea, Sarcophaga (Blaesoxipha) valangae, Leski- oniima jaynesi, Schislochilus aristatum, Zenillia palpalis, Trophops clauseni, Exoristoides urichi, Achaetoneura nigripalpis. New variety: Scatophaga gigantea obscura. Alicata, Joseph E. A new trematode of the genus Urotrema from bats. No. 2928, pp. 1-4. August 11, 1932 ^ 5 New species: Urotrema lasiurensis. Bartsch, Paul. A newly discovered West Indian mollusk faunula. No. 2929, pp. 1-12. July 6, 1932 ' 6 New subgenus: Chondropomella. New species: Chondropoma (Chondropomium) wetmorei, Lucidella beatensis, Eutrochatella beatensis, E. sphaerula, Ceratodiscus beaten- sis, Cepolis wetmorei, C. lincolni, Plagioptycha (Monodonta) beatensis, Thysanophora beatensis, T. alta, Urocoptis {Autocoptis) beatensis, Macroceramus beatensis. Varicella beatensis. New subspecies: Cepolis trizonalis beatensis. Chandler, Asa C. Notes on the helminth parasites of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in southeast Texas, with descriptions of four new species. No. 2939, pp. 1-15. August 15, 1932 1 16 New species: Proalaria variabilis, Rhopalias macr acanthus, Aspi- dodera harwoodi, Gnathostoma didelphis. Clark, Austin H. The forms of the common Old World swallowtail butterfly {Papilio machaon) in North America, with descriptions of two new subspecies. No. 2934, pp. 1-15. July 12, 1932 1 11 New subspecies: Papilio machaon hudsonianus, P. m. petersii. Fowler, Henry W. The fishes obtained by Lieut. H. C. Kellers, of the United States Naval Eclipse expedition of 1930, at Niuafoou Island, Tonga Group, in Oceania. No. 2931, pp. 1-9. August 15, 1932 1 8 New species: Paramyrus kellersi, Salarias kellersi, S. niuafoouensis. I Date of publication. Ill IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 8i Article GiLMORE, Charles W. On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum. No. 2941, pp. 1-21. November 18, 1932 1 18 Harwood, Paul D. The helminths parasitic in the Amphibia and Reptilia of Houston, Texas, and vicinity. No. 2940, pp. 1-71. December 21, 1932 ^ 17 New genus: Diochetos. New species: Poly stoma (Polystomoides) terrapenis, Mesocoelium americanum, Brachycoelium storeriae, B. meridionalis, B. daviesi, Glypthelmins svbtropica, Haematoloechus floedae, H. uniplexus, Renifer texanus, Cercorchis texanus, C. bairdi, Protenes chapmani, Oochoristica natricis, 0. anolis, 0. eumecis, 0. americana, 0. elaphis, Diochetos phrynosoniatis, Falcaustra chelydrae, Cruzia testudinis, Pharyngodon warneri, Atractis carolinae, Kalicephalus agkistrodontis, K. rectiphilus, Physaloptera squamatae, Thubunaea leiolopismae, Capillaria serpentina, C. heterodontis. New subspecies: Kalicephalus agkistrodontis flagellus. Hough, Walter. A cache of Basket Maker baskets from New Mexico. No. 2933, pp. 1-3. June 25, 1932 ' 10 . Decorative designs on Elden Pueblo pottery. Flagstaff, Ariz. No. 2930, pp. 1-11. July 20, 1932 ' 7 DE Laubenfels, M. W. The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. No. 2927, pp. 1-140, December 2, 1932 i___ 4 New genera: Zygherpe, Halichoclona, Xesiospongia. New species: Polymastia pachymastia, Hymeniacidon ungodon, Zygherpe hyaloderma, Plocamia igzo, Halichoclona gellindra, Spongia idia. New varieties: Tethya aurantia (Pallas) calif orniana, Cliona celata Grant californiana, Myxilla versicolor Topsent californiana, lophon chelifer Ridley and Dendy californiana, Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe) californiana. New name: Anaata. Marshall, William B. Two new land shells of the genus Bulimulus from BoUvia. No. 2937, pp. 1-3. July 28, 1932 ^ 14 New species: Bulimulus (Scutalus) hessi, B. (S.) bolivianus. > Date of publication. CONTENTS Article Okada, Yaichiro. Report on the hexactinellid sponges col- lected by the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. No. 2935, pp. 1-118. October 19, 1932 1 12 New species: Pheronema ijimai, P. surugensis, Hyalonema (Cyli- conema) hozawai, H. (Coscinonema) ovatum, Farrea kurilensis, F. watasei, F. beringiana, Eurete nipponica, E. saccuUformis , E. irregularis, Aphrocallistes intermedia, A. yatsui, A. aleuliana, Hyalascus attenuatus, Aulosaccus fissuraius, A. albatrossi, A. tuberculatus, A. solaster, A. pinularis, Acanthascus pachyderma, Staurocalyptus rugocruciatus, Rhabdocalyptus borealis, R. heter- aster, R. bidentatus. New subspecies: Pheronema globosum kagoshimensis, Hyalonema (Cyliconema) aperlum solidum, H. {Coscinonema) kirkpatricki globosum, Farrea sollasii yakushimensis, Aulosaccus fissurahis shimushirensis . Pearse, a. S. New bopyrid isopod crustaceans from Dry Tortugas, Florida. No. 2924, pp. 1-6. June 1, 1932 ' 1 New genus: Bopyro. New species: Bopyro choprae, Hemiarlhrus schmitti. Price, Emmett W. The trematode parasites of marine mam- mals. No. 2936, pp. 1-68. October 1, 1932 ' 13 New genus: Hadwenius. New species: Hadxvenius seymouri, Apophallus zalophi. New combinations: Synthesium tursionis (Marchi, 1873), Opis- thotreina dujonis (Leuckart, 1874), 0. cochleotrema (Travassos and Vogelsang, 1931), Agamodistomum delphini (Diesing, 1850). Wetmore, Alexander. Birds collected in Cuba and Haiti by the Parish-Smithsonian expedition of 1930. No. 2925, pp. 1-40. July 22, 1932 1 2 WooDRiNG, W. P. A Miocene mollusk of the genus Haliotis from the Temblor range, California. No. 2938, pp. 1-4. August 30, 1932 ^ 15 New species: Haliotis lasia. Zeliff, Clarke Courson. A new species of cestode, Crepi- dobothrium amphiumae, from Amphiuma tridactylum. No. 2926, pp. 1-3. June 18, 1932 1 3 New species: Crepidobothrium amphiumae. ' Date of publication. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES New Diptera, or Two-winged Flies, from America, Asia, AND Java, with Additional Notes By J. M. Aldrich Facing Page 1. Dyscrasis Sind Collinellula, new genera 28 A Newly Discovered West Indian Mollusk Faunula By Paul Bartsch 1-3. New West Indian mollusks 12 The Forms of the Common Old World Swallowtail Butter- fly (Papilio machaon) in North America, with Descriptions OF Two New Subspecies By Austin H. Clark 1. Papilio machaon sikkimensis 15 2. Papilio machaon aliaska 15 3. Papilio machaon hudsonianus 15 4. Papilio machaon petersii 15 5. Papilio machaon aliaska and P. m. petersii 15 6. Undersides of specimens shown on Plate 6 15 7. Papilio machaon aliaska 15 8. Undersides of specimens shown on Plate 7 15 On a Newly Mounted Skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum By Charles W. Gilmore 4 1. Dinosaur National Monument 2. Dinosaur National Monument and Dinosaur National Monument quarry 3. Dinosaur National Monument quarry 4 4. The Diplodocus skeleton as it was partly uncovered in the face of the quarry 5 5. Skeleton of Diplodocus longus Marsh as exhibited in the hall of verte- brate paleontology in the United States National Museum 8 6. Comparative views of the mounted skeletons of Diplodocus carnegii and D. longus 9 VI ILLUSTEATIONS VII The Helminths Parasitic in the Amphibia and Reptilia of Houston, Texas, and Vicinity By Paul D. Harwood Facing Page 1. Polystoma terrapenis, Mesocoelium americanum, Brachycoelium storeriae, B. meridionalis, B. daviesi, Glypthelmins subtropica, Haematoloechus floedae 71 2. Haematoloechus uniplexus, Renifer texanus, R. aniarum, Lechriorchis validus, Manodistomum occultum, Cercorchis texanus, C. bairdi, Pro- tenes chapmani 71 3. Proteocephalus faranciae, Oochoristica natricis, 0. anolis, O. eumecis, O. americana, 0. elaphis, Diochetos phrynosomatis 71 4. Diochetos phrynosomatis, Cysticerus sp., Falcaustra chelydrae, Pharyngo- don warneri, Atractis carolinae 71 5. Kalicephalus agkistrodontis, K. rectiphilus, Oswaldocruzia pipiens, Physaloptera squamatae, Thubunea leiolopismae, Capillaria serpen- tina, C. heterodontis, C. heterodontis eggs 71 A Cache of Basket Maker Baskets from New Mexico By Walter Hough 1 . Clay with finger impressions ; coiled bowl 3 2. Oval bowl; decorative design on oval bowl 3 3. Carrying basket; large coiled bowl 3 Decorative Designs on Elden Pueblo Pottery, Flagstaff, Ariz. By Walter Hough 1 . Bowls with band designs 11 2. Bowls with bands of lines, zigzags, and spirals 11 3. 4. Handled vases 11 5. Canteens and bowls 11 6. Bowls, unusual design 11 7. Bowls, gray ware, black decoration 11 8. Live forms 11 9. Bowls of red ware 11 10. Coiled and brown polished ware 11 Two New Land Shells or the Genus Bulimulus from Bolivia By William B. Marshall 1. New species of Bulimulus from Bolivia 3 Report on the Hexactinellid Sponges Collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in the Northwestern Pacific during the Summer of 1906 By Yaichiro Okada 1,2. New species and subspecies of Hyalonema and Pheronema 116 3. New species of Farrea and Eurete 116 VIII PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATION A.L MUSEUM vol. 8i Facing Page 4. Aphrocallistes 116 5. Acanthascus, Lanuginella, and Aulosaccus 116 6. New species of Rhabdocalyptus, Bathydorus, Staurocalyptus, and Hyalascus 117 The Trematode Parasites of Marine Mammals By Emmett W. Price 1 . Fasciola hepatica and Campula oblonga 68 2. Campula palliata and C. delphini 68 3. Campula rochebruni, Zalophotrema hepaticum, and Lecithodesmus goliath 68 4. Orthosplanchnus ardicus and O. fraterculus 68 5. Synthesium tursionis and Odhneriella rossica 68 6. Hadivenius seymouri, new genus, new species 68 7. Pholeter gastrophilus, Opisthorchis tenuicollis, and Stephanoprora denticulata 68 8. Cyclorchis campula, Amphimerus lancea, ? Amphimerus lancea, Metor- chis albidus, and Pseudamphislomum truncatum 68 9. Cryptocotyle lingua, Apophallus donicus, A. zalophi, Galadosomum erinaceum, and Phocitrema fusiform,e 68 10. Chiorchis fabaceus 68 11. Opisthoirema dujonis, 0. cochleotrema, and Pulmonicola pulmonale 68 12. Rhabdiopoeus laylori, Ogmogaster plicatus, and Distoma andersoni 68 Birds Collected in Cuba and Haiti by the Parish-Smith- sonian Expedition of 1930 By Alexander Wetmore 1. The Esperanza under sail; Port Tanamo, Cuba, from the sea 1 2. Above the mouth of the Rio Moa, Cuba; near Baracoa, Cuba 4 3. Gonave Island, inland from Anse h Galets; the shore line of Petite Gonave Island 5 4. Near the mouth of the Baraderes River, Haiti; shore line near Petit Trou de Nippes, Haiti 8 5. Town of Corail, Haiti; Bigie Bay, Haiti 8 6. Feret Bay, lie h Vache, Haiti 8 7. Navassa Island; shore line of Navassa Island, showing undercut bound- ary cliff 9 A Miocene Mollusk of the Genus Haliotis from the Temblor Range, California By W. P. Woodring 1. Haliotis lasia, new species 4 A New Species of Cestode, Crepidobothrium amphiumae, from Amphiuma tridactylum By Clarke Courson Zeliff 1. Crepidobothrium amphiumae, new species 3 ILLUSTRATIONS IX TEXT FIGURES New Diptera, or Two-winged Flies, from America, Asia, and Java, with Additional Notes By J. M. Aldrich Page 1. Sarcophaga (Blaesoxipha) valangae, new species. Side view of male genitalia with forceps from behind 16 2. Zenillia pal palis, new species. Palpus of female, outer side 20 A New Trematode of the Genus Urotrema from Bats By Joseph E. Alicata 1. Urotrema lasiurensis, new species. Ventral view 2 Notes on the Helminth Parasites of the Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in Southeast Texas, with Descriptions of Four New Species By Asa C. Chandler 1. Sketches of eight siDecimens of Proalaria variabilis, new species, showing variations in size, form of body, and tentacular or sucking organs 2 2. Large specimen of Proalaria variabilis, new species 3 3. A, Rhopalias macr acanthus, new species; B, anterior end with probos- cides retracted; C, anterior end with proboscides exserted 6 4. Aspidodera harwoodi, new species, tail of male 9 5. Spines from various parts of body of GnatJiostonia didelphis, with spines from corresponding parts of body of Gnathostoma spinigerum 11 The Fishes Obtained by Lieut. H. C. Kellers, of the United States Naval Eclipse Expedition of 1930, at Niuafoou Island, Tonga Group, in Oceania By Henry W. Fowler 1 . Paramyrus kellersi, new species 2 2. Salarias kellersi, new species 6 3. Salarias niuafoou ensis, new species 8 On a Newly Mounted Skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum By Charles W. Gilmore 1. Diagram or quarry map showing the relative positions of the bones of the Diplodocus skeleton as it was embedded in the sandstone 5 2. Outline of tenth dorsal vertebra, to show forward inclination of the spinous process 11 3. Coossified caudal vertebrae of Diplodocus longus 13 Decorative Designs on Elden Pueblo Pottery, Flagstaff, Ariz. By Walter Hough 1. Map showing gray-ware centers, Rio Colorado and Rio Grande regions 3 X PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. si The Marine and Fresh-water Sponges of California By M. W. de Laubenfels Page 1. Sketch map showing California localities mentioned in text 2 2. Leucosolenia maclemji Dendy 7 3. Leucosolenia eleanor Urban 8 4. Leucosolenia nautilia de Laubenfels 10 5. Leuconia heathi (Urban) 13 6. Leucetta losangelensis (de Laubenfels) 15 7. Rhabdodermella nuttingi Urban 16 8. Staurocalyptus soUdus Schulze 19 9. Halisarca sacra de Laubenfels 23 10. Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld 26 11. Slelletta clarella de Laubenfels 30 12. Slelletta estrella de Laubenfels 32 13. Poecillastra rickettsi de Laubenfels 34 14. Poecillastra tenuilaminaris (Sollas) 35 15. Penares cortius de Laubenfels 36 16. Papyrula saccharis de Laubenfels 38 17. Dercitus syrmatitus de Laubenfels 39 18. Tetilla mutabilis de Laubenfels 41 19. Tetilla arb de Laubenfels 43 20. Tethya aurantia (Pallsis) calif orniana, new xariety 45 21. Timea authia de Laubenfels 46 22. Cliona celata Grant 48 23. Spheciospongia confoederata de Laubenfels 50 24. Polymastia pachymastia, new species 51 25. Ficuliiia suberea (Johnston) lata (Lambe) 53 26. Prosuberites sisyrnus de Laubenfels 54 27. Suberites gadus de Laubenfels 56 28. Halichondria panicea (Pallas) 57 29. Hymeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels 69 30. Hymeniacidon ungodon, new species 60 31. Prianos problematicus de Laubenfels 61 32. Biemna rhadia de Laubenfels 64 33. Desmacella vagabunda Schmidt 65 34. Zygherpe hyaloderma, new species 66 35. Mycale bellabellensis (Lambe) 67 36. Mycale macginitiei de Laubenfels 69 37. Paresperella psila de Laubenfels 70 38. Esperiopsis originalis de Laubenfels 72 39. Wilsa hymena de Laubenfels 73 40. Astylinifer arndti de Laubenfels 74 41. Lissodendoryx kyma de Laubenfels 75 42. Lissodendoryx noxiosa de Laubenfels 77 43. Lissodendoryx rex de Laubenfels 78 44. Myxilla agennes de Laubenfels 79 45. Myxilla parasitica Lambe 80 46. Myxilla versicolor Topsent calif orniana, new variety 82 47. lophon chelifer Ridley and Dendy calif orniana, new variety 83 48. Tedania topsenti de Laubenfels 84 49. Tedania toxicalis de Laubenfels 85 50. Tedanione obscurata de Laubenfels 86 ILLUSTRATIONS XI Pago 51 . Hymenam'phiastra cyanocrypta de Laubenfels 88 52. Anaata spongigartina de Laubenfels 90 53. Anaata brepha de Laubenfels 91 54. Eurypon asodes de Laubenfels 93 55. Microciona microjoanna de Laubenfels 94 56. Microciona parthena de Laubenfels 96 57. Clathriopsamma pseudonapya de Laubenfels 97 58. Jia jia de Laubenfels 98 59. Isociona lithophoenix (de Laubenfels) 100 60. Plocamia karykina de Laubenfels 101 61. Plocamia igzo, new species 102 62. Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe) calif orniana, new variety 104 63. Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels 105 64. Hemectyon hyle de Laubenfels 108 65. Cy anion neon de Laubenfels 110 66. Gellius edaphus de Laubenfels 112 67. Gellius textapatina de Laubenfels 113 68. Halichoclona gellindra, new species 114 69. Xeslospongia diprosopia (de Laubenfels) 115 70. Xeslospongia vanilla (de Laubenfels) 116 71. Ilaliclona ecbasis de Laubenfels 118 72. Haliclona enamela de Laubenfels 119 73. Haliclona lunisimilis de Laubenfels 120 74. Haliclona cinerea (Grant) 121 75. Spongia idia, new species 122 76. Dysidea amhlia de Laubenfels 123 77. Verongia thiona de Laubenfels 125 78. Aplysilla glacialis (Dybowski) 126 79. Aplysilla polyraphis de Laubenfels 127 Report on the Hexactinellid Sponges Collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in the Northwestern Pacific during the Summer of 1906 By Yaichiro Okada 1 . Pheronerna ijimai, new species 9 2. Hyalonema (Cyliconema) hozawai, new species 23 3. Hyalonema (Coscinonema) ovatum, new species 27 4. Farrea kurilensis, new species 31 5. Farrea watasei, new species 35 6. Farrea beringiana, new species 40 7. Hyalascus attenuatus, nevv' species 70 8. Aulosaccus fissuratus, new species 74 9. Aulosaccus albatrossi, new species 79 10. Aulosaccus tuberculatus, new species 83 11. Aulosaccus solaster, new species 86 12. Acanthascus pachy derma, new species 95 13. Staurocalypius rugocruciatus, new species 100 14. Rhabdocalyplus borealis, new species 104 15. Rhabdocalyplus heteraster, new species 108 16. Rhabdocalyplus bidentaius, new species 114 XII PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voi.si New Bopyrid Isopod Crustaceans from Dry Tortugas, Florida By A. S. Pearse Page 1-14. Bopyro choprae, new species 2 15-21. Hemiarthrus schmitti, new species 3 22-26. Stegias clibanarii Richardson, male 5 NEW BOPYRID ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM DRY TORTUGAS, FLORIDA By A. S. Pearse Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, N. C. During the summer of 1981 two new species of bopyrids and an undescribed male of one of Harriet Richardson's species were found at Dry Tortugas, Fla. These are herewith described. BOPYRO, new genus Description. — Bopyridae : In the female the first four segments of the abdomen are distinct and the last two partly fused. There are no uropods and only four pairs of pleopods, which are more or less cylindrical. The distal segment of the first lamella of the marsupium is produced into a blunt, conical lobe. In the male the first three segments of the abdomen are distinct, and the last three are fused into a trilobate terminal piece. There are no uropods, and pleopods are absent or rudimentary. The genus differs from Pt'ohopynis in having free abdominal segments in the male and fused abdominal segments in the female; from Bopyriscus in having uniramous pleopods in the female; and from Bopyrina in having distinct abdominal segments in the male. BOPYRO CHOPRAE, new species Figures 1-14 This isopod is a parasite in the branchial cavitj' of Synalpheus hrooksi Coutiere, which lives in the loggerhead sponge, Sp^ciospongia vespara (Lamarck) Marshall, at Tortugas, Fla. Description. — Female : Body, asymmetrical, one side longer than the other; longer than wide, 6.2 mm. by 4.3 mm. Head deeply set in thorax, twice as wide as long, produced into an obtuse process at the anterior angle, with front slightly elevated near middle. Eyes placed near the lateral margins of the head, small, irregular. Fii*st antennae small, 3-segmented. Second antennae shorter than first, 2-segmented. The seven thoracic segments are distinct. The lateral margins of first four are bilobate. All bear lamellar epim- eral plates along one margin. Seven pairs of subchelate peraeo- No. 2924.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 81, Art. I. 101485 — 32 1 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 pods are present. Ovarian bosses make the plates above the brood pouch reticulate. The first four segments of the abdomen are dis- tinct; the last two are not completely separated. There are no Figures 1-14. — Bopyro choprae, new species : 1, Male and female ; 2, female, dorsal view ; 3, first pleopod, female ; 4, abdomen of female, ventral view ; 5, seventh peraeopod, female ; 6, 7, third and fourth pleopods, female ; 8, first incubatory lamellae, female ; 9, ventral view of head, male ; 10, posterior ends of abdomen, male ; 11, first peraeopod, male ; 12, body of male, dorsal view ; 13, second antenna, male ; 14, first antenna, male uropoda. Four pairs of more or less cylindrical pleopods are pres- ent ; those of the first two are slightly bilobed at the tip ; those of the two posterior pairs are cylindrical and rounded distally. The five AUT. 1 NEW BOPYRID ISOPODS PEAESE pairs of incubatory lamellae do not completely inclose the brood pouch. The first pair are produced into a blunt lobe distally. The posterior pair are setose along their distal margins. Male: Length of body, 1.2 mm.; width, 0.4 mm.; slightly concave at the middle. First antennae 3-segmented, second antennae 2- segmented. Eyes near posterolateral angles, rounded. There are seven distinct thoracic metameres and seven pairs of subchelate peraeopods. The first three segments of the abdomen are distinct; the last three are fused into a tail piece, which bears three rounded, distal lobes, the median one of which is much larger and projects much beyond the others. Epimeral plates are larger on the right than on the left later margins. There are no uropoda, and pleopods 16 \ Figures 15-21. — Hemiarthrus achmitti, new species : 15, Female, without incubatory pouch ; 16, head of male, dorsal view ; 17, male abdomen ; 18, young female ; 19, first leg, male; 20, head of male, ventral view; 21, male abdomen are represented only by two pairs of tubercles on the first two ab- dominal segments. The species is named for Dr. B. C. Chopra, of the Indian Museum. Type.—V.S.'^M. No. 64488. Genus HEMIARTHRUS Giard and Bonnier HEMIARTHRUS SCHMITTI, new species FlGUBES 15-21 This isopod is a parasite on the ventral side of the abdomen of Synalpheus hrooksi Coutiere at Tortugas, Fla. The host lives in the loggerhead sponge, Speciospongia vespara (Lamarck) Marshall. Description. — Female : Body asymmetrical, greatlj^ swollen on one side by outgrowth of marsupial pouch ; length of largest specimen, 4.6 mm. ; width, 2.5 mm. Head flat, somewhat wider than long, deeply sunk into thorax; anterior margin nearly straight; a blunt lobe at the anterolateral angle on the side opposite the marsupial pouch. 4 PROCEEDIlSrGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Antennae digitiform. Eyes somewhat elongated, near lateral mar- gins of head, nearer anterior than posterior margin. A forked chitinous thickening branches above the mouth and bifurcates on each cheek. Seven thoracic segments and seven legs are apparent on the side of the body opposite the marsupium; the other side bears only the first leg, and the somites are not defined. The thoracic legs are all subchelate. Ovarian bosses are present on the marsupial side of the thorax. The abdomen is composed of four segments. On the side away from the marsupium the first three seg- ments each bear an appendage, which ends in two flat, spatulate rami; the last somite bears tAvo such appendages; in other words, there is a fringe of five flattened, biramous appendages along the lateral and posterior border of the abdomen. There are five pairs of incubatory lamellae, which inclose a more or less spherical mass of eggs ; those on the side of the body without legs are very small. Three young females were found attached to the abdomens of al- pheids among the swimmerets. These measured 0.7, 1.1, and 1.3 mm. in length, respectively. They (fig. 18) have seven pairs of sub- chelate legs on the thorax, and a tapering, 6-segmented abdomen, which is without appendages. The first segment of the abdomen is much shorter than those following. The head is flat and resembles that of the adult. Male : Narrow, 1.8 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide. Head rounded an- teriorly, straight across the posterior margin. Eyes elongated, near posterolateral angles. Antennae tapering, first pair less than half as long as second, 3-segmented; second pair 7-segmented. Thorax 7-segmented, with seven pairs of subchelate appendages. Abdomen unsegmented, without appendages; lateral margins somewhat vari- able, often with a deep notch near the base and another slight in- dentation nearer the tip; posterior end, always rounded and emarginate. The species is named for Dr. Waldo Schmitt, curator of marine invertebrates. United States National Museum. Type.—V.S.l^M. No. 65147. Genus STEGIAS Richardson STEGIAS CLIBANARII Richardson Figures 22-26 Steffias clihanarii Richardson, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., vol. 27. pp. 59-60, 1904. Through the kindness of Prof. B. W. Kunkel, three specimens of this species, all now in the United States National Museum, were obtained from the branchial cavity of CUbanarius tincolor (Gibbes). The two females differ in some respects from Richardson's de- scription, which was made from one very old specimen, but the abdomens and their appendages agree quite well with her descrip- ART. 1 NEW BOPYEID ISOPODS — PEAESE tion. The females measure 2.5 and 3.1 mm. long and 1.2 and l.T mm. wide. They are more asymmetrical than K.icliardson"'s figures show, and their bodies are bent somewhat more to one side; the fourth and fifth pairs of legs are not widely separated. As Richardson had no male specimens, the following description of the male is given : Body 0.9 mm. long, 0.2 mm. wide, straight except for the abdomen, which is bent slightly toward the left side; consists of a head and 13 free segments. Head rounded along lateral and anterior margins, wider than long, inclosed for a third of its length in the first thoracic segment. Eyes near posterolateral margins of the head, small; Figures 22-26. — Stegias clibanaru Richardson, male : 22, Ventral view ; 23, first antenna ; 24, second antenna ; 25, head, dorsal view ; 26. tip of abdomen, ventral view there are circular spots continuous posteriorly with pigmented sin- uous bands, which reach to the posterior margin of the head. First antennae 3-segmented, second antennae 2-segmented. Thorax com- posed of seven free segments, each of which bears a pair of subchelate pereiopods ; first pair of pereiopods smaller than the remaining pairs. Abdomen 6-segmented ; first five segments each bear a pair of conical ventral appendages. Sixth .segment terminating in two lateral and a smaller median conical process; asymmetrical, the right process being longer than the left. Types. — Female, in the Peabody Museum, Yale University; male, U.S.N.M. No. 65146. REFERENCES Chopra, B, 1923. Bopyrid isopods parasitic on Indian Decapoda Macrura. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 25, pp. 411-550, pis. 11-21, 32 figs. 1927. The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Manaar. Bopy- rid isopods. Bull. Madras Gov. Mus., Nat. Hist. Sect., vol. 1, pp. 119-122, 2 figs. 1930. Further notes on bopyrid isopods parasitic on Indian Decapoda Macrura. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 32, pp. 113-147, pis. 4-6, 5 figs. Hat, W. p. 1917. A new genus and three new species of parasitic isopod crustaceans. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, pp. 569-574, pis. 98-100. NiEBSTRAsz, H. F., and Brendee a Beandis, G. A. 1929. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-16. Bpi- caridea. I. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk naturh. Foren. Kj0beDhavn, vol. 87, pp. 1-44, 53 figs. 1931. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition. Epicaridea. II. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk naturh. Foren. Kj0benhavn, vol. 91, pp. 147-226, 125 figs., 1 pi. RiOHABDSON, HarbIET. 1905. A monograph on the isopods of North America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 54. 727 pp., 740 figs. 6 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 13 32 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 2 PL. 1 The " ESPERANZA •' UNDER SAIL Port Tanamo. Cuba, from the Sea BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI BY THE PARISH-SMITHSONIAN EXPEDITION OF 1930 By Alexander Wetmore Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution INTRODUCTION ; . ' The Parish-Smithsonian Expedition of 1930 was organized by the late Lee H. Parish, with the cooperation of his father, Semmes W. Parish, for zoological exploration in Haiti, including also in its scope studies along the northern coast of Cuba. Though planned principally to cover work with birds and reptiles, so far as practica- ble the investigations included also collections of mammals, fishes, mollusks, and other groups. The present report is concerned with the birds, of which 558 specimens and six sets of eggs were obtained. The party had at its service the yacht Esperanza (pi. 1), an 80- foot ketch-rigged boat equipped with an auxiliary engine, so that it was practicable to work at a number of important areas, particu- larly in Haiti, that otherwise would have been difficult of access. Besides the two already mentioned, the party included Mrs. S. W. Parish, who assisted in radio communication, in photography, and in the care of specimens, and Watson M. Perrygo, of the staff of taxidermists of the United States National Museum. In addition to being head of the scientific party Lee Parish was captain and navigator, and was untiring in his efforts to promote the success of the work. The party devoted the major part of its time to collections on islands lying off the Haitian coast, as the Esperanza offered an exceptional opportunity for study in these comparatively little-worked areas. The Esperanza left Miami, Fla., in the afternoon of February 15, 1930. The following morning a black-throated blue warbler and two Maryland yellowthroats came aboard, and the first specimen of the expedition, a yeliowthroat, was obtained. On the same day the ship passed Bimini and that night anchored at Gun Cay in the Bahamas, but no landing could be made because of stormy weather. After a stormy passage the ship anchored at Gibara, Cuba, on February 20, and remained there until February 28, allowing oppor- No. 2925.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 81, Art. 2 1 2 PEOCEEDIISrGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 tunity for collections along the shore 3 miles east, on Santa Rosalia Lagoon, and on the Rio Gibara above its mouth. On February 26, the naturalists visited a cave approximately a mile south of the town. On March 1 the Esperama anchored in the bay of Tanamo (pi. 1), where collections were made on the two following days south of town and on Turones Cay. On March 4, the party stopped to collect at Cayo Grande de Moa, and near the mouths of the Moa and Fabrico Rivers (pi. 2), where conditions were so interesting that they remained until March 9. They arrived at Baracoa (pi. 2) on the 9th and remained there until March 11, and then continued through the Windward Passage, arriving in Port au Prince on March 13. The party obtained necessary permits to allow scientific collecting in Haiti through the kind offices of Gen. J. H. Russell, who at that time was American High Commissioner, and of others, and on March 19 they sailed for Gonave Island, accompanied by Colonel ^nd Mrs. Coyle and Lieut. Faustin Wirkus. That afternoon they landed on Petite Gonave Island, where a number of iguanas and various birds were obtained. (PI. 3.) This island is of low eleva- tion and has an area of approximately 15 acres, the surface being mainly a sharply eroded limestone with a mangrove swamp at the center. On March 20 the Esperanza anchored near the lighthouse at the western end of Gonave Island, a point where important collec- tions were made, as little or no work had been done in this remote section. On March 21 they moved to Anse a Galets and the follow- ing day made a trip into the interior of Gonave to a region known as Palma. (PI. 3.) They returned on the 23d to Port au Prince to obtain supplies for a voyage along the southwestern peninsula. While here collections were made on March 26, 27, and 28 at Montet, and on March 31 an area southwest of Port au Prince was visited. On April 1 Lee Parish collected near Thomazeau. On April 4 the Esperanza sailed to the westward arriving in the Bay of Baraderes the following day (pi. 4). On April 6 the party visited two caves near a point called Mapou to explore for bones of extinct mammals. The first cave entered was small and, though so dry that conditions were favorable, produced no bones. A barn owl was taken and some human remains were found on a shelf. The second cave was deep, with water seeping through the ceiling, mak- ing it too damp for bones to have been preserved. Many birds were observed in the area adjacent. Further collections were made on the peninsula near Grand-Boucan on April 7, and on April 9, under guidance of the chief of the section, an expedition on horseback was made up the fertile valley of Petit Trou de Nippes to a cave con- AUT. -2 BIEDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI — WETMOKE 6 taining a large pool of clear water. The first chamber of this cavern was dry but contained no bones, while the inner chambers were damp. On April 10 and 11 collections were made near the mouth of the Baraderes Kiver. (PL 4.) About dark on April 11 the Esperanza anchored off Grande Caye- mite Island, rather large in area, rough and rocky, with broad areas covered with "Madame Michel" grass. The ship remained there until the following day and then moved to Petite Cayemite Island, which resembles the larger adjacent island in being of roughly eroded limestone. Work continued there until April 18, when Mr. and Mrs. Parish crossed to Corail for supplies, stopping on the way to collect at Bug Island, where they obtained numerous birds. (PI. 5.) On April 21 the party anchored in Bigie Bay (PL 5) at the ex- treme western end of the southwestern peninsula, and remained there, because of rough seas, until April 24, to collect in that vicinity and to recuperate from attacks of fever. On April 26 they came to Aux Cayes for supplies, and the following day crossed to lie a V^ache, dropping anchor in the beautiful little land-locked harbor of Feret Bay. (PL 6.) This bay, at the western end of the island, is lined by sandy beaches behind which grow coconut, cashew, and mango trees. From a boat, carried across into a salt-water lagoon in the interior, crocodiles and many other reptiles were collected. As the island had been unknown zoologically, all collections were important, and the party remained there until May 8. Collections were made throughout the higher ground of the western part of the island, and also on Raquette Cay, a small island off the eastern head- land of Feret Bay, a haunt of pelicans and frigate birds. Among the reptiles taken at lie a Vache were a number of living specimens for the National Zoological Park. On May 6 a trip was made into the swampy region in the eastern part of the island. Going b}^ way of Bigie Bay, the Esperanza anchored at daybreak on May 10 in Lulu Bay at Navassa Island. (PL 7.) Landing was made by means of a steel ladder, which allowed ascent of the 20- foot cliff that bounds the lower level of the island. The island, unin- habited by man, was covered with low trees and thorny bushes grow- ing over a rough, eroded limestone with little soil. Because of weather conditions the shore party had to return to the ship at 10 a. m., but they covered a good part of the island and obtained a representative set of the birds and a few reptiles. With no shelter from the blazing sun, heat was so intense that the collectors returned to the ship nearly exhausted. High seas prevented further work planned at the western end of Gonave Island, and the boat continued along the south coast of Gonave, anchoring on May 13 at Petite Gon- 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOlSrAL, MUSEUM vol.81 ave Island. The following day a number of live iguanas were ob- tained for the National Zoological Park, and studies were made that might be used subsequently in preparing a habitat group of these interesting animals. The native fishermen were much afraid of these great lizards, but said that they were easily captured by putting rum in hollows in the rocks, where the iguanas would drink it and become helpless. The six obtained were taken by hand, the dangerous attributes of these animals being entirely imaginary. That evening th«^, party sailed for Port au Prince. Miscellaneous collecting con- tinued in that vicinity until the Esperanza set sail for Miami on May 24, and Mr. Perrygo left for New York on the steamship Ancon on May 28. The exjDedition was highly successful in its objective of making collections on remote islands, and the specimens obtained, particu- larly the series of birds and reptiles, form valuable additions to the Haitian collections of the United States National Museum. The success of the work was due largely to the initiative of Lee H. Parish, who was responsible for the organization of the party and whose skill as a navigator and resourcefulness under the difficult conditions of travel in waters remote from ordinary facilities made possible the scientific investigation of a number of little-known locali- ties. Mr. Parish, in addition to these responsible duties, assisted con- stantly in the zoological work, both in collecting and in the prepara- tion of specimens. DISCUSSION OF THE AVIFAUNA The collection from Haiti included skins of the black-throated green warbler {Dendroica virens virens) and the black- whiskered vireo {Vireo olivaceus harbatula) as first records for Hispaniola. In addition there were two forms new to science, the Navassa ground dove {C olumhigallina passerina navasso.e) and the lie a Vache bull- finch {Loxigilla violacea parishi). With these the total list of birds known for Hispaniola is increased to 219. Great interest attaches to the forms of birds that occur on the off- lying islands, as it frequently happens that common species on the larger land mass do not occur on its small dependencies. As indi- cated in the introductory statement of this report, the present expe- dition made special attempt to collect on small offshore islands, and it met with good success in these efforts. The birds recorded from certain of the islands will now be considered in more detail. GONAVE ISLAND The bird life of Gonave Island has been carefully studied by Dr. W. L. Abbott, with later collections from visits by A. J. Poole and W. M. Perrygo, traveling for the National Museum, so that Wetmore U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 2 PL. 2 Above the Mouth of the Rio Mca. Cuba Near Baracoa. Cuba U- S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 2 PL. 3 GoNAVE Island. Inland from Anse a Galets The Shore Line of petite Gonave Island Native fishermen in forejironnd. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE O and Swales ^ have listed 84 forms from that island on the basis of the collections mentioned. The Parish expedition obtained in addition the tropic-bird {Phaethon lepturus cateshyi) and the black-whisk- ered vireo {Vireo olivaceus harhatula) ^ which raise the total to 86. The tropic-bird is a nesting species, and the vireo is a migrant that nests in southern Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba. NAVASSA ISLAND The specimens secured on Navassa Island established the subspe- cific distinctness of the Navassa ground dove, described from skins collected by the present expedition as ColunibigaUina -passerina na~~ vassae (Wetmore). Other species obtained have been listed- pre- viously, though it is interesting to call attention to the collection of: another skin of the ani {Grotophaga ani) from Navassa, further evidence that this cuckoo is a regular resident on the island. PETITE GONAVE ISLAND The island of Petite Gonave at the eastern end of Gonave Island has an area of approximately 15 acres, most of which is a very sharply eroded limestone formation, with a mangrove swamp in the center. The island is the home of a few fishermen and is remark- able especially for the occurrence of iguanas that range there in abundance. Several of these were captured alive for the National Zoological Park. As would be expected, relatively few species of birds were obtained during a few hours' collecting, the total list numbering only 10. The golden warbler is one of considerable interest, since it is the same form as that found on Gonave Island and differs from that of the main island. The occurrence of the clapper rail is of interest as it is of decidedly local occurrence in this region. FoUowino- is the complete list to date, which will be extended principally through the occurrence of migrants, though there are several other resident forms that should occur : Louisiana heron Hydranassa tricolor mficollis. Little blue heron Florida caerulea caerulescens. West Indian green heron Butorides virescens maculatus. Hispaniolan clapper rail Rallus longirostris vafer. Semipalmated plover Charadrius scmipalmatus. Lesser yellowlegs Totanus flavipes. Eastem white-winged dove Mclopelia asiatica asiatica. Gray kingbird Tyrannus dominiccnsis dominicensis. Gonave golden warbler Bendroica petechia Solaris. Northern water-thrush Seiurus noveboracensis noveboraccnsis. ' U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 155, 1931, pp. 47-48. ' Idem, p. 53. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 GRANDE CAYEMITE ISLAND The island of Grande Cayeraite, located near the center of the northern shore of the southwestern peninsula of Haiti, is nearly 9 kilometers long by 5 kilometers broad, and rises to an elevation of about 152 meters. It is rough and rocky with considerable area of scrub and many patches of " Madame Michel " grass. The avi- fauna of this island has been known previously from the work of Dr. W. L. Abbott, who recorded there 13 forms of birds from January 4 to 14, 1918. The Parish party increased this number by 12, so that it will be of interest to give the entire list as at present constituted. The presence of Ridgway's hawk, the golden warbler (the same form that inhabits adjacent Haiti), and the clapper rail is of interest. Several species recorded on the adjacent island of Petite Cayemite will undoubtedly be found here also. Following is the list of forms : West Indian brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis. Snowy heron Lcucophoyx thiila ihula. Louisiana heron Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis. West Indian green heron Butorides virescens maculatus. Yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa inolacea violacea. Ridgway's hawk Buteo ridgivayi. Hispaniolan clapper rail Rallus longirostris vafer. Rufous-naped plover Pagolla wilsonia 7-ufinucha. Lesser yellowlegs Tetanus flavipes. Least sandpiper Plsohia minutilla. Black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicatius. White-crowned pigeon Columba Icucocephala. Zenaida dove Zenaido zenaida scnaida. Hispaniolan parrot Aniazona ventralis. Ani Crotophaga ani. Gray kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Hispaniolan flycatcher Myiarchus dominicensis. Jamaican vireo Vireo oUvaceus olivaceus. Hispaniolan golden warbler Dendrotca petechia albicollis. Myrtle warbler Dendrotca coronata coronata. Black-throated blue warbler Dendrotca caerulescens caerulescens. Palm warbler Dendrotca palmarum palmarum. Northern prairie warbler Dendrotca discolor discolor. Grinnell's water-thrush Seiurus noveboracensis notabilts. Yellow-faced grassquit Tiaris olivacea olivacca. PETITE CAYEMITE ISLAND The island of Petite Cayemite, located a little more than a kilo- meter west of Grande Cayemite Island, is about 3 kilometers long by 2 kilometers broad. The surface is of roughly eroded limestone covered with dense growths of " Madame Michel " grass and with some scrub, through which travel is difficult as there are few trails. The only previous visit of a naturalist recorded is that of Dr. W. L. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 7 Abbott, who Avent there for a few hours on January 13, 1918. The naturalists of the Parish expedition collected 20 species of birds, and one form not obtained by them was secured by Doctor Abbott, mak- ing the known list 21. There Avill be various additions as further work is done. Following is the complete list as known at present: Little blue heron Florida cacrulea caerulescens. Yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanastia violacea violacca. West Indian red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaiccnsis jarmiiccnsis. Ridgway's hawk Buteo ridgwayi. Hispaniolan sparrow hawk Falco sparverius dominicensis. Black-necked stilt Ilimantopus mexicunus. White-crowned pigeon Columba Icucocephala. Cuban ground dove Columiigallina pusscrina msulavis. Key West quail-dove Oreopeleia chrysia. Hispaniolan vervain hummingbird Mellisuga minima vielloti. Hispaniolan mango hummingbird Anthracothorax dominicus. Gray kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Hispaniolan flycatcher Myiarclms dominicensis. Hispaniolan mockingbird Mimus polyglotios dominicus. Jamaican vireo Vireo olivaccus olivacetis. Hispaniolan honey-creeper Coereba hananivora bananivora. Hispaniolan golden warbler Dcndroica petechia albicollis. Cape May warbler Dcndroica tigrina. Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus awrocapillus. Redstart Setophaga ruticilla. Yellow-faced grassquit Tiaris aiivacca olivacca. ILE A VACHE lie a Vache lies off the southern coast of the southwestern penin- sula of Haiti, opposite the town of Aux Cayes, and is between 10 and 12 kilometers distant from the main shore. The island is about 12 kilometers long by 5 or a little more wide. The western end is ele- vated and rolling with many indentations along its shore line, while the eastern section is low and swampy. The island supports a num- ber of families, but has tracts of brush and scrub, and birds are common. The E s^eranza was anchored in Feret Bay, which was made the headquarters for work that covered the greater part of the island. So far as known no other naturalists have worked there, so that especial attention was given to obtaining collections as com- plete as possible. The bird list included 37 species, of which the bullfinch, which has been described as Loxigilla violacea parishi, proved new. A noteworthy' species is Ridgway's hawk, of rare oc- currence in most localities. The island seems an especially favorable point for the study of spring migration from the specimens obtained. The black-throated green warbler, obtained here by the Parish Expedition, is the first record for Haiti, and other species were recorded at rather late dates. Following is the complete list of species : 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.81 Antillean grebe Podilymbus podiceps antillarum. West Indian brown pelican Pelecanus occklentalis ocoidentalis. Frigate-bird Fregata mac/nificens. Louisiana heron Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis. Little blue heron Florida caerulea caerulescens. West Indian green heron Butorides virescens maculatus. Yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea violacea. West Indian tree-duck Dendrocygna arborea. Ridgway's hawk Buteo ridgwayi. Hispaniolan sparrow hawk Falco sparverius dominicensis. Antillean gallinule GalUnnla chloropus portoricensis. Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia. Black-necked stilt Eimantopus mexicanus. White-crowned pigeon Coltimba leucocephala. White-winged dove Melopelia asiatica asiatica. Cuban ground dove ColumbigalUna pa^serina insularis. Mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor teres. Ani Crotophaga ani. Hispaniolan mango hummingbird Anthracothorax dominicus. Gray kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Hispaniolan flycatcher Myiarchus dominicensis. Bank swallow Riparia riparia riparia. Hispaniolan cliff swallow Petrochelidon fulva fulva. Hispaniolan mockingbird Mimus polyglottos dominicus. Jamaican vireo Vireo olivaceus olivaceus. Black-whiskered vireo Vireo olivaceus harbatula. Hispaniolan honey-creeper Cocreba bananivora bananivora. Black and white warbler Mniotilta varia. Black-throated green warbler Dendroica nirens virens. Northern prairie warbler Dendroica discolor discolor. Black-poll warbler Dendroica striata. Northern water-thrush Seiurus noveboracensis novebora- censis. Hispaniolan grackle HoloquiscaMs niger niger. lie k Vache palm tanager Phaenicophilus poliocephalus tet- raopes. Yellow-faced grassquit Tiaris olivacea oUvacea. March's grassquit Tiaris bicolor m,arcMi. Parish's bullfinch Loxigilla violacea parishi. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART 2 PL. 4 Near the Mouth of the Baraderes River. Haiti Shore Line near Petit Trou de Nippes. Haiti U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 2 PL. 5 Town of Corail, Haiti The Cavemite Islands in the distance. BlGIE BAY. HAITI U S NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART 2 PL 6 FERET Bay. Ile A Vache, Haiti -«i5J FERET Bay. Ile a Vache. Haiti U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81. ART. 2 PL. 7 NAVASSA ISLAND Shore Line of Navassa Island. Showing Undercut boundary Cliff ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS Order COLYMBIFORMES Family COLYMBIDAE, Grebes PODILYMBUS PODICEPS ANTILLARUM Bangs ANTILLH1A.N GBEBE Podilymbus podiceps antUlarum Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 4, Mar. 31, 1913, p. 89 (Bueycito, Province of Orieute, Cuba). W. M. Perrygo obtained an adult female and a young bird only a few days old on a small stream near Montet on March 27. The chick does not differ appreciably from the young of P. p. podiceps of the United States. Two other chicks, taken on lie a Vache on May 3, were preserved in alcohol. Order PELECANIFORMES Suborder PHAfiTHONTES Family PHAETHONTIDAE, Tropic-birds PHAETHON LEPTURUS CATESBYI Brandt Yellow-billed Tbopic-bikd Phaethon Catesbyi Brandt, Bull. Sci. I'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. P6tersbourg, vol. 4, May 10, 1838, p. 98 (Bermuda). On March 21, 1930, eight pairs of tropic-birds were found along cliffs at the western end of Gonave Island, where they appeared to be nesting. A pair was collected by S. W. Parish. The bird has not been recorded here previously. Suborder Pelecani Family PELECANIDAE, Pelicans PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS OCCroENTALIS Linnaeus West Indian Brown Pelican Pelecanus Onocrotalus ^ occidentalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 215 (Jamaica). A male pelican, an immature bird with a mixture of gray on the crown, was collected by S. W. Parish at Grand-Boucan on Bara- deres Bay, April 11, 1930. This bird with a wing measurement of 104957—32 2 9 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 465 mm is of the typical AVest Indian race. Others were recorded at Anse a Galets on Gonave Island, March 22, and at lie a Vache April 28. At the latter locality a female was prepared as a skeleton on May 6. PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin Northern Brown Pexican Peleccmus carolinensis Gmeolin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 571 (Cliarles- ton Harbor, S. 0.). A female, secured on March 7 at Cayo Grande de Moa, is an adult bird in postbreeding plumage. This specimen has a wing measure- ment of 495 mm and is a representative of the northern race found along the coasts of the Soutlieastern United States, which is dis- tinguished from the West Indian bird by larger size. It seems probable that the Moa specimen comes from the north as a wan- derer, but its capture suggests the possibility that the resident pelican of the northern coast of Cuba may not be the typical West Indian form, but instead may be the same as the breeding bird of Florida. The writer and Dr. Kobert Cushman Murphy arrived independently at belief in the distinctness of this form, which has been recognized also by J. L. Peters.^ The name here used seems to be the earliest that has been applied to the brown pelican of the United States. Pelecanus alhicollis C. J. Maynard, described * from Cedar Keys, Fla., is a synonym. Family SULIDAE, Gannets and Boobies SULA PISCATOR (Linnaeus) Red-footed Booby Pelecanus Piscator Linnaexjs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 134 (Java Sea). Six specimens of this booby were taken from the hundreds seen on Navassa Island on May 10, 1930. The skins prepared include one young bird in downy plumage with wing and tail feathers partly grown. Two of the specimens are in gray plumage with white tails, and one is in full adult white dress. The breeding colony here ap- pears to be extensive, as the collectors speak of hundreds of birds seen. = Check list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 1931, p. 81. * Amer. Sportsman, vol. 3, no. 24, Mar. 14, 1874, p. 379. AUT. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMOEE 1 1 Suborder Fregatae Family FREGATIDAE, Man-o'-war Birds FREGATA MAGNIFICENS Mathews FkIGATE-BI1!D Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, Austral Avian Rec, vol. 2, Dec. 19, 1914, p. 120 (Barrington Island, Galiipagos Archipelago). The five skins secured include an adult male, and an immature male with white head and underparts, taken 10 miles east of Bara- deres on April 6, and an adult female and two young shot on Navassa. Island on May 10. One of the young is in down with contour feath- ers appearing on the back. The other has wings and tail partly devel- oped and adult feathers appearing on back and breast. These speci- mens establish this species as a breeding bird of Navassa Island. Hundreds were observed here on the date when specimens were taken. The frigate-bird was recorded also at Anse a Galets on March 22 and at tie a Vache on April 28. Order CICONIIFORMES Suborder Ardeae Family ARDEIDAE, Herons and Bitterns ARDEA HERODIAS ADOXA Oberholser West Indian Great Blue Hebon Ardea hot-odias adoxa Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus;., vol. 43, Dec. 12, 1912, p. 544 (Curagao Island). A female was collected near the mouth of the Gibara River near Gibara, Cuba, on February 24. This specimen has the wing 430 mm, its small size and pale coloration being normal for the West Indian form. A young bird barely grown w^as caught by a native 10 miles east of Baraderes, Haiti, April 6. The fact that this individual was only recently from the nest indicates breeding for this species some- where in that region, no nesting colonies being definitely known at this time either in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic. Two great blue herons Avere seen at Anse a Galets on Gonave Island on March 22. CASMERODIUS ALBUS EGRETTA (Gmelin) Egret Ardea Egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 629 (Cayenne). An adult female egret was taken by Lee Parish on the Moa River opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 8. The bird is in 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 full nuptial plumage in beautiful condition. Barbour ■* records both the egret and the snowy heron as rare in Cuba to-day. LEUCOPHOYX THULA THULA (Molina) Snowy Hebon Ardea Thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, p. 235 (Chile). Male and female were taken by S. W. Parish 4 miles east of Gibara, Cuba, on February 22. Both birds are in fully developed nuptial j)lumage in beautiful condition. In view of the few records of this handsome heron for Haiti, it is of interest to report an adult female in beautiful breeding dress with the plumes fully developed taken by S. W. Parish on Grande Cayemite Island on April 12. The species has not been reported previously from this island. Peters ^ is correct in using the genus Leucophoyx Sharpe for this species, which differs decidedly from Egretta garzetta^ type of the genus Egretta, in form of crest and breast feathers. HYDRANASSA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS (Gosse) Louisiana Heeon Egretta ruficolUs Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, 1847, p. 338 (Burnt Savanna River, Jamaica). A male, fully adult, was obtained at the mouth of the Moa River near Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 16. Another male in worn postjuvenal dress was collected at Petit Trou de Nippes, Haiti, April 9. Two others in full breeding plumage were secured on Grande Cayemite Island on April 12, and lie a Vache on May 6. One was seen on Petite Gonave Island on March 19. A specimen shot on Bug Island opposite Corail on April 18 was pre- served in alcohol. FLORIDA CAERULEA CAERULESCENS (Latham) Little Blub Heeon Ardea caerulcscens Latham, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 690 (Cayenne). Two were obtained near Gibara on February 21 and 24; one from Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba, March 2; and one from Cayo Grande de Moa, March 4. One of these is an immature bird in white dress, while the others are adults. The latter resemble other birds from the West Indies in darker coloration when compared with skins from the Southeastern United States. 5 Mem. Nutt. Orn. Club, no. 6, June, 1923, p. 28. « Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 1931, p. 113. ABT. 2 BIEDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 13 Three specimens from Haiti prepared as skins include adults in full breeding plumage taken on Petite Gonave Island on March 19 and Petite Cayemite on April 14. A young bird in mixed slate and white dress was collected on lie a Vache on May 3. Of three of these birds preserved in skeleton form two were taken 4 miles east of Gibara, Cuba, on February 22, and another at Grand- Boucan, Haiti, on April 9. Two taken at Bug Island, opposite Corail, Haiti, on April 18 were preserved in alcohol. BUTORIDES VIRESCENS MACULATUS (Boddaert) West Indian Gbeen Heron Cano-onia maculata Boddaert, Table Planches Enl., 1783, p. 5-1 (Martiuique, Lesser Antilles). Two males collected above the mouth of the Rio Gibara, near the town of Gibara, Cuba, on February 24 and 25, are representatives of the West Indian race of this species. They have wing measure- ments of 166 and 168 mm, respectively. Adult specimens of this heron were taken at Montet near Port au Prince on March 27; on Petite Gonave Island on March 19; 10 miles east of Baraderes on April 6; Grande Cayemite on April 13 (skeleton) ; and on lie a Vache on April 28 and May 3. Three young birds were taken from a nest on lie a Vache on the date last men- tioned. One of these, recently from the egg, has the long down of the upper surface and wings mouse gray, and of the under surface white. NYCTANASSA VIOLACEA VIOLACEA (Linnaeus) Yellow-ceowned Night Heron Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 17.58, p. 143 (South Carolina). A male was collected on Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 4. Three in immature plumage were obtained at Baraderes, Haiti, on April 10, and on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 15. An adult female was collected on lie a Vache on May 6, and skeletons were taken at the same point April 30 and May 6. One skeleton and two young in alcohol come from Bigie Bay, April 23. IXOBRYCHUS EXILIS EXILIS (Gmelin) Eastern Least Bittern Ardea cxilis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 645 (Jamaica). Three were obtained at Montet near Port au Prince on March 27, 1930, when about 15 were observed along a small stream. The two skins preserved, a pair, seem normal in coloration. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE, Ducks, Geese, and Swans DENDROCYGNA ABBOREA (Linnaeus) West Indian Tree-duck Anas arborea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 128 (Jamaica'^). One male and three females were secured by S. W. Parish on lie a Vache in May. Order FALCONIFORMES Suborder Falcones Family ACCIPITRIDAE, Hawks and Eagles BUTEO JAMAICENSIS JAMAICENSIS (Gmelin) West Indian Red-tailed Hawk Falco jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 266 (Jamaica). Two adult specimens in fine plumage were taken, a male at the western end of Gonave Island on March 21, and a female on Petite Cayemite on April 10. The female has the dark area on the abdomen more extensive and the black more nearly continuous than the male. BUTEO RIDGWAYI (Cory) Ridgway's Havv^k Rtt,pornis ridgwayi Cory, Quart. Jouib. Boston Zo<51. Soc, vol. 2, Oct., 1883, p. 46 (Samana, Dominican Republic). The three skins taken on lie a Vache on April 30 and May 1 con- stitute records from a new locality for an interesting bird that ap- parently is now rare except on the Cayemite Islands where Abbott secured a number. Two of the skins obtained are adult males, and the third is an immature bird fully grown. The species has been seldom recorded in recent years on the main island and may be dimin- ishing in numbers. A female taken on April 30 was preserved as a skeleton. Doctor Hellmayr informs me that Cory's types were labeled Sa- mana, the male being taken on April 19 and the female on April 4, 1883, so that Samana, Dominican Republic, is the type locality for this species. Peters ^ holds that the group of species usually segregated as the genus Rufornh has no trenchant characters that will separate them from BvJeo, in which assumption he appears correct. ' Soe Peters, Checklist of biids of the world, vol. 1, 1931, p. 154. 8 Chock-list of birds of the world, vol. 1. 1931, p. 228. & AKT. 2 BIEDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 15 Family FALCONIDAE, Falcons and Caracaras FALCO SPARVERIUS SPARVERIOIDES Vigors Cuban Sparkow Hawk Faico sparverioides Vigors, Zool. Journ., vol. 3, Dec, 1827, p. 43G (Havana, Cuba). The usual two color phases are represented in the four specimens obtained. Male and female obtained above the mouth of Rio Gibara, near Gibara, Cuba, are in the light phase, while two others, also male and female, from the Rio Fabrico, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, are strongly rufescent. FALCO SPAKVERIUS DOMINICENSIS Gmelin Hispaniolan Sparrow Hawk Falco dommicensi^ Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, irt. 1, 1788, p. 285 (Hispaniola). Skins were taken as follows : Male, western end of Gonave Island, Haiti, March 21; Thomazeau, April 1; Petite Cayemite Island, April 14; lie a Vache, April 27. These show the usual variation in the amount of brown across the chest. Order GRUIFORMES Suborder Grues Family ARAMIDAE, Limpkins ARAMUS PICTUS ELUCUS Peters LiMPKIN Aramus piotus elucus I'eters, Occ. P;;]!. Bo.ston Spc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, Jan. 30, 1925, p. 143 (Sosiia, Dominican Republic). A male, an excellent specimen, was obtained by S. W. Parish at Montet near Port au Prince on May 17. This bird has the following measurements: Wing, 317; tail, 132.2; culmen from base, 111.5; and tarsus, 113.5 mm. Family RALLIDAE, Rails RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS VAFER Wetmore Hispaniolan Clapper Rail RaU/us lonffUrtfttris vafer AVetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 41, June 29, 1928. p. 121 (Etroites. Gonave Island, Haiti). Three specimens taken include a male from Petite Gonave Island, March 19 ; a female from Petit Trou de Nippes, April 9 ; and a male 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 from Grande Cayemite Island, April 11. These agree in color with the series of skins from which this subspecies was described. The three localities represent new records in the distribution of this bird. Measurements are as follows : Males: Wing, 152-154; tail, 65.4-68.7 ; culmen from base, 67.5-68.7 ; tarsus, 59-59.5 mm. Female: Wing, 143.6; tail, 59; culmen from base, 60.8; tarsus, 61.9 mm. The specimen from Grande Cayemite is the first report of this bird from that island. lONORNIS MARTINICUS (Linnaeus) Purple Gaulinxxle FuUca martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed, 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 259 (Martinique). A female was collected by Lee Parish on April 10 near Baraderes. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS PORTORICENSIS Danforth Antillean Gallinule Oallinula chloropiis portoricensis Danforth, Auk, 1925, p. 560 (Cartagena La- goon, Porto Rico). Two skins were obtained at Montet, near Port au Prince, where these birds were common, on March 27. On this date a nest con- taining one egg was found. Another was collected at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9, and still another on lie a Vache on May 6. Skeletons were prepared at all three localities. Order CHARADRIIFORMES Suborder Charadrii Family CHARADRIIDAE, Plovers, Turnstones, and Surf-birds CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS Bonaparte Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 5, Aug., 1825, p. 98 (Coast of New Jersey). A female was collected on Petite Gonave Island on March 19, and two were seen at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28. PAGOLLA WILSONIA RUFINUCHA (Ridgway) Rufous-naped Plover Aeffialitis Wilsonhis var. ruflnucha Ridgway, Amer. Nat., vol. 8, Feb., 1874, p. 109 (Spanishtown, Jamaica). Two males obtained on March 4 on Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, have the darker dorsal coloration that distinguishes the West Indian ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 17 form of this bird from that of southeastern North America. Accord- ing to Barbour this plover is an uncommon resident in Cuba. Two others shot at the same locality were made into skeletons. In Haiti specimens of this bird were obtained at Grand-Boucan on April 9, and on Grande Cayemite on April 13. OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS RUBmUS Riley West Indian Killdeer Oxyechns vociferus ruhidus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. • 17, 1909, p. 88 (Hispaniola). A female, representative of the resident race of killdeer, was taken at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9. This specimen is very small, having a wing measurement of only liT.l mm. Another collected at the same time was preserved as a skeleton. SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA CYNOSURAE Thayer and Bangs American Black-bellied Plover Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayek and Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 5, Apr. 9, 1914, p. 23 (Baillie Island, Arctic America). A female still in winter plumage was shot above the mouth of the Rio Gibara, near Gibara, Cuba, on February 25, and a male in full winter dress was obtained at Grand-Boucan on April 9. ARENARIA INTERPRES MORINELLA (Linnaeus) Rl'ddy Turnstone Tringa Morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1. 17GG, p. 249 (coast of Georgia ) . One obtained on Bug Island, near Corail, Haiti, on April 18, was preserved in alcohol. Family SCOLOPACIDAE, Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (Penn- sylvania). Skeletons were obtained near the mouth of the Gibara River, Cuba, on February 24, and at Cayo Grande de Moa on March 4. A female in full breeding plumage was collected on lie a Vache, Haiti, on May 6. The date is rather late for this migrant from the north. 104957—32 3 18 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 TRINGA SOLITARIA SOLITARIA Wilson Eastekn Solitary Sandpiper Tringu soUtaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 7, 1813, p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3 (Pocoiio Mountains, Pa.). A female in full summer plumage was taken at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28. CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS SEMIPALMATUS (Gmelin) Eastern Willet Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (Nev? York). A male in full breeding plumage was taken on Cayo Grande de Moa on March 4. Barbour, in his memoir on the avifauna of this island,^ says that he has seen few willets in Cuba. TOTANUS FLAVIPES (Gmelin) Lesser Yellowlegs Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (New York). One preserved as a skeleton was obtained near the mouth of the Gibara River, Cuba, on February 24. A female in summer plumage, except for the back where it is still in molt, was taken on Petite Gonave Island on March 19. Another preserved as a skeleton was taken at the same place on the same date, and one was seen at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28. PISOBIA MINUTILLA (Vieillot) Least Sandpiper Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., vol. 34, 1819. p. 466 (Halifax, Nova Scotia). A female was obtained at Grand-Boucan on April 9. EREUNETES PUSILLUS (Linnaeus) Semipai.matio!) .Sandpiper Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 252 (Hispaniola). A female Avas secured at Grand-Boucan on April 9. » r.arbour, T., Mem. Nuttall Oni. Club, no. 0, .Tunc. 1023. p. 67. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMOEE 19 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE, Avocets and Stilts HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS (Muller) Black-necked Stilt Charadrius Mexicanus Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 117 (Mexico). Four skins obtained were collected by Lee and S. W. Parish at Petit Troll de Nippes and Grand-Boucan on April 9 ; Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 ; and lie a Vache on May 6. These localities give additional detail in the distribution of this species, which is resident locally in the coastal plain. Order COLUMBIFORMES Suborder Columbae Family COLUMBIDAE, Doves and Pigeons COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA Linnaeus White-ckowned Pigeon. Columba leiwocephaJa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, voL 1, 1758, p. 164 (Bahama Islands). Two specimens of this widely distributed pigeon were taken on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 6 and 8. In Haiti seven \jthers were prepared as skins as follows: Petite Gonave Island, March 19, tw^o males ; Grande Cayemite Island, April 11, male ; Petite Cayemite Island, April 12 and 13, male and female ; lie a Vache, April 30 and May 2, two males. In addition to these a number of skulls and skeletons were preserved. The species was common in all these island localities. COLUMBA SQUAMOSA Bonnaterrc Scaled Pigeon Columba sqvatnosa Bonnaterbb, Tableau Enc. Meth., vol. 1, 1792, p. 234 (Guadeloupe Island, West Indies). Two were shot on the Rio Fabrico opposite Caj^o Grande de Moa on March 7 and 8. ZENAIDA ZENAIDA ZENAIDA (Bonaparte) Zenaida Dove Columba zenaida Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 5, June 30, 1825, p. 30 (Florida Keys). A female taken at Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 6, was preserved as a skeleton, and the following day a male in deeply col- 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 ored plumage was obtained. An adult female was taken at the western end of Gonave Island March 21, and a male, prepared as a skeleton, on Grande Cayemite on April 12. The species is here first recorded for the last island mentioned. ZENAIDURA MACROURA MACROURA (Linnaeus) Cuban Mourning Dove Columha macroura Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Cuba). An adult male was taken near Gibara, Cuba, on February 22. Two eggs collected near the same point on February 24 are white and have the following measurements : 2T.4 by 20.3 and 27.1 by 20 mm. In Haiti a male mourning dove was secured near Montet on March 28. MELOPELIA ASIATICA ASIATICA (Linnaeus) Eastern White-winged Dove Columha asiatica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163 (Jamaica). A female was taken at Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba, on March 2. This bird has the rump brownish like the back, instead of gray as in other skins seen from Jamaica, Hispaiiiola, and Old Providence Island. It is the only one from Cuba in the collections of the National Museum. Other skins were obtained on Petite Gonave Island on March 19 ; ten miles southwest of Port au Prince on March 31 ; at Grand-Boucan on April 9 ; and on Petite Cayemite on April 12. Birds were observed near the western end of Gonave Island on March 21. Skeleton or alcoholic specimens were obtained at Bug Island, opposite Corail, on April 18, and at lie a Vache on May 3, two juvenile birds being included from the latter locality. COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA INSULARIS Ridgway Cuban Ground Dove Columbigallina passerina insularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, 1887, p. 574 (Grand Cayman). Two males and one female were obtained near Gibara on Febru- ary 21. On February 24 a set of two eggs was taken here, one of them being broken. The other measures 21.9 by 16.4 mm. The size of this egg is similar to that of specimens I have seen from Haiti. Four skins taken on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 15, and three obtained on lie a Vache on April 30, are similar to speci- mens from the main island of Haiti. In addition to these, skeletons or alcoholics were obtained at the western end of Gonave Island on March 21, and at Grand-Boucan on April 9, with others from Gibara, Petite Cayemite, and lie a Vache. AKT. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 21 It has recently been decided that the generic name for this grovip, currently known as Chaeiiiepelia (also spelled C hanmepelia) ^ must again become G olumhigallina}^ COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA NAVASSAE (Wetmore) Navassa Ground Dove Chacmepelia passerhui navassae Wetmore, Proc. BioL Soc. Washington, vol. 43, Sept. 26, 1930, p. 149 (Navassa Island). This race, similar to C. p. insularis but grayer, less brownish on the dorsal surface, lighter below, and averaging somewhat smaller, was described from two males and three females collected on Navassa Island on May 10 by S. W. Parish and W. M. Perrygo. Following is the original description of the type specimen : Type, U. S. N. M. No. 317212, male adult, Navassa Island, May 10, 1930, collected by W. M. Perrygo (original number, 566). Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts hair brown; hindneck and posterior part of crown dawn gray, with each feather margined narrowly with deep neutral gray, producing a scalloped appearance; forepart of crown slightly brighter than avellaneous; lesser and middle wing- coverts and inner scapulars between vinaceous-fawn and fawn color, becoming grayer toward outer margin of wing, the inner feathers spotted with plum purple, the spots having a metallic sheen; con- cealed portions of primaries and outer secondaries pecan brown; inner secondaries and tips and outer margins of outer secondaries and primaries blackish brown ; ninth primary with a very narrow whitish margin on distal part of outer web ; sixth to eighth primaries with a narrow margin of pecan brown on outer web ; primary coverts pecan brown at base and dull blackish at tips; middle pair of rectrices deep mouse gray; others black with a narrow white edging on outer web of outermost at distal end; chin and throat whitish with a wash of avellaneous ; line behind eye vinaceous-fawn ; feathers of sides of head and sides of upper f oreneck pale vinaceous-fawn, with narrow terminal margins of fawn color; those of lower f oreneck and breast blackish basally, with a narrow margin of pale vinaceous-fawn and a very narrow distal edging of fawn color; lower breast and sides between avellaneous and vinaceous-fawn; abdomen dull whitish; under tail-coverts basally hair brown, margined broadly with dull whitish; under surface of wings Mikado brown. Bill blackish at tip; yellowish brown basally; cere blackish brown; tarsus and toes dull sayal brown (from dried skins). Measurements are as follows: Males, five specimens: Wing, 79.6-82 (80.9) ; tail, 51.6-57.5 (54.8) ; culmen with cere, 9.8 (10.8 ") ; tarsus, 14.&-16 (15.2) mm. ^"Thls name Is used in the A. 0. U. check-list of North American birds, 4th ed., 1931, p. 155. " Four specimens. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Females, five specimens : Wing, 76.2-83 (80) ; tail, 52.4^57.5 (53.6); culmen with cere, 11.1-11.7 {llA'-); tarsus, 13.8-15.8 (14.7) mm. Type, male: Wing, 81; tail, 55; culmen with cere, 10.8; tarsus, 14.8 mm. The differences marking the ground dove of Navassa Island were first observed in examining three males and three females in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History obtained in July, 1917, by R. H. Beck. These skins were in considerably worn dress, and after some consideration they were laid aside, since there was possibility that the lighter coloration was due to wear and fading. The receipt of five skins in unworn plumage taken during work of the Parish-Smithsonian expedition of 1930 substantiates the earlier observations of lighter color and leaves no hesitation in describing this race. The differences noted are more obvious in females than in males. Though occasional skins of O. p. insularis are closely similar to C. p. navassae^ the average of insularis is decidedly darker. It is interesting to note that the variation of the Navassa Island bird is in the direction of C. p. exigua Riley from Mona Island in the pas- sage between Porto Rico and the Dominican Republic, environ- mental conditions on Mona and Navassa from available information being much the same. In addition to the skins listed one male was prepared as a skeleton. OREOPELEIA MONTANA (Linnaeus) Ruddy Quail-dovb ColumM montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 175S, p. 163 (Jamaica). Three specimens, one preserved as a skeleton, were taken 10 miles cast of Baraderes on April 6. There are few records for this species from the Republic of Haiti. OREOPELEIA CHRYSIA (Bonaparte) Key West Quail-dove Geotnjgon cliry'^lcb Bonaparte. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), vol. 40, ls.55, p. 100 (Florida). A female was secured by Lee Parish on Petite Cayemite Island on April 17. A male obtained on Gonave Island on March 23 was prepared as a skeleton. " Three specimens. AET. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMOEB 23 Order PSITTACIFORMES Family PSITTACIDAE, Parrots, Paroquets, and Macaws AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA LEUCOCEPHALA (Linnaeus) Cuban Parkot Psittacus leucocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 100 (Cuba). Two males and one female made into skins were taken on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 6 and 7. Others obtained were prepared as skeletons and alcoholics. The form of this bird found on the island of Cuba proper is reputed to be growinf^ steadily more rare. Order CUCULIFORMES Suborder CucuLi Family CUCULIDAE, Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis COCCYZUS MINOR TERES Peters Mangkove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor teres Peters, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 9, June 24, 1927, p. 112 (Sosfia, Dominican Republic). A female was obtained at Palma, in the interior of Gonave Island back of Anse a Galets, on March 23, and a male and a female were secured on lie a Vache on April 27. The latter seem similar to birds from the main island. SAUROTHERA MERLINI MERLINI d'Orbigny Cuban Lizard-cuckoo Satirothera merlini d'Orbigny, //( L;; Sagra, Ili.st. Fis. Pol. Nat. Isla de Cuba, pt. 2, vol. Aves, 1839, p. 115, pi. 25 (Cuba). Skins were forwarded from Gibara on February 25 ; Tanamo on March 2 ; and the Rio Moa opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 6. SAUROTHERA LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRTS (Hermann) HiSPANIOLAN LiZARD-OUCKOO Cuculus longirostris Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim., 1783, p. 186 (Hispauiola). Male and female were taken at Bigie Bay on April 21. A male secured near Baraderes on April 6 was prepared as a skeleton. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 CROTOPHAGA ANI Linnaeus Ani Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105 (Jamaica). Three were obtained at Gibara, Cuba, on February 21, and one on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 8. Other skins were forwarded from near Port au Prince on March 28, Grande Cayemite Island on April 12, lie a Vache on April 27 and 30, and Navassa Island on May 10. The specimen from Navassa seems to indicate that this curious bird is found there regularly, since there is an old skin in the National Museum obtained on this island December 3, 1890, by J. F. R. Dufour. Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE, Barn Owls TYTO GLAUCOPS (Kanp) HiSPANioLAN Barn Owl Strix glaucops Kaup, Jardine's Contr, Ornith., 1852, p. 118 (Dominican Republic). A female was taken in a cave 10 miles east of Baraderes on April 6. This bird is in the brownish phase of plumage. Family STRIGIDAE, Typical Owls SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA TROGLODYTES Wetmore and Swales HISPANIOLAN BURIiOWING OwL Speotyto cunicularia troglodytes Wetmore and Swales, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 155, Mar. 7, 1931, p. 239 (Haiti). Male and female were taken at Thomazeau on April 1 by Lee Parish. Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Suborcier Caprimulgi Family CAPRIMULGIDAE, Goatsuckers ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS (Gmelin) Chuck- will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmeon, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028 (South Carolina). A female was shot at Tanamo on March 1. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 25 Order MICROPODIFORMES Suborder Micropodii Family MICROPODIDAE, Swifts TACHORNIS PHOENICOBIA PHOENICOBIA Gosse Palm Swift Tachornis plioenicohia Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, 1847, p. 58 (Jamaica). A female of this interesting swift was taken by Lee Parish at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9. Suborder Trochili Family TROCHILIDAE, Hummingbirds MELLISUGA MINIMA VIELLOTI (Shaw) HisPANioLAN Vervain Hummingbibd Troohilus iHelloti Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 8, pt. 1, 1812, p. 347 (Hispaniola). Specimens that were preserved in alcohol were obtained on Gonave Island on March 23, and on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 14. RICCORDIA RICORDII RICORDII (Gerrais) Ricord's Emerald Hummingbird Trochilus ricordii Gervais, Mag. Zool., Mar., 1835, CI. II, pis. 41, 42 (Santiago, Cuba). A male was taken near Gibara on February 21, and a female on Turones Cay, near Puerto de Tanamo, on March 2. ANTHRACOTHORAX DOMINICUS (Linnaeus) HisPANioLAN Mango Hummingbird Trochilus dominicus Linnabkjs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 191 (His- paniola). This large hummingbird is represented by five skins and five skeletons and alcoholics taken on Gonave Island on March 21 and 23 ; Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 17 ; and lie a Vache on April 30 and May 1. The species is common on Gonave, and is reported here for the first time from Petite Cayemite and lie a Vache. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE, Trogons TEMNOTROGON ROSEIGASTER (Vieillot) HiSPANIOLAN TeOGON Trogon roselgaster Vieiixot, Noviv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol 8, 1817, p. 314 (Hispaniola). A male and a female in excellent plumage were taken 10 miles east of Baraderes, Haiti, on April 6 by W. M. Perrygo. A skeleton of this species was prepared at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9, and another at Bigie on April 23. PRIOTELUS TEMNURUS TEMNURUS (Temrainck) Cuban Trogon Trogon temnurus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., livr. 55, Feb., 1825, pi. 326 ("Cuba et a la Havane"). Three taken were obtained at Puerto de Tanamo on March 1 and 2, and 2 miles above the mouth of the Kio Moa, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, on March 6. Order CORACIIFORMES Suborder Alcedines Family ALCEDINIDAE, Kingfishers MEGACERYLE ALCYON ALCYON (Linnaeus) Easteirn Belted Kingfishbie Alcedo alcyon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115 (South Carolina). A female was secured near Baraderes on April 11 by S. W. Parish. This bird is in considerably worn plumage and apparently had not renewed its plumage properly at the last molt. Family TODIDAE, Todies TODUS MULTICOLOR EXILIS Barbour and Brooks Eastern Cuban Tody Todus multicolor exilis Barbour and Brooks, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 6, Jan. 13, 1917, p. 51 (Preston, Nipe Bay, Province of Oriente, Cuba). Two were taken near Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba, on March 1. Examination of the considerable series of Cuban todies in the National Museum collections indicates that the two races differ- entiated by Barbour and Brooks are easily distinguished, the eastern ABT. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN" CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 27 bird having the bhie on the side of the neck paler, and the yellow patch at the base of the forehead slightly duller and of less extent. As the ranges of the two forms remain to be worked out in detail, localities for the specimens in our collection are listed, as follows : Todus multicolor multicolor : Bahos San Vicente, San Diego de los Banos, Cabanas, and El Guama in Pinar del llio Province; Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. Todus multicolor exilis : Santiago, Guantanamo, San Luis, Guama, El Cobre, and Puerto de Tanamo, in Oriente Province. TODUS SUBULATUS Gray HisPANioi-AN Tody Todus suMIatus " Gould " Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, Apr., 1847, pi. 22 (Hispaniola). Skins and alcoholics of the omnipresent lowland tody were ob- tained at the western end of Gonave Island, Haiti, on March 21, and a skin 10 miles east of Baraderes on April 6. A skeleton was preserved at Bigie on April 23. Order PICIFORMES Suborder Pici Family PICIDAE, Woodpeckers XIPHIDIOPICUS PERCUSSUS PERCUSSUS (Temminck) Cuban Gbhen Woodpeckeb Picus percussus Temminck, Nouv. llec. Planch. Col. Ois., livr. 66, June, 1826, pi. 390 and 424, with text (Cuba). Two were taken at Tanamo, March 1. CHRYSERPES STRIATUS (Miiller) HispANioLAN Woodpecker Picas striatus Mxillee, Vollst. Naturs., Suppl. Reg.-Band, 1776, p. 91 (Hispaniola). Skins of this abundant woodpecker were obtained at Port au Prince on March 28 and 31, ten miles east of Baraderes on April 6, and near Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9. Two skeletons were pre- served from Thomazeau on April 1 and Baraderes on April 6. 28 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 CENTURUS SUPERCILIARIS SUPERCILIARIS (Temminck) SuPEECiLiARY Woodpecker Pious superciliaris Tkmminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., livr. 73, July, 1827, pi. 433, with text (Cuba). Four specimens: Gibara, February 25; Tanamo, March 2; mouth of Rio Moa, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, March 6. NESOCTITES MICROMEGAS (Sundevall) HiSPANIOLAN PiCULET Picumnus micromegas Sundevall, Consp. Avium Pic, 1866, p. 96 (Hispaniola). Two males were obtained by S. W. Parish and W. M. Perrj^go 10 miles east of Baraderes. The piculet was collected a little farther east, near Miragoane, by James Bond, and from the present record it may be expected to range throughout the southwestern peninsula. Order PASSERIFORMES Suborder Tyranni Family TYRANNIDAE, Tyrant Flycatchers TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS DOMINICENSIS (Gmelin) Gray Kingbird Lanius dominicensis Gmexin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 302 (Hispaniola). The 11 skins taken of the omnipresent gray kingbird come from the following localities : Gibara, Cuba, February 25 ; 10 miles southwest of Port au Prince, Haiti, March 31; Petite Gonave Island, March 19; Grande Cayemite Island, April 13; Petite Cayemite Island, April 12 and 13; lie a Vache, April 30 and May 3. The presence of this bird on the smaller islands is of interest. Young individuals preserved in alcohol were taken on Petite Caye- mite on April 16 and on lie a Vache on May 3. TYRANNUS CUBENSIS Richmond Giant Kingbird Tyrannus cubensis Richmond, Auk, 1898, p. 330 (Cuba). A male was taken on March 8 near the mouth of the Rio Fabrico, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa. The giant kingbird is reported now to be rare. ABT. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 29 TOLMARCHUS CAUDIFASCIATUS CAUDIFASCIATUS (d'Orbigny) CxnjAN Petchary Tyrannus caudifasciatus d'Orbigny, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, pt. 2, vol. 3, Aves, 1839, p. 70, pi. 12 (Cuba). Three were taken at Gibara on February 21 and one at Puerto de Tanamo on March 2. TOLMARCHUS GABBII (Lawrence) HisPANioiAN Petchary Pitanytvs Gabbii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 11, 1876, p. 288 (Hato Viejo, Mao River, Province of Santiago, Dominican Republic). A female was taken on the Baraderes Peninsula on April 8. MYIARCHUS SAGRAE SAGRAE (Gundlach) Cuban Crested Flycatcher; La Sagra's Flycatcher Muscieapa Sagrae Gundlach, Boston Jouru. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1852, p. 318 (Cuba). A female comes from Puerto de Tanamo taken on March 1. MYIARCHUS DOMINICENSIS (Bryant) Hispaniolan Flycatcher Tijrannula stolida (var. dondnicensis) Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, May, 1867, p. 90 (Port au Prince, Haiti). This small flycatcher is represented by a series of six skins from the following localities : Montet, near Port au Prince, March 28 ; Gonave Island, March 21 ; Petite Cayemite Island, April 12 and 14 ; and lie a Vache, May 6. It has not been recorded previously from the two latter localities. BLACICUS CARIBAEUS (d'Orbiffny) Cuban Wood Peweb Musoipeta carihaea d'Orbigny, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, pt. 2, vol. 3, Avos, 1839, p. 77 (Cuba). Two were taken at Gibara on February 21, and a third at Puerto de Tanamo on March 1. After comparison of a very good series, I consider the w(X)d pewee of Cuba specifically distinct from that of the Bahamas, though Doctor Hellmayr ^^ has treated them as geographic representatives of the same species. "Catalogue of birds of Americas, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, Apr. 11, 1927, p. 204. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 81 Suborder Passeres Family HIRUNDINIDAE, Swallows RIPARIA RIP ARIA RIPARIA (Linnaeus) Bank Swallow Hirunclo riparia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192 (Sweden). A specimen of this migrant from North America was taken near the western end of lie a Vache on April 27 by S. W. Parish. The record is of particular interest since the species has been taken only once before in Hispaniola, the previous record being that of Ritter^ who reports that he obtained one during his travels in Haiti in 1820 and 1821. The bank swallow is known as a migrant in the adjacent islands of Porto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica and maj'^ therefore be more regular in occurrence in Hispaniola than the tAvo observations at present known seem to indicate. PETROCHELIDON FULVA FULVA (Vieillot) HISPANIOKA.N Cliff Swallow Eirundo fnlva Vieillot, His. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808?), p. G2, pi. 32 (Hispaniola). Half a dozen pairs were observed about the low cliffs at the west- ern end of Gonave Island on March 21 and two birds were taken. A male and a female in full plumage were secured at the western end of lie a Vache, May 2. Following are measurements for these specimens : Male : Wing, 99 ; tail, 43.3 ; culmen from base, 8.5 ; tarsus, 10.8 mm. Females (two specimens) : Wing, 99.7-100.8; tail, 43.6-45; culmen from base, 8.4—8.8 ; tarsus, 11.2-12 mm. One preserved as a skeleton was taken at the same point on May 5. PROGNE DOMINICENSIS (Gmelin) CAKrBBEAN MarTIN Eirundo dominiccnsis Gmei^in, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1025 (Hispaniola). Two adult males were secured 10 miles east of Baraderes on April 6. Family MIMIDAE, Mockingbirds and Thrashers MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS ORPHEUS (Linnaeus) Jamaican Mockingbird Turdus Orpheus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 169 (Jamaica). A male of this widely distributed mocker was taken near Gibara on February 21. AKT. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 31 MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS DOMINICUS (Linnaeus) HiSPANIOLAN MOC'KINGBIKD Tardus dominicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 17C6, p. 295 (Hispaniola). Five adult birds were obtained at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28 ; at the western end of Gonave Island on March 21 ; on Petite Cayemite Island on April 16; and on lie a Vache on April 27 and 30. DUMETELLA CAROLINENSIS (Linnaeus) Catbird Muscicapa caroUnensis Linnaetjs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 328 ( Virginia ) . The catbird was taken at Gibara on February 24 and at Puerto de Tanamo on March 2. This species is a common winter resident in Cuba. Family TURDIDAE, Thrushes, Bluebirds, and Solitaires MIMOCICHLA RUBRIPES RUBRIPES (Temminck) REa>-i,EGGED Thrush Turdus ruiripes Temminck, Nouv. liec. Planch. Col. Ois., vol. 2, livr. 69, Oct., 1826, pi. 409 (Cuba). A pair taken on February 21 four miles east of Gibara are typical of the red-legged thrush in the extent of brown on the abdomen. MIMOCICHLA RUBRIPES SCHISTACEA Bsird Slate-colored Thrush Mimocichln scMstacea Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds. July, 18(>4, p. 37 (Monte Verde, Cuba ) . A male was obtained on March 2 at Punta Gorda near Puerto de Tanamo, and a male and a female were taken on March 6 on the mainland ne^r Cayo Grande de Moa. These three birds have the abdomen white without trace of brown. This form seems to be restricted in its range in eastern Cuba, the occurrence of typical M. r. ruhripps at Gibara only a short distance west of the points listed above being indicative of the limitation of range of these races on the north coast of the island. Though typical examples of I'uhripes and schistacea are very distinct, in the con- siderable series of these birds in the United States National Museum there are numerous examples from the region of Santiago that show a wash of brown of varying extent on the po.sterior underparts. Others from the same localities have no trace of this color. Inter- gradation seems to be clearly shown, so that schistacca is here treated as a subspecies of rubripes. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 MIMOCICHLA ARDOSIACEA ARDOSIACEA (Vieillot) HispANioLAN Thrush Turdus ardosiaceus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6tli., vol. 2, 1822, p. 646 (Hispaniola). A male thrush was taken 10 miles east of Baraderes on April 6, and others were seen at the western end of Gonave Island on March 21, and near Anse a Galets on March 22. Family DULIDAE, Palm-chats DULUS DOMINICUS DOMINICUS (Linnaeus) Palm-chat Tanagra dommica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 316 (Hispaniola). A female of the abundant palm-chat was taken at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9, together with two ju venal birds that were placed in alcohol. Family VIREONIDAE, Vireos VIREO GUNDLACHII ORIENTALIS Todd East Cuban Vireo Vireo gundlachii orientaUs Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, Jan. 31, 1D16, p. 256 (Arroyo Hondo, "Los Canos," Guantanamo, Cuba). A male was secured above the mouth of the Rio Gibara, near Gibara, on February 24. The series of Gundlach's vireo in the National Museum, including 10 specimens from western Cuba and 7 from the eastern part of the island, bears out clearly the characters of difference assigned by Todd in distinguishing two races of this species. Without having exam- ined the material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology on which Doctor Barbour ^* based his conclusion that orientaUs was not valid, I am led to consider that it may be recognized. The eastern form is grayer above and clearer yellow below. VIREO OLIVACEUS OLIVACEUS (Linnaeus) Jamaican Vireo Musoieapa olivacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 327 (Jamaica). An extensive series of this vireo includes skins from the following localities: Gonave Island, March 21; ten miles east of Baraderes, April 6 ; Petite Cayemite Island, April 12 ; Grande Cayemite Island, April 12; lie a Vache, May 1 and 2; Navassa Island, May 10. Four taken on Bug Island, opposite Corail, on April 18 were preserved in alcohol. " Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, r.o. G. .Tune, 192.';, p. 107. ART. 2 BIEDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 33 The single specimen from Navassa Island, an adult male in fresh plumage, is similar in color to the birds of Haiti proper. It will be recalled that Bangs and Penard ^° have shown that the specific name olivaceus long current for the red-eyed vireo of eastern North America must apply to the Jamaican vireo, formerly known as Vireo caUdris. VIREO OLIVACEUS BARBATULA (Cabanis) Black-whiskered Vireo Phyllomanefi barbatulus Cabanis, Juuin. fiir Oni., 1855, p. 467 (Cuba). Males of this form were secured on Gonave Island on March 21, and on lie a Vache on April 30. These are the first records of this subspecies from Hispaniola, the form being one that nests in the Bahamas, Cuba, and southern Florida. The two specimens obtained are considered migrants en route to their breeding range. It may be expected as a regular migrant in Haiti, and probably in the Do- minican Republic. This form differs from the resident Jamaican vireo in the paler, less buffy superciliary stripe and auricular region, grayer crown, duller olive-green of the back, and purer white throat and chest. Family COEREBIDAE, Honey-creepers COEREBA BANANIVORA BANANIVORA (Gmelin) HiSPANIOLAN HONEY-CBEEPEB MotaeiUa bananivora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951 (Hispaniola). Specimens collected come from the following localities: Western end of Gonave Island, March 21; Baraderes Peninsula, April 8; Petite Cayemite Island, April 12 and 14; Bug Island, near Corail, April 18; lie a Vache, April 27 and 30 and May 2. Birds from Petite Cayemite Island and from lie a Vache appear identical with those of the main island. Family COMPSOTHLYPIDAE, Wood Warblers MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnaeus) Bi^cK ANU White Warbler Motacilla varia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333 (Hispaniola). Males were shot 4 miles east of Gibara, Cuba, on February 21 and near the mouth of the Moa River on March 6. In Haiti one was taken on April 7 on the Baraderes Peninsula, and a female was obtained on lie a Vache on May 6. The last-mentioned date is a late occurrence for this migrant from the north. " Bun. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 67, 11>1.'5, pp. 205-206. 104957—32-^3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA PUSILLA (Wilson) Northern Paeula Warbler Sylvia pusilla Wilson, Anier. Orn., vol. 4, 1811, p. 17, pi. 28, fig. 3 (eastern Pennsylvania). One was obtained at Gibara on February 24, one at Puerto de Tanamo on March 2, and one near the mouth of the Rio Moa, oppo- site Cayo Grande de Moa, on March 6. DENDROICA PETECHIA GUNDLACHI Baird Cuban Goldein Wakbleb Dendroica gundlachi Baibd, Rev. Amer. Birds, Apr., 1865, p. 197 (Cuba). Two pairs were secured on Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 4. Skeletons were prepared at Gibara on February 21, and at Cayo Grande de Moa on March 4. DENDROICA PETECHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmelin) Hispaniolan Golden Warblbe Motacilla albicoUis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 983 (Hispaniola). A specimen from Grande Cayemite taken on April 13 and two from Petite Cayemite taken on April 16 represent new localities for this bird in Haiti. They are referable to the form of the main island, bein<; similar to it in size and color. Following are measurements taken from the.se three males: Wing, 62.3, 62.9, 63.4; tail, 50.7, 50, 49.9; culmen from base, 11.5, 11.9, 12.5; tarsus, 19.5, 20.3, 21.2 mm. Four preserved in alcohol were taken on Bug Island, near Corail, April 18. DENDROICA PETECHIA SOLARIS Wetmore GrONAA'E GOLDEN WaeBLER Dendroica petechia Solaris Wetmore, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 81, no. 13, May 15, 1929, p. 1 (iitroites, Gonave Island). Two pairs of golden warblers taken on March 19 on Petite Gonave Island are, as might be expected, the race found on Gonave proper, being brighter in color and larger than sldns from the adjacent coasts of the Republic of Haiti. Following are measurements from these four skins: Two males, wing, 65.7, 64.1; tail, 54.7, 54.5; culmen from base, 10.3, 11.8; tarsus, 21, 20.6 mm. Two females, wing, 61.5, 61; tail, 50.7, 53.1; culmen from base, 12, 11.8; tarsus, 21, 20.2 mm. DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmelin) Cape May Wakbler Motavilla tigrina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 985 (Canada). One was shot near Gibara, Cuba, on February 24; one at Puerto de Tanamo on March 2; and one at Cayo Grande de Moa on March ART. 2 BIEDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI WETMORE 35 4. All are in full plumage. The three skins in the collection from Haiti were taken on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 16. Three shot on Bug Island, opposite Corail, on April 18 were pre- served in alcohol, DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAERULESCENS (Ginelin) Black-thkoated Blue Warbler MotaciU (71.3) ; tail, 62.6-62.7 ^^ (62.6) ; culmen from base, 14.7 ^•'-14.7 (14.7) : depth of bill at base, 11.8 ^«-12.3 (12.1); tarsus 19.7 "-20.3 (20) mm. Female, one specimen: Wing, 67.2; tail, 59; culmen from base, 12.9; depth of bill at base, 10.4; tarsus, 18.8 mm. The smaller size indicated seems constant when compared with a long series of L. v. arfjims from Haiti (including Gonave Island) and the Dominican Republic, as indicated by the following measure- ments of birds from the area just indicated : Fifteen males: Wing, 74.3-79.2 (76.7); tail, 61.7-69.3 (65.3); culmen from base, 14.2-16.5 (15.2) ; depth of bill at base, 11-12.9 (12.3) ; tarsus, 19.2-23.4 (21.1) mm. Nine females: Wing, 67.2-75.8 (71.2); tail, 59.8-67 (63.5); culmen from base, 12.6-14.3 (13.6)^^ depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.8 (10.9) ; tarsus, 19.7-22.3 (21) mm. In addition to the skins two birds were prepared as skeletons. MELOPYRRHA NIGRA (Linnaeus) Cuban Bullfinch Loxia nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 175 (Cuba). One was secured near Puerto de Tanamo on March 2, and one near the mouth of the Rio Moa, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 6. " Type. "Average of eight specimens. a. S. SOVERNHENT PRINTIN6 OFFICE: l»(t A NEW SPECIES OF CESTODE, CREPIDOBOTHRIUM AMPHIUMAE, FR0:M AMPHIUMA TRIDACTYLUM By Clarke Courson Zeliff Department of Zoolooii, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. An examination of the intestinal contents of Ainphiuma tridac- tylum, from Louisiana reveals the presence of some cestodes, which are herein described as a new species. I wish to express appreciation to Dr. B. P. Young for suggestions and to Dr. H. D. Reed for the source of material. After investigating numerous sources of literature, I have been unable to find a record of any cestode previously described from this urodele. Several cestodes have been described from amphibians and reptiles, and in LaRue's monograph (1914) they are included in the family Proteocephalidae, genus Ophiotaenia. Woodland (1925) strongly criticizes the characters and system used by LaRue in his part on classification and points out that Ophiotaenia has been shown to be synonymous with Crepidohothrium. Ophidotaenia (Beddard, 1913) is also shown to be synonymous with the former genus. Meg- gitt (1927) says that Liihe (1899) has correctly shown that the generic name ProtocepJialus^ which has been applied to forms of this group, is invalid. Woodland would base the classification on the relation of the genital organs to the muscle sheath and also would place a large number of species in the genus Proteocephalus, with Crepidohotlxri.uin as a provisional group. The account given by Ward and Whipple (1918) is now somewhat incomplete. Meg- gitt (1927) gives a tentative system of classification of the group and an excellent summary of the known species. The forms in the genus Ophiotaenia are distributed by him among the genera Crepi- dohothrium and Ichthyotaenia. Ophiotaenia has been reported from several urodeles and anurans : O. -fllaroides (LaRue, 1909) from Anibystonia tigrinum; O. long- hergii (Fuhrman, 1895) from Necturus maculosus ; 0. cryptohranchi (LaRue, 1911) from Cryptohranchus allegheniensis, 0. magna (Han- num, 1925) from Ra7ia catesheiana; and O. hylae (Johnson, 1912) from a Hyla from Australia. The characters of the genus Crepi- dohothriv/m given by Meggitt are as follows : No. 2926.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 81, Art. 3. 106970—32 1 Z PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Genus CREPIDOBOTHRIUM Monticelli, 1900 Generio diagnosis. — Scolex with or without apical organ of vari- ous shapes, never with a rostellum armed with hooks. Surface of scolex and suckers sometimes covered with spines. Testes in two lateral fields with an occasional tendency to coalesce anteriorly. Vagina anterior or posterior to cirrus sac, usually with a well-devel- oped sphincter. Type species. — C. gert^ardi Baird, 1860. CREPIDOBOTHRIUM AMPHIUMAE. new species Specific diagnosis. — CrepidohothriuTn: Length up to 25 cm. Scolices 280/A to 640/A long by 400/a to 480ju, wide. Apparently no apical organ is present. Sucker IQOjx in diameter. Strobilization is marked in two compressed specimens at 60;n and 180/x, from the scolex. The im- mature proglottids at a distance of 6 mm from the scolex are 300/i long and 720/* to 810/x wide, when prepared with some compression. The mature proglottids (pi. 1, fig. 6) at a distance of 25 cm from the scolex are 800/i, to 1.04 mm long and 960/a to 1.52 mm wide. The ripe, or gravid, proglottids (pi. 1, figs. 7, 8) are 1.6 mm to 1.9 mm wide and 4.4 mm to 4.6 mm long. The genital pore is in the an- terior fifth of the gravid proglottid. There is a common sinus for the openings of the cirrus sac and vagina. The genital opening al- ternates irregularly. The cirrus is frequently protruded. (PI. 1, fig. 4.) The cirrus is unarmed. The cirrus pouch is 320/a to 490/I, long and 80/x to 160/a wade. The genital ducts lie between the excre- tory ducts. The vas deferens consists of three coils within the cir- rus pouch and several outside. Testes are about 50 to 70 in number, in each field on both sides of the uterus with a few approaching the midline. The vagina is always anterior to the cirrus pouch; it does not cross the pouch and is without convolutions. The ovary in the ripe proglottid has an anterior-posterior length of 830/t. There are about 50 to 65 uterine pouches on each side. A uterine pore is preseni in the posterior part of the proglottid. Host. — Aviphiuma tridactylum . Location. — Middle intestine. Distribution. — Louisiana. Ty2->e speci7nen.—\J.S.'^.M. Helm. Coll. No. 8118. Remarks. — Crepidohothrium aviphiuniae as just described falls within group E of the genus according to Meggitt (1927), because of the number of uterine diverticula (100 to I'ii)), which exceeds 25, and the number of testes (100 to 140). G. lonnbergii has approximately the same number of testes, but the vagina and cirrus alternate in posi- tion, the uterine diverticula are less, and an apical organ is present. ART. 3 A NEW SPECIES OF CESTODE ZELIFF 3 G . cryptdhrmiohu also falls within this group (E) but has not been placed there by Meggitt because the description was lacking. It differs from the one described in the alternating position of the vagina and the smaller number of uterine diverticula. There is a close similarity to Ichthyotaenia filaroides, but the number of uterine diverticula, measurements, and apex of the scolex are points of differentiation. C. inagnuin has the genital pore located between the first and middle third of the segment, less uterine diverticula, and the vagina anterior or posterior to the cirrus pouch. Ichthyo- taenia hylae has the vagina anterior to the cirrus pouch, but the number of the testes and uterine diverticula is less. REFERENCES Hannum, Claie a. 1925. A new species of cestode, OpMotaenda m-agniim n. sp. from the frog. Trans. Amer. Micr, Soc, vol. 44, pp. 148-156. LaRue, G. R. 1911. A new cestode, Ophiotaenia cn/ptobraiwhi n. sp. from Cryptobranchus alleglieniensis. Michigan Acad. Sci. Rep. no. 17, pp. 1-8. 1914. A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae. Illinois Biol. Mon., vol. 1, pp. 1-350. LUHE, M. 1899. Zur Kenntnis eiuiger Distomem. Zool. Anz., vol. 22, pp. 524-539. Magath, T. B. 1924. Ophiotaenia testudo, a new species from Amiida spinifera. Journ. Parasit., vol. 11, pp. 44--i9. 1929. The early life history of Crepidobothrium te-itudo. Ana. Trop. Med. and Parasit., vol. 23, pp. 121-129. Meggitt, F. J. 1927. Remarks on the cestode families Monticellidae and Ichthyotaeniidae. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., vol. 21, pp. 69-87. Wakd, H. B,, and Whipple, G. C. 1918. Fresh water hiology, 1111 pp., illus. New York. Woodland, W. N. G. 1911. On three new proteocephalids (Cestoda) and a revision of the genera of the family. Parasitology, vol, 25, pp. 370-395. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTINS OFFICE 1932 U- S- NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. ART 3 PL. 1 CREPIDOBOTHRIUM AMPHIUMAE. NEW SPECIES THE MARINE AND FRESH-WATER SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA By M. W. DE Laxjbenfels Pasadena, Calif. INTRODUCTION The sponges of the western coast of the United States have been very little studied, although they exist in profusion and comprise a large variety of interesting forms. One hundred and one species are discussed in the following pages, and six of these {Polymastia pachyniastia., Hytneniacldon uiigodon, Zygherpe hyaloderma^ Plo- caniia igzo^ Halichoclona gellindra^ and Spongia idia) are described for the first time. In addition, three genera and five varieties are described as new. In order to render this paper of use to those who are not specialists as well as to specialists, all species that I have been able to find in California are described, whether they be new or old. Briefer reference is made to those forms that are to be found only in the literature on the subject. California's length of more than 1,400 kilometers exceeds the dis- tance from New York to Florida and that from Denmark to the Mediterranean, and depths of more than 1,500 meters are reached within 20 to 60 kilometers offshore. A great variety of species of sponges is to be expected within such limits. In addition to those treated herein, many species are to be looked for in the deeper waters offshore, as well as other shallow-water forms from the northern part of the State. Most of the present marine biological investiga- rion, however, is being carried on off the central and southern coasts, and it is believed that the species of those waters are herein rather thoroughly covered. I have personally searched the intertidal areas rather carefully, have had much dredged material representing the central-California region presented to me by E. F. Ricketts, and have studied the ex- tensive collection dredged off southern California during the years 1909 to 1927 by tlie University of Southern California. (See Figure 1 for map of localities mentioned in this report.) No. 2927.-PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 81, ART. 4. 107704—32 1 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Much of the preparation of this paper was carried on at the British Museum (Natural History) in London, and special gratitude is expressed to Maurice Burton, of that institution, for cooperation kindly extended. To the officials of the United States National Museum, grateful acknowledgment also is made for the loan of speci- mens for study and for literature otherwise inaccessible. 121° 119° Figure 1. — Sketch map showing California localities mentioned in text of this rtport So far as possible, representative and type specimens or a por- tion of these have been deposited in the United States National Museum in Washington (U.S.N.M.) and in the British Museum (Natural History) in London (B. M.), and, unless otherwise indi- cated, the descriptions given are based on the material so referred to. Under the headings " Type locality" and " Material examined " will be found notes upon the occurrence and habit of the species. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 3 All drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida unless otherwise indicated. HISTORICAL SUMMARY Very little has been published on sponges in or from California. Search of the literature yields 10 references, as follows : The first is b}^ E. Haeckel, 1872, Die Kalkschwiimme. In volume 2 of this monograph of the calcareous sponges of the world, as taken up more fully in the descriptive portion of this paper, he described Asc'dla (now Leucosolenia) convaJlaria (p. 45), Sycandra (now Sycon) coronata (p. 305), and Leucetta (now Leuconia) sagittata (p. 125) merely as from California, "Brown." These species can not now be located in this State. Fifteen years later E. Potts, 1887, in his monogi-aph on Fresh- water Sponges, described Meyen'm (now Ephydatia) robust a {p. 225) from Honey Lake Valley, near Susanville in northeastern California. This species has been found again only once, this time by Annandale (1907, p. 24), who recorded it from Bhim Tal, in the mountains of northern India, at 1,350 meters, almost the same altitude as that of the California specimen. Lendenfeld (1889, p. 258) named Euspongla hospes from Africa and California (which may be Lower California, Mexico). The species is not recognizably described, being characterized merely as growing inside of mollusk shells, taxonomically a relatively insignificant description. The fourth reference is by L. Lambe, 1894, Sponges from the West- ern Coast of North America. He reported (p. 124) finding a sponge, which he called Plocam'm manaarensis (Carter), from California. He did not know the locality within the State, and his identification was incorrect, as explained later in this paper. The next reference to California sponges is by F. E. Schulze, who in 1899 published his Amerikanische Hexactinelliden nach dem Materiale der Albatross-Expedition, in which he described 14 species from California, as discussed hereafter. He cited as from California, however, four additional species from other localities, as shown by the data, including the latitude and longitude, of the Albatross stations involved. Two are from the State of Washington : Acanthosaccus tenuis (p. 66) and Farrea aculeata (p. 69) ; and two are from Lower California, Mexico: Farrea ocea (p. 68) and Bathyxiphus subtilis (p. 82). Then there were published two articles by F. Urban. In 1902 in the Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, he described Bhahdodermella nuttingi, which had been sent him by the late Prof. C. C. Nutting, of the University of Iowa; and in 1905 in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, he described Leucosolenia eleanor (p. 36), 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Sycandra (now Sycon) coacta (p. 55), Leucandra (now Leuconia) heathi (p. 59), Leucandra (now Leuconia) apicalis (p. 67). These were sent him from Monterey Bay by Prof. Harold Heath, of Stan- ford University. Lendenfeld, in his large monograph on The Geodidae, described in 1910 the following from California: Sidonops angulata (p. 24), S. hicolor (p. 46), Geodia niesotHaena (p. 96), G. agassizii (p. 113), G. mesotriaenella (p. 151), G. hreviana (p. 155), G. ovis (p. 161), and Geodinella rohusta (p. 205).- Many of these, because of the un- justifiably fine distinctions drawn, have proved to be identical and must hence be regarded as synonyms. Finally, in 1926, I described three species: Gellius textapatina, Esperella -fisheri, and Suherites gadus; and in 1927 three more: Acarnus erithacus^ Plocatnia karykina^ and Plocamia (better Iso- ciona) lithophoenix ; with a redescription of Desmacella (better Ophlitaspongia) pennata Lambe, 1894. So far as I am able to as- certain, this is a complete list of references to sponges from Cali- fornia. Reference is made to the Bibliography, page 128, for com- plete citations to the papers mentioned. PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC MATERIAL FOR STUDY Identification of sponges depends upon miscroscopic character- istics, for it is utterly impossible to rely upon macroscopic features alone. This need not unduly discourage attempts to identify species, as it is possible to prepare a sponge for examination in about 10 minutes, especially if the material has already been hardened in alcohol. Take a small portion (less than 1 cubic centimeter) that includes some of the outer surface of the sponge, and place it on a clean slide. With a sharp razor (a safety-razor blade will do), section the ma- terial, if possible, both perpendicularly to the surface and tangen- tially. In a surprisingly large number of cases, this will be found to be possible; however, if only fragments can be obtained, they can still serve. The sections or fragments should be less than 0.5 mm, but may be nearly that thick to good advantage. Flood the material with a few drops of absolute alcohol, dry with paper towel or blot- ting paper, and repeat from one to three times as necessary to de- hydrate. Add a few drops of carbol xylene and again blot dry to complete the dehydration thoroughly. Add a few drops of xylene to complete the clearing and, without drying more than slightly, add some very stiff balsam and cover slip. A little stain, such as basic fuchsin, may be added to the alcohol to advantage. Comparison of slides thus made with illustrations as given herein should make identification possible in most instances. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 6 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Students of sponges do not agree as to methods for classifying them. One of the most recent and best of myriad systems is that of Topsent (1928), which roughly is the source of the arrangement herein employed. For the phylum Porifera Topsent employs 11 orders without diagnosing them. The following represents an at- tempt to describe these orders (except one that has been dropped) in a manner convenient for students who have not specialized at all in the systematics of sponges, although for proper taxonomy sucli descriptions are unsuitable: 1. Calcarea: Sponges with calcareous skeletons; this may be tested with acid, as calcium carbonate dissolves in most of the common acids, but silica only in hydrofluoric acid. The normal inorganic skeletal material in the other orders is siliceous. 2. Hexactinellida: Sponges whose principal spicules have five or six rays diverging from a central point. Such spicules may occur as small or auxiliary spicules in the other orders, but not as chief spicules. ; 3. Myxospongida: Sponges with no skeleton whatever, neither fiber nor spicule ; sometimes called " slime sponges." It is not known whether they are primitive or degenerate, but probably they are the latter. They may possibly be derived from more than one of the other orders. 4. Choristida: Sponges typically with tetraxons among their principal spicules, often having a conspicuously radiate structure and a cartilaginous rind, or ectosome. 5. Hadromerina: Sponges often with pin-shaped spicules (tylo- styles), asters as microscleres, corticate ectosome, and radiate struc- ture. Almost any sponge lacking tetraxon spicules and having any two of these features should be put in this order, 6. Halichondrina: This order is very difficult to describe to the nonspecialist. In general, there is very confused arrangement of spicules, together with simplicity of spiculation. Very few mem- bers of this group have any microscleres, and, if any, they are few and simple. 7. Poecilosclerina: Almost all the sponges that have any one of the following characteristics belong here : (a) Larger spicules spiny ; (6) chelas as microscleres; (c) fibers containing monactinal spicules. If there is any possibility that the sponge for which identification is sought belongs in this order, try that assumption hopefully, as many more sponge species are assigned to this order than to any other. 8. Haplosclerina: Sponges with only diactinal chief spicules and with only very simple microscleres, if any; they are usually markedly 6 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 reticulate in plan. It will be observed that this order, by definition, api^roaches close to some members, at least, of both the two preced- ing orders. The fresh-water sponges might be placed here or in the preceding group as a unit. Topsent does not discuss them in his 1928 article proposing the classification here considered. 9. Dictyoceratina: Sponges with no proper spicules (some from other sponges may become included as the sponge grows) but with a decided reticulation of spongin fibers. 10. Dendroceratina: Sponges with no proper spicules (see note above) but with spongin fibers that branch and do not reunite, resem- bling little trees in form. Topsent regards the first of these orders as also a class, the second order as a second class, and the rest as a third class. SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION Order CALCAREA Gray Family LEUCOSOLENIIDAE Minchin Genus LEUCOSOLENIA Bowerbank LEUCOSOLENIA CONVAL7ARIA (Haeckel) AsciUa convallaria Haex^kex, 1872, vol. 2, p. 45. Leucosolenia convallaria Dendy and Row, 1913, p. 725. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Described from the Pacific coast of North Amer- ica (California, Brown). The species has not since been found in the State. Description. — Hollow cylinders 0.05-0.1 mm thick, 2-4 mm long. Fragile, white, surface minutely hispid. The wall of the tube is of simple ascon type, strengthened by usually two layers of quadri- radiates only, of which the apical ray is from two-thirds to as long as each of the facial rays. Remarks. — Ascon type sponges with only quadriradiates are very rare. Hozawa (1929, p. 285) described a very similar one, Leucosol- enia Jx-agoshimensis, from Kagoshima Bay, Japan, and Haeckel (1872, vol. 2, p. 47) described another, Leucosolenia (AsciUa) japonica, also from Japan. LEUCOSOLENIA MACLEAYI Lcndenfeld LcvGOsolenia macleayi IjEndekyeld, 1885, p. 1086. Leucosolenia stipitata Dendy, 1891, p. 51. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — First described from Australia. ART. 4 SPONGES OP CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS Material examined. — About a dozen specimens were studied, all collected near Lagima Beach, intertidal, March 14, 1926, by myself. They were found principally pendant on the underside of sandstone bowlders. Description- (U.S.N.M. No. 21464; B.M. No. 29.8.22.49).— Shape, clathrous, vasiform, pedunculate. Size, up to 4 mm in diameter, 8 mm in height. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when pre- serA^ed, white. Oscules, few and simple ; diameter, lOjx. ' Pores, minute; diameter, about 5;u. Surface, superficially smooth, micro- scopically hispid. Ectosomal specialization, none. Endosomal structure, ascon tubes 80/x to IZOfx in diameter, branching and anastomosing to make a retic- ulation with meshes 70/a to 270ju, in diameter. The skeleton consists of about two layers of simple triaxons. Histological details : I have Figure 2. — Leucosolenia macleayi Dendy : One of the ascon tubes, X300: illustrating the spicules and their placement a preparation of this species in which the axial canals of the spicules are clearly evident. This is rather uncommon in calcareous spicules. Statements have even been made that calcareous spicules lack such an axial canal, although Minchin (1900, p. 40) calls attention to the fact that there really is one. Principal spicules, triaxons (fig. 2). Size of each ray, 3/x by 40/* to 6ja by QO/x ; the usual size is 6/x by 40/i. Remarks. — There are rather few Leucosolenias having only triradi- ates, but some of these, including the present species, are common and nearly cosmopolitan. L. macleayi is characterized by delicate lacy form, regularity, and simplicity of spiculation, and by the stipitate habitus. I wish to thank Maurice Burton, of the British Museum of Natural History, for help in allocating this species, as by a mistake I had identified it with the rather similar Leucosolenia coriacea Montagu. L. coriacea differs in that it always has more repent form than macleayi. 8 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.. 81 LEUCOSOLENIA ELEANOR UrL .n Leucosolenia eleanor Urban, 1905, p. 36. Holotype. — In the possession of Prof. F. Urban, Marienbad, Czechoslovakia, Type locality. — Monterey Bay, Material examined. — Abundant California specimens. I find this species only in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, where it is very common intertidally. It occurs on the underside of granite bowlders or under- neath protrusions of rock, often where the surf breaks on it. FiGUED 3. — Leucosolenia eleanor Urban : Triradlates (A, B) aad quadriradiates (O) of average size, and extremes of the oxeas (D, E), X300 Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21465; B,M. No, 29.8.22.46).— Shape, clathrate masses of branching and anastomosing tubes. Size, up to 10 cm in diameter; the tubes are 0.3-1.7 mm in diameter. Consist- ency, fragile, slightly spongy. Color in life and when preserved, white. Oscules, simple, few, approximately 1 mm in diameter. Pores, minute, abundant. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, none. Endosomal structure, typically ascon. It is remarkable that although clathrate there are no blind diverticulations, the number of oscules increasing as the size of the colony increases. That which is now regarded as the genus Leuco- solenia was formerly divided into two genera, the second called Clathrina, the basis of separation being the absence or presence of ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 9 clathrate form, and the fact that in the hitter there were not only many blind diverticulations, but the number of osciiles did not increase with enlargement of the colony; eleanor is precisely inter- mediate between the two. Histological details : The nuclei of the collar cells are sometimes placed basically, sometimes apically, according to Urban. First type of spicules, oxeas (fig. 3, D and E) ; size, 4;u, by 105/x to 9)U, by 434/x. Second type of spicules, quadriradiates (fig, 3, 6') ; size of ra.vs, about 9/x by 140/x. Third type of spicules, sagittal alate triradiates (fig. 3, J.) ; size of rays, about 7/a by 80/*. Fourth type of spicules, regular triradiates (fig. 3, .5) ; size of rays, about 7/* by 140/i. Remarks. — There does not seem to be any other Leucosolenia very close to eleanor., although, of course, many species of this genus have much in common with it. Most characteristic is the extent to which it is intermediate between the characteristics formerly assigned to Clathrina and those always assigned to Leucosolenia. LEUCOSOT ENIA NAUTILIA de Laubenfels Leucosolenia nautilia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 25. Holotype.—JJ.S.'^.M. No. 21466; B.M. No. 29.8.22.11. Type locality. — A small group of California specimens was stud- ied, all collected by myself, July 20, 1926, from the bottom of a motor-driven fishing vessel that had been in active use near Monterey Bay since its previous cleaning, about six months earlier. This sponge was here associated with the introduced mussel, Mytilus edulis., a remarkable circumstance. The only mussel at all common locally is M. calif ornianus. Description. — Shape, there is a stoloniferous basal reticulation from which rise separate tubes. Size of largest colony, 20 mm high, 35 mm in diameter. Tubes, 0.2-2 mm in diameter and about 20 mm long; walls, about 50/i thick. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when preserved, white. Oscules, apical; diameters, as for the tubes. Pores, about 50/i in diameter; they cause the walls of the tubes to appear fenestrated. Surface, superficially hispid. Ectosomal specialization, none. Endosomal structure, typical ascon sort. Histological details: The nuclei of the collar cells are so located in the main body of the cell as to be dubiously basal. First type of spicules, large oxeas (fig. 4, ^), size, 10/a by 400/i to 20/i by 1,000/a. Second type of spicules, small oxeas (fig. 4, D and E) ; size, about 4yx by 140/*. Third type of spicules, triradiates (fig. 4, 5) ; size of rays, about 9/x by 140/t. Fourth type of spicules, quadri- radiates (fig. 4, C) ; size of projecting rays, about 8/a by 30/*, tangen- tial rays as for the triradiates. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Remarks. — The most abundant spicules seem to be the oxeas, which are commonly about 600/i, to 800/a long but sometimes more than 1 mm. They are typically nearly tangential, but not quite, the distal fourth or third hispidating the surface. Smaller ones occur among them. The triradiates are between them and the gastral layer. The gastral (or cloacal) layer is packed with autogastral quadriradiates, the projecting ray comparatively short. The choano- cytes are arranged on this inner surface only, as typical of ascons, and their nuclei are centrally located within the mass of the cell. This species comes very close to the genus Ascute^ which has the large oxea entirely embedded within the flesh. Its genotype, A. uteoides Dendy (1893, p. 178), from Australia, has besides this difference the further ones of lacking triradiates and having oxeas Figure 4. — Leucosolenia nautilia de Laubenfels : Extremes of size for the small oxeas (V, E) and average sizes for the other spicule sorts {A, B, C), X300 twice as thick though not much longer; nevertheless, I regard it as fairly closely related to nautilia., as other items are very similar. There is some possibility that the numerous differences from Leuco- solenia eleanor^ the common local intertidal member of this genus (p. 8), may be accounted for by the peculiar ecological placement of nautilia. There seems to be no other record of calcareous sponges fouling boat bottoms. Neither mussels nor sponges occur at all commonly on the bottoms of the fishing boats around Monterey Bay. Family SYCETTIDAE Dendy Genus SYCON Risso SYCON COACTUM (Urban) Sycandra coacta Urban, 1905, p. 55. Sycon coaotum Dendy and Row, 1913, p. 745. Holotype. — In the possession of Prof. F. Urban, Marienbad, Czechoslovakia. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFEL.S 1 1 Type locality. — Monterey Bay, Calif. I have not succeeded in finding this species in the field, in spite of very careful search in the type locality. Descri'ption. — This is a noncolonial, flask or vase-shaped sponge, about 5 mm in diameter and 6 mm high. The color is white. There is an erect oscular crown. The chamber system is of the second type (sycon). There are oxea of the oscular fringe, size 3;u, by 500/a to 10/x by 500ju,, and of the choanosome, size 35ju, by l,O00ju, and less, and microxeas about 2;U, by 40;U, in the walls of the radial tubes and pseudogastral layer. The latter two locations are also supplied with triradiates and quadriradiates, rays about lO/x by 90/t. The triradiates are usually sagittal. Reinarks. — Urban fails to explain how this differs from the numer- ous other Sycons or Sycandras. It seems to differ from Sycon coronat%uii in its microxea and in the lack of dermal tufts over the distal ends of the radial tubes. SYCON CORONATUM (Ellis and Solander) Spongia coronata Ellis and Solander, 1786. Grantia ciliata Bowerbank, 1864, according to Haeckel, 1872. Sycandra coronata Haeckex, 1872. Sycon coronatum Dendy, 1892. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Europe. Haeckel (1872, vol. 2, p. 305) lists this species as from California, Brown. The species is cosmopolitan, but I have not found it in California. Description. — This is a single cylindrical individual (noncolonial), usually 3 mm by 10 mm to 7 mm by 30 mm in diameter and height. Unless soiled it is white. The canal system is of the second, or sycon, type. There are many triradiates and quadriradiates, both regular and sagittal or alate; the single rays are often 0.007 mm by 0.14 mm in size. There are large oxea (about 0.02 mm by 1 to 2 mm) in tufts on the surface, particularly over the outer ends of the lateral diverticula of the pseudogastral cavity. The oscule is crowned with an erect spicular fringe. Family GRANTIIDAE Dendy Genus LEUCONIA Grant LEUCONIA SAGITTATA (Haeckel) Leticetta sagittata Haeckei., 1872, p. 12o. Leucandra sagittata Dendy and Row, 1913, p. 774. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Pacific coast of North America (California, Brown). Descnptlon. — A mass of branching and anastomosing tubes 35 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 by 70 mm in size, with oscula much fewer than the total number of tubes. The color in alcohol is given as brown. The tubes are mostly 3 mm thick but vary from about 2 to 5 mm, with walls 0.4 to 0.8 mm thick. The surface is smooth both inside and out. Canal system leuconoid. The skeleton is of triradiates only, the largest having rays up to 0.06 by 0.8 mm, others are as small as 0.01 by 0.1 mm. All or nearly all are decidedly alate. Remarks. — No one seems to have found another specimen of this sponge since Haeckel described it. This genus has been quite generally known as Leucandra; but, as Burton (1929, p. 403) points out, the name Leuconia Grant, 1833, has clear priority and should never have been dropped for Leucandra Haeckel, 1872. LEUCONIA HEATHI (Urban) Leucandra heathi Ubban, 1905, p. 59. Leucandra apicalis Urban, 1905, p. 67. Holofype. — In the possession of Prof. F. Urban, Marienbad, Czechoslovakia. Type locality. — Monterey Bay, Calif. Material examined. — Numerous California specimens were studied. The species is abundant near Monterey Bay, occurring on and under granite bowlders near low-tide mark. In southern California, one finds what I take to be the same species, but so far only small and misshapen specimens. I found one intertidal at Laguna Beach in October, 1925. Other specimens were dredged by the University of Southern California on July 19, 1924, in 78 meters off Catalina Island, and on September 26, 1925, in 29 meters near Long Beach (U.S.N.M. No. 21422). Description (material from type locality, U.S.N.M. No. 21462; B.M. No. 29.8.22.39). — Shape, pyriform, if not crowded, otherwise distorted. Size, up to at least 9 cm high, 11 cm in diameter. Con- sistency, mediocre. Color in life and when preserved, basically white but usually dirty. Oscules, apical and usually but one to a sponge. Diameter, up to 10 mm. Pores, about 20/i, in diameter. Surface, superficially hispid. Ectosomal specialization, none, aside from the spicule plush. Endosomal structure, leucon type. Histological details: Flagellate chambers 45ju to 85/^ diameter. First type of spicules, coronal oxeas (fig. 5, E) ; size, 4/a by 8,000)u to 12/A by more than 10,000/i.. Second type of spicules, large oxeas (fig. 6, G) ; size, 30/. by 3,400/i to IhOfx by more than 5,000/.. Third type of spicules, sagittal triradiates (fig. 5, A) \ size of rays, about 10/x by 140/A. Fourth type of spicules, endosomal triradiates (fig. 5, B, C, and D) ; size, up to lO/x by 225/a. Microscleres, microxeas (fig. 5, F) ; size, about 4/. by 140/t. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFOENIA de LAUBENFELS 13 The large oxeas are radially placed in the sponge mass and echinate the most of the exterior surface. The sagittal triradiates line the upper cloacal surface. The endosomal triradiates occur frequently in all sizes from the maximum down. The microxeas are located sparsely throughout the sponge. Remarks. — A noteworthy feature is the sphincter (glistening white) around the upper end of the cloaca, which latter is often quite a third of the diameter of the entire sponge and reaches nearly to the base. Professor Heath tells of finding specimens exposed at Figure o.—Leuconia hcathi (Urban): Spicule varieties, X 300 ; only the termina- tions of the longer oxeas are shown low tide, of blowing tobacco smoke at their open oscules, and watch- ing the moderatel}' quick closing by the sphincter. Urban writes of a pore membrane for closing the afferent openings. In describing L. aplcalis, Urban fails to cite means whereby it may be distinguished from L. heathi of the same locality; therefore 1 consider it a synonym of L. heathi. Family LEUCASCIDAE Dendy Genus LEUCETTA Haeckel LEUCETTA LOSANGELENSIS (de Laubenfels) Leuconia losangelensis de Laubenfexs, 19.'?0, p. 25. Holotype.— V.S.N. M. No. 214G3; B.M. No. 29.8.22.40. Type locality. — Laguna Beach, Calif., October, 1925, intertidal, collected by the author. Numerous California specimens were 14 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 studied, all from southern California. The species is abundant at this locality. In September, 1925, I found it on pilings of a wharf at Venice, Calif. The University of Southern California collected it twice in July, 1914, without locality record, at Whites Point (near San Pedro) without date record (U.S.N.M. No. 21407), and on July 13, 1923, at Point Vincente (near San Pedro) (U.S.N.M. No. 21402). The species occurs in a variety of situations throughout the lower half of the intertidal zone, seeming to favor situations in the bottom of crevices and where the wave action is strong. It is much infested with other animals, particularly crustaceans. Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, up to about 2 cm thick and 10 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when preserved, white to pale brown. Oscules, oval, scattered, size about 1 by 3 mm. Pores, not superficially evident. My sections show them definitely closed with a distinct pore-membrane about 5/i to 20/i thick. They lead to canals a little more than 100/x. in diameter so probably can be opened to about that size. Surface, superficially smooth, contort, with lumps and ridges several millimeters high. Ectosomal specializations, dermal membrane, 5/i, thick; not detach- able, fleshy, contains abundant nuclei. Below it is a zone about 115/* thick devoid of flagellate chambers, containing amoebocytes often elongate and perpendicular to the surface, in a ground substance (collenchyma) appearing noncellular, probably protoplasmic. En- dosomal structure, leuconid, arranged very much as in many of the Demospongias. It is quite remarkable that this calcareous sponge so closely resembles in shape an amorphous noncalcareous sponge. The surface is often ridged, or again it may be merely irregularly lumpy. The oscules are scattered here and there. From them canals meander through the choanosome, all in quite halichondrine fashion. I have found small specimens scarcely more than a centimeter in diameter, and even they had two or three small oscules and none of the characteristic symmetry of the Calcarea. It would be most inter- esting to find still younger forms and trace the earl}^ stages. Histo- logical details (besides those mentioned above) : The flagellate cham- bers are usually oval, extreme measurements about 30/i, to SOju. First type of spicules regular tri axons (fig. 6, 6', Z>, and H) ; second type of spicules, sagittal triaxons (fig. 6, F). The characteristic spiculation of this species is a confused tangle of two sizes of triaxons, the larger (fig. 6, C) with rays about 40/i by 400/A , the smaller (fig. 6, E) with rays about 13/* by 130/x. Some specimens, including the type specimen, contain numerous interme- diates, but in many specimens the distinction into two different sized ranges is conspicuous. Careful study of many specimens yields the following as supplementary remarks: In two instances I have found a small fourth ray on a spicule (fig. 6, G) ; this item is so rare that ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 15 I doubt if quadriradiates should be cited as of normal occurrence. In a few cases I have found small oxeas near the surface (fig. Q, A). These are not certainly proper. Rather more often I find micro- tylostyles about 5/* by 40/a (fig. Q, B). I interpret these as essen- tially triradiates, with two rays almost entirely suppressed. In some parts of some specimens I find curious microspined cylinders, about 3/A in diameter, of variable lengths, with abrupt ends (fig. G, H). It seems doubtful that they are proper spicules, or even Figure 6. — Leucetta losanyeleiisis (de Laubenfels), spicules, X300 spicules at all ; but they should be mentioned. Some of the triradiates are both alate and sagittal, these being, as usual, around the oscules. RenvoLrhs. — The species closest here would seem to be that described by Hozawa, 1929, as Leucandra solida. Family AMPHORISCIDAE Dendy Genus RHABDODERMELLA Urban KHABDODERMELLA NUTTINGI Urban Rhnhdodermella nuttrnf/i Urban, 1902, p. 268. Leucilla nuttingi Dendy and Row, 1913, p. 784. " Holofi/pe. — In the possession of Prof. F. Urban, Marienbad. Czechoslovakia. Type locality. — Monterey Bay, Calif. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 MateHal examined. — Numerous California specimens were studied. The species is very common in the intertidal zone both in southern California and the Monterey region; and E. F. Ricketts reports seeing sponges resembling this at various intermediate points. The University of Southern California dredged it in 27 meters off Long Beach. It often hangs from the underside of bowlders, and as ex- posed at low tide makes beautiful pearllike pendants. Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21486; B.M. No. 29.8.22.43).— Shape, vasiform, elongate, stipitate. Size, up to 5 mm in diameter, 25 mm high. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when preserved, white. Oscules, apical; diameter up to 3 mm. There is a small D ,-/>'- AW/// ill /Id FtGURB 7. — RJiabdodirmeUa tiultingi Urban: Spicules (limits of pro- toplasmic structures indicated by dotted lines) in a cross section perpendicular to the long axis of the sponge, the various sorts except the coronal oxeas in situ, X95. The upper portion of the figure is the external, the lower is the cloacal coronal palisade of erect spicules. Pores, up to 200/i in diameter. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, the dermis (20ju, thick) contains distinc- tive microrhabds, placed vertically, in great abundance. Endosomal structure, leuconid of the sort termed sylleibid, that is, with the flagellate chambers in grape-cluster arrangement. Histological de- tails : The flagellate chambers are oval, about TO/x by 126ju, in size. First type of spicules, coronal oxeas (not figured) ; size about 25/i by 1,250/i. Second type of spicules, large hypodermal quadriradiates or triradiates (fig. 7. A)', size of rays, about 40/* by 875/x. Third type of spicules, smaller triradiates (fig. 7, B) ; size of rays, about lOfjL by 230/x. Fourth type of spicules, very small quadriradiates or triradiates (fig. 7, (7) ; size of rays, about 4/i, by 20ix to 5/x by lUU/x„ Microscleres, microxeas (fig. 7, Z>) ; size, about 2|U. by 45/x. AHT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LuVUBENFELS 17 The coronal oxeas are arranged in a palisade about the oscule, as usual. The large quadriradiates or triradiates are hj^podermal. Their rhabds reach clear to the gastral layer, the cladome being near the outer surface. The smaller triradiates are scattered in the choanosome. The still smaller quadriradiates or triradiates line the gastral surface. The fourth ray, or in the case of the triradiates, one of the three, is autodermal. Remarks, — Dendy and Row in monographing the Calcarea (1913, p. 793) put this in the large genus Leucilla. The type species of that genus, L. amphora., is somewhat like the species under discussion in shape, and to a lesser extent in canal system and arrangement of the larger spicules. Lendenfeld regarded the difference in canal system great enough, however, to create a separate family for those of the type of Polynia and Vosmaeria (family Sylleibidae)^ R. nuttingi would be in this family if it were regarded as valid, but it is usually not so regarded. Furthermore, nuttingi differs so widely from amphora in other respects, especially in having the peculiar dermis with its special microscleres, that I believe the two can not fairly be classed as congeneric. I therefore hold with Urban, recognizing his genus, Rhabdodermella. Order HEXACTINELLIDA Schmidt Family HYALONEMATIDAE Gray Genus HYALONEMA J. E. Gray HYALONEMA POPULIFERUM Schulze Ilyalonema popiilifcrum F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 10. Holotype.—JJ.S.l!:iM. No. 7557. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2928, near San Clemente Island, Calif., depth 764 meters, sand bottom. Other specimens recorded by Schulze from the vicinity of San Clemente Island are from : Albatross Station 2936, depth 656 meters, mud bottom. Albatross Station 2937, depth 847 meters, mud bottom. Albatross Station 2980, depth 1,192 meters, mud bottom. Family ROSSELLIDAE Schulze Genus APHORME Schulze APHORME HORRmA Schulze Aphortne horrida F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 40. Holotype.—U.^.^M. No. 7504. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2937, near San Clemente Island, Calif., depth 847 meters, mud bottom. 107704—32 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Genus ACANTHASCUS Schulze ACANTHASCUS PLATEI Schulze Acantluiscus platei F. E. Schulze, 1899, p, 45. Holotype.—JJ.S.^M. No. 7502. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2927, west from San Diego, Calif., depth 572 meters, mud bottom. Genus STAUROCALYPTUS Ijima STAUROCALYPTUS DOWLINGI (Lambe) Rhabdocahjptu'^ doifliniji Lambe, 1893, p. 37. Staurocali/ptus doxclmgi Ijima, 1897, vol. 1, p. 53. Holotype. — In the Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada ; described from the west coast of Canada. Other records. — Schulze (1899, p. 47) described Calif ornian speci- mens from Albatross Station 2955, depth 221 meters. This station is just south of Santa Rosa Island, The specimen he figures is U.S.N.M. No. 7578. He also had a specimen from Alaska. STAUROCALYPTUS SOLmUS Schulze Staurocalyptus solidus F. E. SciitrLZE, 1899, p. 51. Holotype.— U.S.N.M. No. 7581. Type locality. — Albatr^oss Station 2948, near Santa Cruz Island, depth 486 meters. Other specimens recorded by Schulze are from : Albatross Station 3071, "Washington, deptli 1,253 meters. Albatross Station 3202, Monterey Bay, depth 699 meters. Three other specimens from Monterey Bay are in the collection of Stanford University. The species is also represented in the Brit- ish Museum (No. 29.8.22.26). Description (based on the Stanford University specimens). — Shape, vasif orm ; a hollow cylinder. Size, up to 15 cm in diameter, 24 cm high. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when pre- served, drab. Oscules, on cloacal surface only ; round, 1 to 4 mm in diameter. Pores, on outer surface only; round, 0.2 to 0.4 mm in diameter. Surface covered with a forest of projecting spicules. Parenchyma, about 23 mm thick. Prostalia marginalia, none as distinct from pleuralia. Prostalia pleuralia, abundant diacts 40 to 60 mm long. Prostalia basalia, none. Dermalia autodermal, diacts up to 20 mm long. Dermalia hypodermal, conspicuous pentacts, rhabcls about 20 mm long, clads about 4 mm above the surface and each arm about 3 to 5 mm long. There are here also small pentacts, each arm spined and about 12/u, by 150/x. Gastralia autodermal. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LATJBENFELS 19 diacts 20 to 30 mm lonir. Gastralia hypodermal, abundant pentacts, each arm 200/x lonS'. solklus should fall as a synonym to S. doioUngi. STAUROCALYPTUS FASCICULATUS Schulze Stnurocnlyptus fasciculatus F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 53. Holotype.—U.S.^M. No. 7580. Tijpe locality. — Albatross Station 2979, north of Santa Cruz Island, Calif., depth 690 meters, mud Ijottom. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.811 Genus RHABDOCALYPTUS Schaize RHABDOCALYPTUS DAWSONI (Lambe) HatJtydorus dawsoni Lambe, 1892, p. 73. h'hahdocalyptus dawsoni F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 54. Holotype. — In the Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada. Type locality. — The west coast of Canada. Other records. — Schulze (1899) has specimens from the same vicin- ity and from three California localities, as follows : Albatross Statiou 2975, depth 6G meters, stony bottom. Albatross Station 2945, depth 55 meters, stony bottom. Albatross Station 3349, depth 437 meters, shell bottom, - The first two stations are near Santa Cruz Island, the last is just west of San Francisco. Schulze's figured specimen is U.S.N.M. No. 7570. RHABDOCALYPTUS TENER Schulze Rhabdocalyptus tener F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 57. Holotype.— U.S.l^M. No. 7577. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2923, off San Diego, Calif., depth 1,503 meters, green mud bottom. RHABDOCALYPTUS NODULOSUS Schulze h'habdocalyptus nodulosus F. E. ScHxn.zE, 1899, p. 58. Holotijpe.—JJ.S.^.M. No. 7576. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2980, off Santa Barbara, Calif., 1,103 meters, mud bottom. Schulze also had a second specimen from Albatross Station 2936, off San Diego, depth 657 meters, mud bottom. RHABDOCALYPTUS ASPER Schulze Rhabdocalyptus asper F. E. Schut.ze, 1899, p. 60. Holotype.— U.S.'^.M. No. 7568. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2936, off San Diego, Calif., depth 657 meters, mud bottom. Family EURETIDAE Zittel Genus FARREA Bowerbank FARREA CONVOLVULUS Schulze Farrea convolvulus F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 71. Holotype.— \J. S.N. M. No. 7553. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2936, off San Diego, Calif., dci)tli 656 meters, mud bottom. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORISTIA de Lu^UBENFELS 21 Family COSCINOPORIDAE Zittel Genus CHONELASMA Schulze CHONELASMA CALYX Schulze Chonelasma calyx F. E. Schulze, 1887, p. 326. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Japan. Other records. — The Albatross dredged this species from nine stations, as reported by F. E. Schulze (1899, p. 78), as follows: Station 3326, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, depth 1,053 meters. Stations 2877 and 2875, near Washington State, depths 108 and 73 meters. Stations 2862 and 2864, near Vancouver, Canada, depths 435 and 88 meters. Station 3051, near Oregon, depth 108 meters. Station 3202, Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 699 meters, mud bottom. Station 2952, near Santa Barbara, Calif., depth 104 meters, rocky bottom. Station 2980, west of Santa Rosa Island, Calif., depth 1,103 meters, mud bottom. The specimen that Schulze figures is U.S.N.M. No. 8585. CHONELASMA TENERUM Schulze Chonelasma tenerum F. E. Schulze, 1899, p. 81. Cotypes.—V. S.'S.M. Nos. 7540 and 7541. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2916, depth 170 meters, stony bottom (1 specimen), and Albatross Station 2919, depth 1,800 meters, mud bottom (5 specimens). Both stations are in the vicinity of the ■Cortez Bank, Calif., which, strictly speaking, lies in Mexican waters. Four paratypes (U.S.N.M. No. 7542) were taken at Albatross Station 2923, depth 1,503 meters, mud bottom, off San Diego, Calif. Family APHROCALLISTIDAE Schulze Genus APHROCALLISTES J. E. Gray APHROCALLISTES VASTUS Schulze Aphrocallistes vastus F. E. Schulze, 1887, p. 317. Aphrocallistes whiteavesianus Lambe, 1892, p. 74. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Japan. Other records. — Lambe's specimen was from Canadian waters. According to Schulze, the Albatross dredged this from 13 stations, as follows : Stations 3310, 3330, 3331, and 3337, in Alaskan waters, depths 505, 642, 640, and 512 meters, respectively. Stations 2860, 2862, 2864, and 2877, off the coast of Canada, depths 1,602, 435, 88, and 108 meters, respectively. Stations 2882 and 3054, off the coast of Oregon, depths 124 and 97 meters, respectively. Station 3008, off the coast of Mexico, depth 560 meters. 22 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Station 2925, near San Diego, Calif., latitude 32° 32' N., longitude 117"* 24' W., depth 620 meters, mud bottom. Station 2935, near San Diego, Calif., latitude 33° 04' N., longitude 117" 42' W., depth 839 meters, mud bottom. In the dredging operations of E. F. Ricketts, of the Pacific Bio- logical Laboratories, Pacific Grove, Calif,, there have been brought up and presented to me by him, macerated skeletons evidently belonging to the genus AphrocalUstes and very probably to the species vastus; but they lack the soft parts and loose spicules. Order MYXOSPONGIDA SoUas Family HALISARCIDAE Schmidt Genus HALISARCA Johnston HALISARCA SACRA de Laubenfels Halisarca sacra de Laubenfels, 1980, p. 25. Holotype.—U.S.'NM. No. 21454; B.M. No. 29.8.22.53. Type locality. — Elkhorn Slough, at the east side of Monterey Bay, Calif. Collected by E. F. Ricketts, July 4, 1929. I also have col- lected the species at the same locality. It is found associated with MycaJe niacglnitiei on rocks introduced by man in the midst of an environment of sheltered tidal mud flats. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 0.7 mm thick, in patches up to 14 mm in diameter. Consistency, very soft. Color in life and when preserved, very pale drab. Oscules, about lOO/x, to 200/* in diameter. Pores, very minute, well under 50/*; exact sizes obscured by contractility, but none observed more than lOyn. Sur- face, superficially shiny smooth. Ectosomal specialization, 20/* to 40/li thick, characterized by rounded cells in a more darkly staining ground mass than that of the endosome. There are subdermal cavities about 20/i in diameter, Endosomal structure, coUenchymatous. The abundant mesogloea- takes nuclear stains very definitely. Histological details : The ex- ceedingly long flagellate chambers are often radiately clustered around excurrent canals, which are often near the substrate. Many proso- pyles are very short, and often there is almost direct contact with the subdermal cavities. The chambers are always about 40/u, in diameter, and average well over 200/i, long, lengths up to 280/* being common. Remarks. — Some authors regard all Halisarcas as conspecific with H. dujardini, the genotype. The genus is so simplified that it is very difficult to find adequate grounds for separating any species from dujardini, but I hesitate to believe that all the members found over the entire world really are conspecific. This, our California ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 23 representative, is, of course, close to the genotype, but may be sepa- rated, I believe, on the basis of the extreme length of the flagellate chambers. In the literature one finds few or no references to chambers longer than l'25fi, though I have seen in the British Mu- seum prepared slides showing chambers — presumably of the geno- type — longer than 200/x; these are, however, out of the ordinary for European or Australian material. In sacra they are usually well Figure 9. — Ilalisarca sacra de Laubenfels : Typical section perpendicular to the surface. It was found impractical to draw in fine items of detail. A, An oscule ; B^ subdermal cavities ; C, excurrent canals, D, flagellate chamber, X120 over 200/x and rather often reach lengths of 280jli. The general picture as made by slides of sacra is so different from that made by other slides of this genus that I have seen that I had a certain degree of confidence in naming this as a new species. Order CHORISTIDA SoUas Family GEODIIDAE Gray Genus SIDONOPS Sollas SIDONOPS ANGULATA Lendenfeld Sidonfjps amjulata Leindenfeld, 1910, p. 18 (based ou three described varieties: megana, microana, and orthotriaena) . Sidono})s bicolor Lendenfeld 1910, p. 46. Holotype. — Here established as U.S.N.M. No. 8380, /?. angulata var. microana. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Type locality. — Albatross Station 4417, 53 meters, off Santa Barbara Island, Calif. Occurrence. — Lendenfeld identifies as S. angulata 4 specimens dredged by the Albatross near Santa Barbara Island, southern Cali- fornia, Stations 2945, 2975, and 4417, and as bicolor 15 specimens in the same collection dredged at Stations 2958, 2981, 3168, 4420, 4531, and 4551. These range from southern to central California. The depths are from 42 to 100 meters. Description. — Tuberous, usually with digitate processes. Largest specimen 4 by 10 cm. In spirits, externally whitish to rufous to brown, internally dirty yellowish. A spicule fur covers much of the surface. The smooth areas are probably always, and sometimes certainly, due to such external causes as, for example, overlying bryozoans. The round oscules are usually in groups, often on raised processes, and vary from 0.25 to 1 mm in diameter. The pores are in chones. The cortex is from 1 to 2 mm thick and, as is the rule in this family, is packed with sterrasters. Spicules: {a) Special dermal diacts up to 0.04 by 9 mm; {b) endosomal diacts up to 0.105 by 5.6 mm; (c) plagiotriaenes, the cladomes often reduced to diaenes or monaenes, rhabds up to 0.11 by 4 mm; {d) anatriaenes, often absent, when present with rhabds up to 0.039 by 9 mm; {e) sterras- ters from 0.087 by 0.122 mm to 0.097 by 0.17 mm \ (/) spherasters with spined tornote rays, total diameter often around 0.021 to 0.028 mm ; {g) euaster rays sharply oxeote and sometimes microspined, some- times smooth, total diameters up to 0.064 mm. Rer)iarks. — I have not examined Lendenfeld's specimens person- ally, so use his published data, with this warning: E. F. Kallmann, 1914, examined the material from which Lendenfeld described very numerous Australian sponges and reports serious inaccuracies in many of Lendenfeld's descriptions. Although Lendenfeld produced two large volumes on the Geodidae of the Albatross dredgings, I feel we can only surmise the true status of his species pending a re-exami- nation of the material by some competent investigator. In establishing angulata and bicolor Lendenfeld (1910) mentions for the former that some of the spicules were sharply bent. This is a very common malformation in manj^ sorts of sponges. In the same article Lendenfeld figures such deformities for various of the Geodias. He does not say this feature was conspicuously absent from his bicolor. He established this latter name because of darker color on one side than the other. As is well known, sponges receiv- ing more light from one side than the other tend to be darker on the exposed side. Lendenfeld notes (p. 47) that the darker was the upper side of these specimens. S. bicolor and S. angidata are not to be separated on such differences alone. ABT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 25 Genus GEODIA Lamarck GE0DL4. MESOTRIAENA Lendenfcid Vydonium miilleri Lambe (not Fleming), 1S92, p. 72; 1893, p. 36. Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 96. Geodia agassizii Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 113. Geodia niesotriaeneUa Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 151. Geodia hreviana Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 155. Geodia ovis Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 161. Holotype. — Here designated as U.S.N.M. No. 8410. Type locality. — Albatross Station 2942, off southern California, 41 meters. Occurrence. — Lendenfeld had 10 specimens from California, from Albatross Stations 2894, 1909, 2942, 2958, 2975, 2978, 4417, 4551, and 3168; and 24 specimens from north of California, Stations 2886^ 2887, 3098, 4193, 4199, and 4228, ranging from Oregon to south- eastern Alaska. I have four specimens from southern California, all dredged by the University of Southern California at depths from 41 to 47 meters. The Albatross specimens were from 32 to 180 meters, except one from 369 meters. This species is also represented in the British Museum (No. 29.9.30.11). Description. — Shape, massive; younger specimens subglobular^ older ones spread laterally to form cakes. Size, up to at least 6 cm thick, spreading laterally to at least 20 cm. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when preserved, whitish externally, dirty yellow internally, the exterior often discolored on account of outside influ- ences. Oscules, chones. Pores, chones. Surface, superficially cov- ered by a dense spicular plush, which may be broken off, but in that case it is represented by broken ends of spicules. Ectosomal specialization, cortical; it is largely sterraster armor and ranges from 200^^ to 1 mm thick. Endosomal structure, radiate, Histological details: I have a slide showing spherical flagellate chambers that are 16/a to 20/x in diameter. Spicules: {a) Large endosomal diacts, rarely styles or strongyles, usually oxeas (fig. 10, II) ; size, 2()fx. to 112/x thick. Lengths are hard to state as the longer ones are usually broken, but they reach at least 9 mm. The common size is about 0.05 by 2.5 mm. {b) Plagio- triaenes or diaenes (fig. 10, J, K) of the same size range as the oxeas mentioned above. These are placed with their cladomes just below or actually within the cortex, the rhabds continuing on down, directed toward the base or center of the sponge. (, E^ F, G). In the same specimen their rhabd diameter may range from 2/a to 45/i. They are commonly 5 to 10 mm in length, in extreme cases as much as 22 mm long. They may be placed like the plagiotriaenes, or their 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISTATIOISTAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 cladomes may be actually projecting beyond the surface of the sponge, {d) A type of spicule (fig. 10, A, B, G) that is typically a mesoprotriaene but may have a very small epirhabd or none ; may be protriaene or orthotriaene; or may be triaene, diaene, or monotriaene. This occurs usually or always in the spicule fur, and therefore tends to be lost when that is rubbed off. Its frequency and shape seem to be the most characteristic items distinguishing California Geodias. I find rhabd diameter 11/^ to 48/i. Lendenfeld reports 7/a to 12jw. (e) Dermal small oxea or styles (fig. 10, i), diameters 2ju. to 13ju,, lengths TiGURB 10. — Oeodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld : Spicules A to M, X 80 ; others, X 1,333. O, a developmental form of the sterraster, of which N — to the same scale — can only show a small bit of the surface. Hj, pointed end, which is the same for the oxeas and the esactines of the plagio spicules. /, esactine of the other polyactinal megascleres usually about 200/i. (/) Sterrasters (fig. 10, M, N, O), greatest lengths ranging from 65/a to llS/x, least diameters from 42/i to 83/x, usu- ally 50/x by 70fji by 60^. {(/) Strongylospherasters (fig. 10, P, Q), 4ju. to 15/i, in diameter, (h) Oxyspherasters 6/t to 24jli in diameter, (i) Oxyeuasters 9jx to 35/* in diameter (fig. 10, R) . It might be much more accurate to say there are small asters of great variability, the ends of the spines varying from strongylote (rounded) to oxeote (sharp) but usually more rounded in the smaller and sharper in the larger. A centrum may be present varying from comparatively very large to absent, but most conspicuous in the smaller asters. The rays seem always to be spined, but the spines vary from almost invisible to very ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 27 conspicuous. The whole range can be found within a single speci- men, though not in every specimen. Remarks. — In his work on the Geodidae, Lendenfeld (1910) de- scribed as new 11 species from the west coast of North America. The 10 specimens from California he placed in 5 new species. According to these standards, I would have needed two new species for my four specimens, continuing the average of a new species for each two specimens. This probably does not represent the true state of affairs. It is possible that we have here but one Geodia^ exhibiting a consid- erable range of variability. Table 1 (p. 28) gives the spicule meas- urements of my four specimens and Lendenfeld's five species, based on his figures. Since each spicule goes through all intermediate sizes before attaining its maximum and since it may require a very long time in accomplishing this growth, many specimens might lack maxi- mum sizes. I believe this table gives good grounds for merging all these into one species. Are there any grounds for splitting them into more than one? -; In discussing mesotriaena., Lendenfeld emphasized the meso- triaenes. They are specified in his other four species. It seems that the frequence and development of this type of spicule do distinguish the California Geodias from those of, say, Asia or Europe. It is practically the only difference from some East Indian Geodias, but can not be used to separate our local forms into species. Lendenfeld does not set forth differences between mesotriaena and agmsizii^ though his tables show the latter to have somewhat smaller mesotriaenes. The mesotriaenes typically protrude from the sur- face and may be broken off by animals crawling over the sponge, or by jostling in the dredge as it comes up. Furthermore, the longest ones are the most likely to be lost. The differences Lendenfeld shows are probably due to the fact that some specimens receive somewhat rougher treatment in collecting than the others. G. mesotriaeneUa is based upon one specimen that had none of the larger sizes of spicules. In view of the probability that this is but a younger specimen (it was only 1.5 by 2 cm), no species should be made for it. G. hrevlana is established for a specimen that Lendenfeld says had anatriaenes with much shorter clads than the other specimens. His illustration shows no conspicuous difference in this respect, and the agreement of other characteristics leads one to believe this was but a very slightly aberrant individual. For ovIh Lendenfeld emphasizes its very thick spicule fur and mentions its very small as well as very large anatriaenes. These smaller ones may be merely a new crop beginning to form. Prac- tically all its other spicules, including many of the anatriaenes, are somewhat larger than in the others, and it has expanded laterally 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 farther than any. It seems likely that this is but a more mature specimen than any of the others. There is one most interesting itemi in its description, however. Lendenfeld states the spicule fur was- about 20 mm high. The very longest spicule he records is 23 mm Jong. Not only do his tabulated measurements show that most of the spicules involved were less than 20 mm, but he specifically says- (p. 163) that there are spicules lying in it freely. It is hardly con- ceivable that the nonattached spicules came from another sponge.. We have here, then, proof of the shedding of spicules, and the great thickness of the fur in this specimen is due, in all probability, to- good fortune in not having had the loose extra layers washed or shaken off. Lambe in 1892 (p. 72) records a sponge from Vancouver Island as Cydonium Tmilleri Fleming. Lendenfeld says it is his hremana.. Lambe in 1893 (p. 36) records another from Queen Charlotte Islands,.. about 3° of latitude away, also as Cydonium inilllerL Lendenfeld says it is his agassizii. Lendenfeld is probably correct in separating- Lambe's from Fleming's species, but Lambe was probably quite- right as to the identity of the two with each other. In fact, Lenden- feld quotes the 1893 article in both respects and, but for a clew given by his page references, gives every indication that he is talk- ing about the same sponge in both cases. (See Lendenfeld, 1910, pp.. 113, 155.) Table 1. — Measurements of the spicules of California Oeodias Spicule ' Endosomal diacts Rhabds of plagiotriaenes Rhabds of anatriaeaes... Rhabds of mesotrlaenes.. Dermal diacts Length of sterraster Sterraster - Strongylospheraster Oxyspheraster Oxyeuaster meso- triaena agas- sizii meso- triae- nella brevi- ana ovis Speci- men A Speci- men B Speci- men C 50-105 M 60-112 20-50 30-88 30-40 27-148 26-65 55-59 85-120 65-150 75-120 60-130 74-100 27-90 52-70 65-85 8-40 10-50 18-30 25-40 2-45 13-16 17-30 16-30 38-70 7-40 ^19 15-32 20-120 25-33 11-27 13-48 9-19 5-12 4-6 2-9 8-13 7-13 4-12 3-12 92-125 82-118 87-107 84-105 82-92 72-87 70-73 65-85 67-82 58-89 58-68 55-77 54-61 48-78 42-57 45-52 6-14 4-11 6-11 6-12 ? 8-15 9-14 14-15 19-32 10-21 20-21 12-21 11-24 6-15 12-15 12-21 19-54 9-31 17-26 16-27 20-35 20-28 7 28-30 Speci- men D 27-67 40-104 13-25 14-30 7-9 65-95 55-76. 6-9 6-20' 2O-30< ' Diameters, except where stated as "length." Genus GEODINELLA Lendenfeld GEODINELLA ROBUSTA Lendenfeld Oeodinella roiusta var. megasterra Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 205. Holotype.—U.S.^M. No. 8389. Type locality. — Alhatr^oss Station 2946, off southern Calif ornia^ 270 weters. AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 29 Other records. — Lendenfeld describes as varieties of this species other specimens from Vancouver Island to southeastern Alaska. Descriptio7i (after Lendenfeld). — Massive, 10 by 16 by 43 mm, dirty white. The surface was covered by a monaxonid sponge, but it ^hows indications of a spicule plush broken off. The efferent and afferent openings are chones. The cortex, largely sterraster armor, is about 1 mm thick. Spicules: {a) Endosomal oxeas up to 0.04 to 0.08 by 2.5 mm; {h) plagiomonaenes, rhabds 0.026 to 0.042 by 2.1 mm; (c) sterrasters, 0.88 by 0.18 to 0.13 by 0.237 mm; {d) strong- ylospherasters 0.007 to 0.013 mm; {e) oxyspherasters to oxy(eu)- asters, 0.009 to 0.038 mm. Remarks. — This form differs from the common California Geodias by lacking the mesotriaenes, which might well be due to accident in collection or misadventure to the growing sponge. It is signi- ficant that the specimen had been overgrown by another sponge. It also lacks anatriaenes. My observation is that their occurrence is very patchy ; I found them in all my local specimens of Geodia., but while in one they were abundant, in another it required careful search to locate any. Its plagioclad spicules are never triaene, ac- cording to Lendenfeld, but usually monaene or at most diaene. These modifications are common in Geodias along with regular triaenes. Its sterrasters are, according to Lendenfeld's statistics, definitely of a larger size range than for Geodia Tnesotriaena. This, with the other more dubious differences, leads me to treat this provisionally as a separate species. Family STELLETTIDAE Sollas Genus GTELLETTA O. Schmidt STELLETTA CLARELLA de Laubenfcls Stelletta clarella de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 25. Uolofype—U.S.l^.M. No. 21488; B. M. No. 29.8.22.27. Type locality. — Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, my collecting. Many specimens were examined, as the species is abundant in the Monterey Bay Region. It is frequently found under overhanging ledges near low-tide mark and seems al- wa3^s confined to well-shaded locations. Description. — Shape, massive to encrusting. Size, up to 7 cm; thick, spreading laterally indefinitely; I have seen encrustations of this species over 40 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy to carti- laginous. Color in life and when preserved, white ; usually more or less dirty. Thin sections cut tangent to the surface show it to be packed with the cladomes of the dichotriaenes with the areas between uniformly closed over by flesh. The pores are abundant, 50^ to 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 100/A in diameter when open, and about 200ju, from center to center over almost the entire surface. The oscules are chones, diameter about 500yu, to 600^, with the sieve openings 100/a to ISO^a. Surface superficially very hispid. There is a dense spicule fur 3 mm high, composed of erect spicules. As is often true of tetraxon sponges, this spicule plush renders the sponge more dangerous to touch than a cactus plant; numerous spicules penetrate the skin and are removed only with much pain and difficulty. Figure 11. — Stelletta clarella de Laubenfels : A to O, X^O; others, X 1,333. A, either end of the ectosomal oxea, or the esactinal termination of the ana- triaene ; B, either end of the endosomal oxea, or the esactinal termination of the plagio spicule ; C—G, variations of the principal radiate spicule. Any of this spicule sort may be diaene instead of triaene in this species. The range from orthotriaenes through plagiotriaenes to dichotriaenes is a matter of age ; H~J, anatriaenes ; K-N, euasters ; 0, P, siliceous structures Ectosomal specialization, corticate, cartilaginous, about 1 to 2 mm thick. Endosomal structure, the smaller masses are strongly radiate in structure and even in the larger encrustations the structures with- in about 1 cm of the surface are strongly marked by fascicular columns of spicules perpendicular to the surface. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 11, B) ; size about 50/a by 3,500/a. Ectosomal spicules, oxeas (fig. 11, A); size about 15/* by 1,400/x. Interstitial spicules, anatriaenes (fig. 11, H, /, /) ; size of rhabds 9/* by l.lOO/x to 15/x by 2,000/a, chords 45/i, to 90/t. Chief radiate spicules ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFOENIA DE LAUBENFELS 31 orthotriaenes to plagiotriaenes to dichotriaenes (fig. 11, G) ; size of rhabds, 2tV by 2,000/^ to 100/x by 3,000/x, chords 120/x to 180;u. (See below for further details.) Microscleres, euasters (fig. 11, A', Z, M, N) ; diameter, 9^ to 15/a. Their rays vary from oxeote to strongylote, and from spiny to smooth ; they are located throughout the sponge. I find also small siliceous structures (fig. 11, O^ P) in some parts of some specimens; these may be malformed microscleres, a second sort of microsclere, or (more probably) foreign inclusions. Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be S. lenden- feldi Sollas, 1888, from Australia, which differs in having tylasters; these two and S. estrella are unique in the small size of the aquif- erous apertures. Related species of this genus are reported from all parts of the world. STELLETTA ESTRELLA de Laubenfels Stelletta estrella de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—U.S.HHM. No. 21399; B.M. No. 29.9.30.10. Type locality. — Southern California, collected by the University of Southern California, July 10, 1926. Exact locality not known. Additional material exainined. — I collected two specimens at Laguna Beach, intertidal. Two others were dredged by the Univer- sity of Southern California — one September 26, 1925, near Long Beach, depth 28 meters, the other October 10, 1925, near San Pedro, depth 41 meters. Description. — Shape, subspherical to massive. Size, up to 5 cm thick and at least 7 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy to car- tilaginous. Color in life and when preserved, white, often dirty. Oscules, inconspicuous, diameter about 1 mm; they are merely scat- tered, simple holes. Pores, at least ISO/a diameter, abundant, scat- tered. Surface, superficially very hirsute, often much covered by foreign material. Ectosomal specialization, cortical, about 1 mm thick; it is car- tilaginous, hyaline, dense, and contains a few asters and is trav- ersed by megascleres. There is a spicule fur, 1 to 3 mm high, of erect spicules, mostly plagiotriaenes with their cladomes far out from the sponge surface. Endosomal structure, fundamentally radi- ate in plan, though this is obscured in the central portions of older specimens. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 12, 7^, G., H) ; size 45/x by 2,600/x to 100/A by 4,000^. Ectosomal spicules, plagiomonaenes, diaenes, or triaenes (fig. 12, ^, 5, C ., />, E) ; size of rhabds 9/x to 78,a by 4,000/x, chords 35/i to 200/^. The latter two sorts now and then have the dicho-modification; some of the larger ones are plagiomesotriaenes.. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 First microscleres, oxyspheraster (fig. 12, Z, L, M)', diameter 21/2M to 12ix. Second microsclere, tylospheraster (fig. 12, /, /) ; diameter, lO/u. to llfi. These are rather uncommon. Remarks. — This species is peculiar for the very large average size of its megascleres; not many other Stellettas have quite such enor- mous ones. S. clarella from central California has a few as large and, like S. estrella., has very inconspicuous vents, but the two are separated in many ways. The northern form has chiefly strongylote rayed asters; the southern form has few or none of that sort, but Figure 12. — Stelletta cstrella de Laubenfels : Spicules A to H, X80; others, X 1,333. A-E, endosomal spicules ; F, O, and //, variation in ends of the axeas and esactinal ends of the tetractinal mega- scleres ; /, J, tylospherasters ; K-M, oxyspherasters instead has two distinct sorts, one with decidedly oxeote and the other with tylote rays. Two other features separate estrella not only from clarella but indeed from most other Stellettas; first, the peculiarly short clads typical of this species, and second, the lack of anatriaenes. That the clads of the plagiotriaenes project beyond the surface is also noteworthy. Family THENEIDAE Sollas Genus L'OECILLASTRA Sollas POECILLASTRA RICKETTSI > de Laubenfels PoeciVastra rickettsi de Laubenfexs, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—JJ.S.^M. No. 21482 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.7. Type locality. — Monterey Bay, Calif., 800 meters; collected by E. F. Ricketts, Jul}^ 192.5. Notes on other specimens that he col- 1 Named for B. F. Ricketts, of the Pacific Biological Laboratories, Pacific Grove, Calif. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DB LAUBENFELS 33 lected from the same general locality and depth, in May, 1929, are given under Remarks below. Descpiptian. — Shape, various (see discussion below). Size, up to 2 cm thick, 20 cm in diameter. Consistency, fragile, friable. Color in life and when preserved, pale drab. Oscules, skeletal open- ings, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, and about 2 to 10 to the square centi- meter. They are covered with a fenestrated membrane packed with asters, having roundish apertures about 0.4 mm in diameter. They open from subdermal spaces upwards of 1.2 mm in depth into which open numerous afferent pores usually 0.2 to 0.7 mm in diameter. Pores, skeletal openings, about 1 mm in diameter, covered witli a fenestrated membrane having apertures 0.1 to 0.2 mm in diameter. The skele- tal pores and oscules are roughly outlined (surrounded) by the cladomes of the ectosomal tetr axons. Surface, superficially smooth, with scattered projecting spicules a few millimeters high. Ectosomal specialization: A dermal membrane about 40/a thick, very fragile and delicate; it contains abundant asters. Endosomal structure " crumb-of -bread," with fascicular tracts of oxeas, others scattered, and abundant scattered calthrops. Many calthrops have three of their rays directly beneath the dermis and parallel to it. Principal tracts (found only running lengthwise of lamellate forms), lOO/x to 200/i in diameter. Principal spicules, calthrops (fig. 13, A, B^ G) ; size of rays, 50/x by 450/i to 70/x by 650/a. Interstitial spicules, oxeas, sometimes styles (fig. 13, Z>, E^ F) ; size, about 65/x by 3,T00;n. Coronal spicules, oxeas (not figured) ; size, 15/a to 30/x by 17,000/i,. First microscleres, abun- dant plesiasters (fig. 13, /, K) ; size of rays, about 6/i to 8ju, long, greatest diameter 14/x to 18/i,. Some have so few rays that they are microcalthrops. Second microscleres, rare spirasters or metasters (fig. 13, Z, M, N) ; length, 10/a to 13/*; rays about 3/* long. Third microscleres, toxas (fig. 13, /) ; length, about 80|U,; located throughout the sponge. These toxas are, of course, quite probably foreign, yet they are found in every part of the holotype that I have examined. One can hardly believe them proper, yet their occurrence deserves mention. Fourth microscleres, microxeas, 4//, by 170/* to 5ju, by 270/i (fig. 13, G^ H). As many Poecillastras have spined microxea, I made an especial examination of these. With very high magnifica- tion (more than 1,000 diameters), the surface of these spicules was seen to very minutely roughened. As such roughening might be detected on almost any spicule by sufficient magnification, it is ques- tionable how much taxonomic value it has. These sj)icules are rather evenly distributed throughout the sponge. Remarks. — The holotype is of the usual form of Poecillastra., with spiculation not greatly differing from P. compressa, P. schultzei^ and 107704—32 3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 P. laminans. This shape is found, however, mainly in the largest fragments, some 10 cm in diameter, which seem to have been part of a large platelike growth about 20 cm high; its oscular surface covers most of the concave side. On the small fragments such oscular fields as the following are observed : Oval, 1 by 2 cm and depressed 1 cm; hourglass shaped, each oval 1 by 2.5 cm and depressed 1 cm; oval, 1 by 3.5 cm and depressed 1 cm; triangular, 1 by 1.5 cm and depressed only about 3 mm. It must be stressed that each oscular area was surrounded by a dense coronal. palisade of very long spic- ules, usually very close to 17 mm in length except in the smaller specimens. The function of these seems to be separation of exhalent current from inhalent. On May 1, 1929, Mr. Kicketts brought up a macerated hexac- tinellid dictyonine skeleton from very much the same depth and locality as of the type. On it were about a dozen sponges that I iden- FiGORE 13. — Poecillaatra rickettsi de Laubenfels : A to F, X14; others X300 tify as conspecific here. These are rough cylinders, the largest about 1.5 cm high and 2 cm in diameter, the smallest 1 cm high and 3 mm in diameter. The spiculation is the same, except that I do not find the toxas in them. The oscular areas with covering fenestrated mem- brane, the convex pore surfaces, and the dense coronal palisades are all the same. The inference is that this species gTows to a height of about 1 cm before expanding laterally very much, but that after- wards its ijrowth is almost exclusively horizontal. Do all Poecillastras have such a change of form during their life history? It is to be noted that many of the specimens might fairly be classed as jSphinctrella, except that they lack the annulation so characteristic of the spicules of those certainly SphinctreUa. Were the toxas proper, they would be a most striking feature. As it is, the enormous oscular crowns distinguish this species from all others of the genus. P. laminans Sollas (1886, p. 186) from the East Indies is probably the closest, as it had a low (4.5 mm) fringe around its oscular areas. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 35 POECILLASTRA TENUILAMINARIS (Sollas) Normania tenuilamiuaris Solxas, 1S86, p. 186. PocciUastra tenuilaminaris Sollas, 1888, p. 85. Holotype.—BM. No. 89.1.1.31. Type locality. — Japan. Material examined. — The specimen described below (U.S.N.M.No. 21400; B.M. No. 29.9.30.9) was trawled by the University of Southern California, June 23, 1916, west of Santa Catalina Island, Calif., depth not given. Desaiption. — Shape, lamellate. Size, 9 to 13 mm thick and about 10 cm high. Consistency, stiffly fragile. Color in alcohol, drab. Oscules, scattered, on one face only; diameter about 0.9 mm; distance apart, less than 1 cm. Pores, small and scat- tered, principally or only on the nonoscular face. Surface, superfi- cially smooth. . // / 7 V /^ ''' '^ aV Ectosomal specializa- J^ ^ -J ^^ ^ -^ 7=^ jf tion, not evident. En- ^ dosomal structure, a cal- FiGUiiE 14. — PocciUustra tcnuiknniitdiis (Sollas) : A-E, megasclere.?, X 14 ; lower spicules are the micro- scleres, X300. A row of typical asters is shown to illustrate the range of variation from plesiasters almost to spirasters confused mass of throps and oxeas. Principal spicules, cal- throps (fig. 14, C, D, E) ; size of rays, about 40/* by 350|a. Interstitial spicules, exeas (fig. 14, ^, 5) ; size 35/* by l,350/i to 45/(, by 2,500jti. First microscleres, plesiasters (fig. 14, F) ; length, 20/* to 28/*. Second microscleres, metasters (fig. 14, Z) ; length, 14/t to 16/t. Third microscleres, microxeas (fig. 14, G)\ size, about 3/* by 135/*. Remarks. — This genus is regarded by various authors, for instance, Dendy, as synonymous with Pacliastrelli FiGORB 17. — Dercitus syrmatitus de Laubenfels : A-O, X 300 ; H, X 1,333 ; I-N, X 1,500 dasters (fig. 17, H-N) ; length, 8/a to 12/*. Some are so irregularly spiny as to resemble acanthomicrostrongyles, but most have two decided nodes, and many resemble the spicule type termed by Dendy (1921, p. 121) as discorhabd. Remarks. — The previously described species of Dercitus are often regarded as all synonymous with the genotype, Dercitus hucklandi McAndrew-Bowerbank, 1861 (about p. 235).- Its microscleres are about three times as long as those of syrmatitus and lack the nodal arrangement that makes those of the latter become discasters. Its megascleres include oxeas, and its calthrops have ray dimensions nearly four times those of syrmatitus., so that their mass must be 50 times as great. In fact, the California species seems to show close "The name 'bucklandi, first used (loc. cit.) as Halina hucklandi, may there be a nomen nudem, in which case the name should date from Its use by Bowerbank, 1866, p. 226, aa Hymeniacidon hucklandi. Dercitus was erected for it by Gray, 1867, p. 542. For the synonymization referred to, see Topsent, 1894. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 relationship to the Homosclerophora. Toxas were found in huch- landi, and I can report a few in synnafitus, but I consider them in both cases foreign inclusions, as were certainly three chelas of two different sorts, five sigmas, and some broken tjdostyles that were in syrmatitus. Family TETILLIDAE Sollas Genus TETILLA O. Schmidt TETILLA MUTABILIS de Laubenfels Tetilla mutaMlis db Laubenfexs, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21498 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.33. Type locality. — Newport Harbor, near San Pedro, Calif., Novem- ber, 1924, collected by me. The species occurs near, often just below, extreme low-tide mark. Occurrence. — I know of no specimens of the sponge from any other locality than the mud flats around Balboa Island in Newport Harbor. The massive forms lie loose on the soft mud, the clavate forms seem to have been attached to small shells or other solid ob- jects. In November, 1924, I found the massive form amazingly abundant, mostly sponges the size of a fist or larger, and nearly every square meter had a specimen; there must have been literally bushels in sight. In June, 1926, a visit to the same locality failed to yield a single specimen, in spite of a careful search at a very low tide, but in November, 1926, the species had again become common. Hard rains occur in this vicinity during winter, and it would seem probable that the great influx of fresh water, which then, but only then, runs into this harbor, would greatly lower the salt content over these flats. A rain at low tide would drench the sponges then exposed. Description. — Shape, pedunculate-clavate to irregularly massive. Size, up to 8 cm high and 15 cm in diameter. Consistency, mod- erately spongy to cartilaginous. Color in life, dull red with green- ish glints (due to algae ?) ; dry, gray; in alcohol, dull red. Os- cules, oval, flush, about 2 mm in diameter; usually several centi- meters apart. Pores, well under lOO/i in diameter, very difficult to find. Surface, superficially hirsute with repent, exceedingly thin spicules matted or felted together. Ectosomal specialization, not evident, other than that mentioned above. Endosomal structure : I. Structure of clavate form. My largest specimen of this form was 22 mm high and 12 mm in diameter. Those of this form are typically much smaller than that. There is a central axis about 500/A thick, through stem and body, consisting of densely packed AKT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA. de LATJBENFELS 41 spicules with little protoplasm. In the body this is surrounded by gross chambers 1 to 2 mm in cross section diameter, and much longer in the direction of the axis of the sponge. In one specimen at least there are just four of these, very symmetrically arranged. The outer wall around the above described structure is about 1 mm thick, and like the partitions is packed with felted, interlaced spicules in confusion. The surface, as mentioned above, is thickly studded with protriaenes, clads outward, arranged to a certain ex- tent in brushes but not erect. One may presume the inhalent open- ings lie between these tufts. The oscule is often apical in this form. Several sponges of this form were collected by the Univer- sity of Southern California on November 28, 1914 (U.S.N.M. No. 21389) and by myself (the specimens unfortunately were lost) in the autumn of 1923. On both these occasions the massive form was present in greater abundance than the clavate. Figure 18. — Tetilla mutaMis de Laubenfels, X300. A, Either end of the oxeas, or the esactinal end of any of the triaenes ; B-D, prodiaenes and protriaenes ; E, anatriaenes II. Structure of the massive form: Unlike most Tetillas there is no central or radiate skeleton, instead the spicules are matted to- gether in sheets or walls around gross chambers. The surface, as mentioned above, is crowded with brushes of spicules, usually lying almost flat and practically never erect. Ectosomal spicules, prodiaenes and protriaenes (fig. 18, B, C, D) ; rhabd diameter, l/x to Qjx; clad length, 30/* to 90/t; chords, 20ju, to 4:0(1. Endosomal spicules, filiform oxeas (fig. 18, ^) ; size 2/a by ( ?)it* to 9fi by 2,000/i. Auxiliary spicules, anatriaenes (fig. 18, E) ; rhabd diameter, 3ju, to 7fi; clad length, 20/a to 30/*; chords, 30/i to 40/x; rare and location in sponge not certain. For all the above spicules, it will be noted there are few data as to total lengths. This follows from the fact that in spite of utmost care, it seems impossible to mount total spicules for this species. They are not only exceedingly thin, long, and brittle, but also are so interlaced that in disengaging any they are inevitably broken. I should estimate that they were frequently over a centimeter long and perhaps 2 or 3 cm. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 ReTYiarhs. — The lack of spicules thicker than 9/^ is one of the most distinctive features about mutahilis, the great rarity of the anatri- aenes perhaps even more so. The most of the species of this genus have strongly radiate architecture, sigmoid microscleres, and papil- late surface. Although it is found concurrently with the massive form, I incline to believe the clavate form the juvenile of the massive. It is strongly suggestive of Tetilla radiata Selenka (1879, p. 467), from Rio de Janeiro, which also lacked microscleres, and is probably its closest relative. TETILLA ARB de Laubenfels Tetilla arb de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 30. BoIot7jpe.—V.S.^M. No. 21490: B.M. No. 29.8.22.44. Type locality. — Pescadero Point near Carmel, Calif., July, 1925, intertidal, collected by the author. Numerous specimens were exam- ined, all from central California, as this is a rather common species there. It grows usually on the under sides of overhanging rocks, but I found one specimen lying unattached under a bowlder. Description. — Shape, subspherical. Size, up to 5 cm high, 8 cm in diameter. Consistency, firm, cartilaginous. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, diameter about 3 mm; surrounded by a palisade of densely packed spicules. Pores, not evident. Sur- face, superficially hirsute, with a spicule plush about 3 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, corticate, 0.5 to 1.4 mm thick. I see no fibers in it, no tangential spicules, but abundant microscleres. Most of the spicules that project beyond it seem to be protriaenes. They might be considered as chiefly cortical. The outer portions of the cortex contain many cells with conspicuous dark granules. Endo- somal structure, cartilaginous, crowded with radially arranged spic- ules. The axial region is almost solid spicule. Histological details: As is common, the cells proper are well under 15/x in size. There are present, scattered in the flesh of at least one of the specimens of Tetilla arh, large bodies about 60|Li by 100/a in cross section, resem- bling cells. These may be large ova or small embryos. First spicules, filiform oxeas (fig. 19, B, C) ; size 9/Lt to 50/a in diameter; length certainly several millimeters, probably 2 or 3 cm. Second spicules, anatriaenes (fig. 19, Z>, E) ; chords, 50ju, to 90/a; rhabds, usually but 6/i, to 12/x in diameter; length, probably more than 10 mm. Their cladomes usually lie just below the surface. Third spicules, protriaenes (fig. 19, F, G, H, I) ', chords. Sju to SOfx rhabd diameter, 2fji to 12/i, ; length up to at least 32.4 mm as based on one of which I was able to make accurate measurement. In the sponge they are so densely packed it is difficult to say where one begins and another ends; disengaged they are usually broken. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 43 Maximum lengths are probably more than 5 cm. Many of the spicules seem to reach from the center of the sponge to a point several millimeters past the surface of the sponge, from which circumstance one is led to conclude that they may continue growth as the sponge enlarges, and that this increment must be added only at the deeply embedded end. Microscleres, spiny sigmas (fig. 19, A, J-0) ; length, 7/t to 9/x, located throughout the sponge. Only with oil immersion can they be seen to be microspined. One end is often slightly tylote; sometimes both ends are. This spicule need only have somewhat large spines to become a spiraster. A/ N -<:t>j (^ Q Figure 19. — Tetilla arh de Laubcnfels : A-I, X300; others, X 1,333. C, termi- nation of the more slender sort of oxea, and of the esactinal ends of the triaenes Remarks. — Lambe (1893, pp. 34, 35), records two Tetillas from the vicinity of Vancouver Island, but neither seems at all close to the California species. Both the Canadian forms had the special dermal oxea for which certain recent authorities (see George and Wilson, 1921) would retain CranieUa; their placement and size of spicules are also consistently different. For example, T. spinosa., the one of more southerly distribution of the two, has its megascleres in a whorled or spiral placement, and microscleres half again as long as in T. arh. For both of Lambe's species he mentions no spines on the microscleres, nor the tylote endings, but his figure for T. spinosa seems to show such. Both his species have conspicuously villous or conulose surfaces, strikingly absent in the California forms. I agree with all recent writers in merging TethyopsiUa with Tetilla, from which it differed only in lack of microscleres. It is 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 very evident that microscleres are easily lost. I also merge Craniella^ because of the difficulty of being sure whether one has a special type of oxea in the ectosome. Lambe seems confident his species are so supplied. There may be such in the California forms, but in such small numbers that they are overlooked; further, rather smaller oxeas do occur in the interior of the sponge most certainly ; and still further, all the Tetilla megascleres are so easily broken that the whole problem of identification of special categories is most diffi- cult. From many published descriptions one can not be sure that each Tetilla is not perhaps a Graniella. The two groups are so similar in other respects that their combination seems to me most advisable. Cinachyra, on the other hand, seems a well-marked genus, and the interests of convenience would appear served by its retention. This leaves about 71 species for Tetilla^ all of which are very like one another. They have almost identical megascleres and general plan. The principal differences are in ectosomal structure, and in the microscleres. The latter are so small that some earlier workers with poor microscopical equipment may have described them inadequately. I find very few other species with the thin, even ectosomal structure, and none with well-described microscleres exactly like those of T. arb. Order HADROMERINA Topsent Family TETHYIDAE Gray Genus TETHYA Lamarck TETHYA AURANTIA (Pallas) CALIFORNIANA, new variety Holoty'pe.—\}.^:^M.. No. 21495 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.15. Type locality. — Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., July 25, 1926, intertidal, collected by the author. Numerous other specimens were examined, especially in the collections dredged by the University of Southern California (U.S.N.M. Nos. 21390, 21411, and 21415), from shallow water in southern California. There is frequently a dense coating of diatoms and green algae over the surface of this variety. Description. — Shape, hemispherical to ovate-stipitate. Size, up to 5 cm high, 3 cm in diameter. Consistency, moderately spongy. Color in life, yellow; preserved, it is drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially warty with mushroom- shaped elevations about 2 mm high, crowded over the upper portion. Ectosomal specialization, cortical, about 1 mm thick. Endosomal structure, fleshy, permeated by radiate fascicular tracts. Principal, or ascending, tracts 250/i, to 8OO/1. in diameter, packed with spicules, the more pointed end usually toward the surface. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFOENIA de LAUBENFELS 45 Principal spicules, fusiform stroiigyle^ (fig. 20, A); size, 6/a by 500/A to 40/A by 3,000/a. Secondary spicules, tylostrongyles (not fig- ured) ; size, about SOfi by l,300ju,. First microscleres, spherasters (fig. 20, B, D, E, F) ; diameter, up to at least 66//,. Second micro- scleres, tylasters (fig. 20, G ^ 11^ 1^ J) \ diameter, up to at least 27)u.. Third microscleres, much smaller asters (fig. 20, G) ; size, diameter about 8fi; these may be juvenile stages of either of the two preced- ing sorts. ^ n U FifiUKB 120. — Tctliijii citrcntiii (I'all.Ts) califoniifUHi, new variety; A—C, X SO ; i.thers, X 1 ,333 Remarks. — This form is very close to the type variety, which is European (first described after 1758 as Alcyomv/in aurantnwi by Pallas, 1766), from which it differs in larger average spicule size and preponderance of the strongyle instead of style among the megascleres. Family TIMEIDAE Topsent Genus TIMEA J. E. Gray TIMEA AUTHIA de Laubcnfcls Timea authia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21499; P.M. No. 29.8.22.22. Ti/pe locality. — Laguna Peach, Calif., March 14, 1926, intertidal, only one specimen, collected by me. 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 DesGription. — Shape, amorphous, massive, encrusting. Size, 2.5 mm thick, 3 or 4 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre, spongy, fragile. Color in life, orange; preserved, drab. Oscules, not evi- dent. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially between smooth and minutely tuberculate. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane about 80/x thick, not detachable, containing characteristic dark cells. Endosomal structure, fleshy; the canals are few and inconspicuous, asters are very abundant, and there are scattered tracts as described below. At the surface the tracts spread into terminal brushes. Principal, or ascending, tracts 100 to 125/x, in diameter, consisting of densely Figure 21. — Timea authia de Laubenfels : A-F, X300; others, X 1,333 packed monaxons, points upward. These tracts ascend to the sur- face at an angle. They are about 600/x apart. Principal spicules tylostyles (fig. 21, D) ; size, about 10/x by T70/x. Secondary spicules, styles (fig. 21, E, F) ; size, 4/t by 200/i, to 11/x by 840/x. Microscleres, tylasters (figs. 21, A, B, C, G-L) ; diameter, 6/x to 23/x, located throughout the sponge. These spicules vary from smooth to minutely roughened. Some have 20 to 30 rays, others 10 or less. Some are so enlarged at the base that the appearance is of spherasters, others clearly have no centrum. The tylote termina- tion seems consistently present. Rertiarks. — Timea Gray (1867, p. 544), type T. stellata, receives as synonym Columnitis Schmidt (1870, p. 25), type C. squamata, and both are often merged in further synonymy with Tethya. After a study of the California specimens of each, I feel it most accurate to retain Timea and Tethya separate. Local conditions are so very ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 47 favorable to the encrusting form that almost every sponge here is encrusting, yet our Tethyas are at least massive and hemispherical. The sponges properly referable to Thnea seem to be merely encrust- ing in whatever part of the world they occur. The typical spicule in Tethya is a fusiform strongyle, which varies toward being a tylostrongyle or style, but is very large, usually around 25ja by 2,000ja. The principal TiiThea spicule is a sharp-pointed, large- headed tylostyle, about 10/x by 500/i to 800/t. The principal micro- sclere of Tethya is a very large spheraster, usually about TSjU. in diameter. The asters of Timea are characteristically well under 25,a in diameter. Timea as here understood comprises beside T. authla at least the following : Hymedes7ma stelJata Bowerbank (1866, p. 150), from Great Britain, with tylostyles about 10/a by 500/x, and strongylasters all about 13|U, in diameter. Columnitis squamata Schmidt (1870, p. 25), from the West Indies, with tylostyles and with tylasters, oxyasters, and roughened strongy- lasters. Schmidt gives no spicule measurements but from his figure one can deduce the megascleres are well under a millimeter long. Donatia fara^itica Higgin (1877, p. 5), from the West Indies, with tylostyles 7^1 by 500/a, rough tylasters 12/a, and spherasters ( ? ) 25/t. Timea tetractis Hentschel (1912, p. 322), from the south Pacific with tylostyles up to Ijx by 520/x, strongylasters up to 12/u,, and rough- ened oxyasters with very few rays, 15/x to 31/*. Family CLIONIDAE Gray Genus CLIONA Grant CLIONA CELATA Grant CALIFORNIANA. new variety Holotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 21437 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.52. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Calif., February 7, 1929, intertidal, boring in the shells of dead barnacles. Additional material examined. — ^The species is moderately com- mon in the shells of Haliotis rufescens that are collected near Mon- terey at depths of 1 to 20 meters. Description. — Shape, amorphous, boring, making tunnels about 1 mm in diameter, and proliferating out of them in masses. Size, the masses are well over 10 mm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life, yellow ; preserved, drab. Oscules, minute ; on papillate projections in the boring form. Pores, minute ; on papillate projec- tions in the boring form. Surface, superficially smooth, but not even, very irregular. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Ectosomal specialization, insignificant. Endosomal structure, fleshy, with spicules in confusion. Principal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 22) ; size 2jli by 200/i, to 9ju. by 270/x. Rem/irhs. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be the type species, which is European. The variety calif omiana differs in hav- ing spicules that average about one-fourth smaller than those of the European form, and in lacking the spicules (often found in the type variety) in which the head is so reduced that they are merely styles, not tylostyles. Furthermore, I can not record the small oxeas C=:= Figure 22. — CUona celata Grant, X300 and spirasters of the type variety, but this has no significance taxo- nomically, because they often can not be found even in European specimens, being normally scarce and easily overlooked. Genus SPHECIOSPONGIA Marshall SPHECIOSPONGIA CONFOEDERATA de Laubenfels Spheciosponffia confederata de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. Holofype.—U.S.l:^M. No. 21487; B. M. No. 29.8.22.50. Type locality — ^As noted below, there was a large mass of this sponge at Point Pinos near Pacific Grove, Calif.; the holotype was taken from it. Description. — Shape, massive. Size: The largest specimen is only about 12 cm in diameter, but the mass in the field was 14 cm thick and 70 cm in diameter, with a central hollow where lay two large sea urchins {Stongylocentrodus franciscanus) ; it would seem that the sponge grew around them. This was among granite bowlders, ex- posed to violent wave action, and out of water only at very low tides. This or a similar mass had been there four years that I know of, and longer according to Prof. W. K. Fisher. It had become appreciably larger throughout the years, but the exact rate of growth can not be given. Consistencj^, firm, slightly compressible. Color in life : Under water, creamy gray; out of water, dull, purplish leaden gray; in an aquarium the pore areas became lavender, the rest of the surface yel- low. On subsequent daj^s the appearance of the pore area was fre- quently rich brown, on account of coatings of diatoms apparently fil- AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFEL8 49 tered out of the running sea water. These coatings were washed off by a stronger current directed across them. The second day in the aquarium, areas adjacent to the cuts made in detaching the specimen turned dull brown, as did bits plunged in formalin. On this day the areas formerly lavender were clear blue. On the third day in the aquarium the yellow areas were more ochraceous than before. The oscules still opened and closed vigorously. On the sixth day the latter evidence of vitality was still in evidence, but on the seventh the oscules were closed and remained closed. On the twelfth day there was still no odor of putrefaction, but a funguslike growth, or fila- mentous bacteria, attacked the cut areas. On the thirteenth day the entire specimen was a dull drab and was dead or nearly so. The dried specimen became dull yellow, the alcohol specimen, dull brown. Oscules, largely grouped on the summit, and when fully open nearly 10 mm in diameter. They are very readily closed by sphinctrate tissue about them. Into many of them hung fleshy, membranous sleeves, of very perplexing function. Why they did not act as valves and close the oscule is a mystery. Perhaps in life, with a strong current, they project as oscular chimneys; if so, they would protrude 2 or 3 cm. The aquarium specimen showed no strong oscular current, but much evidence of strong inhalent current. This is probably be- cause the exhalent current had much larger exit at the cut surface than at the oscules. There were amoeboid cells and a few spicules scattered in the otherwise homogeneous structure of these mem- branous sleeves. Pores, in pore areas several centimeters square. The pore canal is typically 1.5 to 3 mm. in diameter. It is closed on the surface by a sieve with 3 to 6 round openings about 300/1, in diameter. In the area between the pores and the oscules were a few scattered round oi^enings about 1 mm in diameter. I could not de- termine whether they were inhalent or exhalent. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, the surface for a depth of about 2 mm is densely packed with spicules, the outer ones arranged points out- ward as in Suherites^ but they are not smaller than the endosomal spicules. Endosomal structure, resembling nonboring examples of Cliona^ with some very large cloacal canals nearly 1 cm in diameter, and with woody tracts of spicules about 2 mm in diameter making a vague reticulation. Spicules, tylostyles (fig. 23) ; size, 14/a by 300/x to V6p. by 310;u. A very few are much thinner and somewhat shorter, these are evidently developmental stages. The uniformity in size of the spicules in general is very remarkable. 107704—32 i 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Remofrks. — Lamarck (1815, p. 78) described Alcyonium vesparium. I have examined his specimens at the Paris INIuseum and unhesitat- ingly identify them with a common West Indian species with which I have had much field experience. His type specimen was of dubious locality, but his other two were clearly labeled as West Indian. This species can be readily recognized by the peculiar structure of its pores. I found specimens clearly of this species labeled Suberites in the Berlin Museum. I heard of French specimens labeled Hardwickia. It is probably the species referred to by Duchassaing and Michelotti (1864, p. 85) as Thalysias vespara. Bowerbank (1872, p. 126) de- scribed it as Hymeniacidpn pulvinatus. I have seen his specimens in the British Museum, and they are clearly vespara. Schmidt (1870, p. 48), described it as Papillina cribrosa. I have studied his type at Strasbourg and there is no question about it. Carter (1879, p. 348) Figure 23. — Spheoiospongia confoederata de Laubenfels, X300 referred to this species (from Bowerbank's specimen) as Spongia dysoni. Marshall (1892, p. 32) made it the type of a genus Spheoio- spongia for its peculiar pore structure, basing his work on Lamarck's specimens. Verrill (1907, p. 342) made it the type of a genus Hetero- cliona, using Schmidt's description. George and Wilson (1921, p. 135) described it as Spirastrella andrewsi^ and later (p. 139) as Poterlmi atlwntica. I have studied the specimens in the United States National Museum and am positive of the identification. (All the specimens are X^iki^^dL Spirastrella andrewsi.) There is so much resemblance to Bowerbank's genus Raphyi^us that one is tempted to call this Uliona, except for the lack of evidence, even in the smallest youngest specimens, of any boring ability or tendency, and for the peculiar pore structures. Two genera that are probably not valid, but that might have been used here, are Osculina and RhapMophora; nevertheless, the list of generic designations is rather complete, at least 10 or 11 having been employed. AKT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DB LAUBENFELS 51 This species is of peculiar interest because it is the largest sponge in the world. I have frequently found examples nearly a meter in diameter and they are on definite record as of nearly 3 meters in diameter. The Californian representative of this remarkable genus {Spheciosfongia conf oederata) resembles vespwa in many ways. It is significant that it is one of our largest local sponges. The species vespara has the same most remarkable kaleidoscopic color changes, and the same architecture, but differs in having a few dermal spirasters in some specimens and in having (at least in mature specimens) much coarser pore structure. Many species described as Spirastrella are probably rather closely related here. Other relatives are incorrectly described as Suberites, which is properly a genus of compact, nonfibrous sponges with a special dermal armor of outwardly pointing tylostyles smaller than those of the endosome. Family POLYMASTIIDAE Vosmaer Genus POLYMASTIA Bowerbank POLYMASTIA PACHYMASTIA, new species Holotype.—V.S.^M. No. 22062; B.M. No. 30.10.8.5. Type locality. — The holotype was collected by me at Point Lobos, south of Carmel, Calif., intertidal. July 12, 1930. A second specimen, presented to Prof. Harold Heath, of Stanford University, was trawled near Point Sur by a fisher- ^ man, August 20, 1929, depth not known. C ^ \ Description. — Shape, massive with ^ — ^ > digitate protrusions 7 to 10 by ITO mm. ^— The holotype was about 2.5 cm in diam- ( ^ I eter, with 3 fistules; the second speci- men was about 3 by 6 by 6 cm, with 14 fistules. Consistency, woody. Color in life, bright yellow. No oscules were in evidence, and the pores were closed, fio^re -i^.-y oiymasua pachimas- The surface of the fistules was smooth, tla, new species, XSOO. Only u J- au i i; j-1 •„ 1 heads and points of spicules are but that or the mam mass was coarsely shown hispid. Ectosomal specialization, in the form of a cortexlike rind, 1.5 mm thick and densely packed with spicules both perpendicular and parallel to the surface. It contains the extremities of the fascicular columns, and there are smaller tylostyles in their terminal brushes, points outward. Over the main mass of the sponge a spicule fur 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 projects about 1 mm beyond the surface. Endosome, a fleshy basis permeated by radially arranged fascicular columns of spicules, the entire column being approximately 200/1, in diameter. The spicules are chiefly tylostyles, of all sizes up to 7ju, in diameter by 2,000/x or more in length. Some are merely styles, and in others the globular swelling is not quite at the head of the spicule. These tylote swellings may be multiple, two or more to the spicule. Remarks. — The present species is remarkable for the very short, large fistules. Within the genus Polymastia they are much longer and thinner as a rule than in fachymastia^ and they often have an oscule at the distal extremity. It is probable that these pro- jections are in all cases to be regarded as sieves protecting the ex- halent apertures from invaders. In the walls of the fistules the tracts crisscross to make gratings, in some cases in very regular patterns. P. fachyTnastia is also marked off from most members of the genus by the very great length of its spicules and by the relative scarcity in its ectosome of shorter tylostyles. Family SUBERITIDAE Gray Genus FICULINA J. E. Gray FICULINA SUBEREA (Johnston) LATA (Lambe) Suberites latus Lambe, 1892, p. 71. Suberites suberea, Lambe, 1894, p. 126. Holotype. — In the Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, Can- ada. Type locality. — The west coast of Canada. Material examined. — One specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 21443; B.M. No. 29.8.22.51) was found in the wrack at Asilomar, near Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925 ; another was dredged by the University of Southern California, September 24, 1924, from 36 meters, south of the breakwater at San Pedro (U.S.N.M. No. 21396). Description. — Shape, massive, subhemispherical. Size, 3 cm in diameter. Consistency, firm, slightly compressible. Color in life, bright orange; preserved, pale drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization : Smaller spicules that are otherwise like the endosomal ones are packed together — points outward and in a (curved) plane, heads not so even because of variations in spicule length. Endosomal structure, fleshy, with spicules in confusion. There is a high ratio of solid matter as compared to cavity. Principal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 25) , size, 5/x by TOju, to 12/a by 590/a. Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be the type variety, which is British and which differs in having spicules that ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFEL.S 53 average smaller and in being normally red or white rather than golden. Lambe, 1892 (p. 71), described Suherites latus from the west coast of Canada. In 1894 (p. 127), he redescribed his specimens, identifying them as Suherites suberea Johnston. Since our Califor- nian specimens agree with his in having consistently larger average size of spicules than the British form, it seems wise to retain Lambe's original designation as subspecific. Topsent in 1900 re- ferred Lambe's species to FicuUna. Suherites dates from Nardo (1833, p. 523), and was based on domunculus of Olivi, a well-known Mediterranean form. FicuUna dates from Gray (1867, p. 523), and was based on fcu^^ a well-known British form. The name ficus was employed by Pallas (1766, about 13. 356), but his description and locality reference show clearly o o Q flO fif! FiGDEB 25.^ — FimUhui stiherea (Jolinston) lata (Lambe), X300. Three complete typical spicules, and the heads of nine others to illustrate vari- ations, are shown that he referred by the name both to domunculus and the British form. See also Linnaeus, 1767 (p. 1295). The first species name that I find clearly applicable to the British sponge is suherea Mon- tagu, 1818. The literature separates FicuUna from Suherites chiefly by the peculiar microscleres (centrotylote microstrongyles) of FicuUna^ but these are so very frequently not in evidence that I made a careful study based on fresh material at Plymouth (of suherea) and at Naples (of domunculus) to obtain as much data as possible on their distinction in the absence of microscleres. I will tabulate some such distinctions : 1. C&nsistency. — All 16 of my specimens, undoubtedly suherea, shrunk notably on drying; none of my four domunculus did. Con- sistencies in life and in spirits were otherwise very similar between the two species. 2. Color. — My observations and the literature show the ordinary color range of domumculus to be from white to vermilion, with 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 orange most common; grays and blues occur. Similar data show the normal range for suberea white to crimson, with grays and rosy pinks predominating. 3. Oscular closing. — In all four of my specimens, undoubtedly domuncvlus^ the numerous oscules closed to a line, not to a point. It is odd that this is not mentioned in the literature; can it be that all four were unusual? This seems unlikely, and I presume this may be a valuable indication when one has fresh material. 4. Spicules. — Those of suherea are large-headed tylostyles, with the double-headed modification very common. Those of domunculiis are small-headed, so that they approach styles in appearance, and double-headed modifications are uncommon. The species suberea often has microscleres ; doTnunculus., never. I consider the mega- sclere shape very important. Lambe found the FicuUna miscroscleres in his material. I did not find them in the Californian specimens, but on the basis of the tylostyle shape alone would feel confident I had Ficulina. Of course, it might be decided to merge Ficulina and Suberltes^ but I can not see that adequate benefit would result from such fusion at present. Genus PROSUBERITES Topsent PROSUBERITES SISYRNUS de Laab«nfels Prosuberites sisymus db Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—\3.^.'^.lA. No. 21413 ; B.M. No. 29.9.30.12. Type locality. — South of the breakwater, San Pedro, Calif., dredged by the University of Southern California at 45 meters, April 5, 1924. Figure 26. — Prosuberites sisyrnus de Laubenfels, X300 Additional material exainined. — The University of Southern Cali- fornia also collected a specimen on March 31, 1915, near Catalina Island, and possesses a third without data. On the same date and at the same locality as for the type, but at 54 meters, the University of Southern California collected another specimen, which is so very poorly preserved that it is but a mass of fragments, but from the spiculation it seems probably conspecific. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, actually probably only 1 or 2 mm thick, but so copiously surrounding small worm-tubes, ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 55 algae, and similar substrates that considerable masses result. Con- sistency, mediocre. Color in alcohol, drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially velvety, with hispidation about 300/i high. Ectosomal specialization, erect tylostyles, points upward. These are not conspicuously pf a smaller size range than the deeper-placed spicules. Endosomal structure, very scanty, in places wanting; where present, of confused nature. Principal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 26) ; size Sfi by STojU to 20/a by 480/i. ReTJiarks. — Prosuherites sisyrnus has spicules very much shorter than those of P. longispinus and rugosus and very much thicker than those of P. e'pi'phytum. The genus ProsubeHtes Topsent, 1893, tends to merge into Laxosuherites Topsent, 1896, and into Suberites Nardo, 1833, all being in a group that much needs revision. Genus SUBERITES Nardo SUBERITES GADUS de Laubenfels Suherites gadus de Laubenfels, 1926, p. 571. Holotype.—V.^.'^M. No. 21489; B.M. No. 28.11.6.3. Type locality. — Near Pacific Grove, Calif., taken from a depth of about 30 meters. A fisherman brought up the single specimen entangled in his line. BescHption. — Shape, a branched cylindrical stem with enlarged clavate terminations. Size of specimen, about 30 cm high, lobes about 2 cm in diameter and 10 cm long; the stem is about 6 mm in di- ameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in alcohol, nearly white. Oscules, with rims; diameter, 1.5 to 2 mm; very irregularly scattered, but about 4 or 5 to the lobe. Pores, at least 150/a in diameter. Sur- face, superficially smooth. Ectosomal structure, 1.5 to 2 mm thick; cartilaginous; bluish white in contrast to yellowish white of the endosome. The ectosome is densely packed with spicules perpendicular to the surface, points outward and all at about a level, so that the longer spicules run deeper down into the sponge. There is some tendency for the dermal spicules to be arranged in brushes. Endosomal structure : The stem consists of a dark-brown central axis of densely packed longitudinally placed spicules intermingled with dark granules not certainlj^, but probably, cellular. Around this extends the ectosome just as over the lobes. As the lobe proper is reached one finds the appearance of choanosome (between the stem and ectosome), which widens until it is about 6 mm thick. The prolongation of the stalk in the lobe neither increases nor diminishes in size, but becomes paler and paler, with more and more choanosome and fewer and fewer spicules. One 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 can not say exactly where it ends. I find no tendency for it to spread out fanlike. In the choanosome are relatively large and rather few spicules. Histological details: The flagellate chambers are roundj diplodal, 40/A to 50/x diameter. Principal spicules, dull-pointed tylostyles (fig. 27) ; size 10/a by 200/i to 50/i by 1320jLt. Remarks. — One finds a tendency to pedunculate form very common in Ficulina suberea. It is therefore to be expected in Suberites. A. species having very similar shape to that of gadus is described by o A ^ ^ C Figure 27. — Suberites gadus de Laubenfels, X300. A and B show size for the smaller spicules, and shape for all ; G, portion of the shaft of one of the larger spicules, illustrating its proportionate size to the smaller ones Wilson (1925, p. 352) as Rhizaxinella nuda^ from the Philippines. It was more brownish than gadus^ had spicules about half again as large as those of gadus and with sharper points, and its stem lacked the ectosomal crust. The two are doubtless closely related. Order HALICHONDRINA Vosmaer Family AXINELLIDAE Ridley and Dandy Genus HALICHONDRIA Fleming HALICHONDRIA PANICEA (Pallas) Sponffia panicea Paixas, 1766, p. 388. Halichondria panicea Johnston, 1842, p. 114. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Europe. Material examined. — Specimens w^ere collected at Point Pinos, Pa- cific Grove, Calif., intertidal, on January 24, 1929, by J. E. Lynch, who reported it then plentiful. During the summer months it has been very rare or lacking, though on July 14, 1929, I found a small specimen at the same locality as that given by Mr. Lynch. In Euro- pean waters this sponge is very abundant intertidally, and the same or a very similar species is reported from nearly every part of the world's coastal regions that have been well studied. Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21447; B.M. No. 29.8.22.9).— Shape, amorphous, encrusting. Size, up to 6 mm thick, 3 cm in diameter. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORlSriA de LAUBENFELS 57 Consistency, fragile. Color in life, orange to green; preserved, nearly white. Oscules, raised; diameter, about 1 mm. Pores, minute. Surface, superficially smooth to tuberculate. Ectosomal specialization strongly marked, consisting of a dermal crust, about 200/i thick, of tangentially strewn spicules, not differ- ing, however, from those of the endosome. This is underlaid by such extensive subdermal cavities as to be rather readily separable. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," most of the spicules strewn without order in the flesh, but there may be spicule tracts in a groundwork that is not reticulate. Histological details: I find spherical flagellate chambers 30/x to 40/x, in diameter. Principal, or ascending, tracts about 45/t in diameter. Figure 28. — Halichondria panicea (PaUas), X300 Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 28) ; size up to 11/x by SOO^n. As is characteristic of the species and genus, there is no definite size range of spicules at all, but all sizes — from the largest down — are found intermingled in confusion. RerruLThs. — In species so lacking in positive characters as this, it is difficult to be certain whether the similar specimens from various parts of the world are conspecific. Genus HYMENIACIDON Bowerbank HYMENIACmON SINAPIUM de Laubenfels Hifmeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—V.S.^M. No. 21456; B.M. No. 29.8.22.21. T-t/pe locality. — Newport Bay (near San Pedro), Calif.; intertidal. Occurrence. — This species is abundant along the rocky, surf-beaten portions of the coast of southern California at nearl}^ every point I have visited. It is the most abundant sponge on the oyster beds in Newport Bay, where the w^ater often becomes quiet and very warm. It is found in various places up the stream that enters the bay, where it must be in brackish water at low tide during rainy weather. It grows even where the water is almost opaque with suspended mud, where at low tide it is exposed to the very ardent rays of the southern California sun, and where it is always chilled by the very cool waters of the open ocean, I have vainly sought any difference in spicules, form, color, or any other quality that varied as a factor of any of these environments. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 In the vicinity of Monterey H. sinapiuni occurs very rarely, if at all, though similar ecological situations are found. E. F. Ricketts collected a specimen, July 24, 1926, in a tide pool near Hopkins Ma- rine Station, which was like the southern California specimens in all ways save one ; it has spicules up to 14;* by 380]^. Having but the one specimen I hesitate to denominate this a new variety, though in no southern California specimen do I find spicules so large. The condi- tion of the specimen is such that any identification of it must be provisional. U.S.N.M. No. 21395 represents the only sponge from lower than intertidal zone that 1 can refer to sinapiiMin. It deserves special mention, as its spicules are notably smaller, namely, but 6ju, by 205/i at the largest, 5/x by 195/1, for an average of apparently mature styles, but with only a few of the very small presumably develop- mental forms. It was dredged by the University of Southern Cali- fornia in 5 meters near Seal Beach (near San Pedro), just offshore from locations where sinapium is abundant intertidally. Is the small spicule size an ecological modification, or is this a different species? Its resemblance to my Plymouth specimens of H. caruneula merits comment. Having but the one specimen, no positive decision can be made, but my opinion is that it is an aberrant individual of a species normally intertidal, perhaps modified by the environment. This species is found associated with oysters more than any other one large organism. Numerous other specimens were examined. Deseinption. — Shape, amorphous to massive to encrusting, often with digitate processes. Size, up to about 10 cm high, 20 cm in diameter. Consistency, very soft. Color in life, bright yellow, some- times with orange tints; preserved, drab. Oscules, often on raised processes; diameter, about 2 mm. Pores, minute, very contractile. Surface, superficially smooth, with scattered low conules less than 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization in the form of a thin, transparent, fleshy dermis. It contains but few spicules. Endosomal structure, " crumb- of-bread," with spicules mostly in confusion, but here and there organized into tracts, mostly directed vertically, points of the styles up. These tracts expand distally into subdermal brushes in a manner that may be described as axinellid, but is also found in most Mycales and some Biemnas, and may indicate axinellid relationships for those genera. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 29) ; size up to 9ju, by 340/*, with moderately numerous smaller forms. Remarks. — It is doubtful whether this is a new form, but as it seemed impossible to be absolutely positive of identifying it with any of the known species I applied a distinctive name to it so that AKT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 59 it might be referred to recognizably in future revision. This action may be better understood after noting the following considerations : In 1827, Grant described Spon(jia san guinea^ a thin, blood-red sponge. It was probably not just one species but several having sim- ilar color and styles as megascleres. Grant lacked microscopic equipment adequate for the discovery of microscleres. In 1828, Flem- ing (p. 521) referred this to his genus Halichondria. In 1842 (p. 134), Johnston so identified speci- mens he had that were preserved in the British Mu- seum. He also gave figures and a fairly good de- scription. Practi- cally the only dif- ference between his ■sanguinea and siii- apium is in color. H. sanguinea was from British wa- ters. In 1859, Lieber- kiihn described Halichond/Ha lux- urlans; this was redescribed in 1862 (p. 76) by Oscar Schmidt as Ren- iera luxurians. Schmidt says that this is R enter a vm^iabilis of Nar- do, an utterly un- recognizable species, so devoid of description as to be properly a nomen nudein. I mention luxurians because, so far as Lieberkiihn's and Schmidt's descriptions go, this may be the same as sinapiuvi; but we do not know the spicule size, nor is the structure well de- scribed. R. luxurians is a Mediterranean species. In 1862 (p. 1111), Bowerbank described Hymeniacidon caruncula, the type of this genus. It differs from sinapium only in having much smaller spicules. Bowerbank described them as 218/^, and the specimens I collected at Plymouth had then only about 120 to Figure 29. — Hymeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels, X300 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 140/1. Some authors synonymize caruncula with sanguinea, but there seem to be no British intergrades between the blood-red, long- spiculed form and the yellow or orange short-spiculed form; our Califomian sponge might be considered such an intergrade, or rather a distinct species, since we have here none just like either caruncula or sanguinea. H. caruncula was from British waters. In 1911 (page 13), Wilson described Stylotella heliophila from the Eastern United States (Beaufort, N. C). This differs from sinapium only in having a slightly crisper consistency and more uniformly orange color. Possibly sanguinea, luxuriant, carunculay heliophila, sinapium, and perhaps even more species, put in at least five different genera, may be really synonymous; they are certainly very closely related. HYMENIACIDON UNGODON, new species Holotype,—{].S.'^M. No. 22061; B.M. No. 30.10.8.4. Type locality. — The holotype was collected by me at Point Lobos, south of Carmel, Calif., intertidal, July 12, 1930. Otherwise I have seen this species several times in collections made by students. It is probably a moderately common sponge in central California. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm at least, probably often larger. Consistency, soft. Color in life, ma- hogany-brown ectosome over yellowish-drab endosome. Oscules, in- frequent, oval, about 1 mm in long axis; they are closable by a, membrane. Pores, incon- spicuous, usually found closed. The surface is coarsely rugose. FiGDRE ^Q.-Hymeniaoid^n^^ungodon, new species, EctoSOmal specializa- tions, fleshy, densely packed with spicules in confusion, not very easily detachable. Endosomal structure, fleshy, with spicules strewn mainly in utter confusion. In places there seem to be vague ascending tracts, but these may possibly be due merely to proximity of canals from which the spicules are excluded. This results in concentrations of spicules in the regions between the canals. Spicules, styles 4/^ by 180/^ to 8ju, by 200|a, with a few very much thinner that were probably immature forms (fig. 30). Remarks. — Quite a few species of the genus Hymeniacidon have ectosome differently colored from the endosome, but the particular color scheme of ungodon seems characteristic and unique in the genus. The method of closure of oscules by a membrane stretching across instead of sphinctrate contraction is worthy of note. In at least some portions of the endosome of the present species were AKT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 61 numerous annulate filaments, the annulations being due to swellings caused by spheroidal optically refringent granules. These structures were about 3/x in diameter and of indefinite length. They may have been elongate archaeocytes, but the most probable assump- tion seems to be that they were (symbiont ? ) al^ae. Genus PRIANOS J. E. Gray PRIANOS PROBLEMATICUS de Laubenfels Prianos problematicus de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. HoIot'i/pe.—V.S.^M. No. 21484; B.M. No. 29.8.22.16. Ti/pe locality. — Two specimens were trawled on March 30, 1929, by Prof. T. Skogsberg, at a depth of 15 meters, south end of Monterey Bay, Calif. Description. — Shape, massive to lobate. Size, 1 cm high, 2 cm in diameter. Consistency, stiff, slightly compressible. Color in life and when preserved, pale drab. Oscules, round, flush; diameter, about 2 mm. Pores, 200/a to 450/i. in diameter. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; this is not readily detachable, is fleshy, and contains spicules strewn irregularly. En- dosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," with spicules in confusion. Principal spicules, strongyles (fig. 31, A, B) ; size, 6/t by 135/a to 10/a by 140/^.. Secondary spicules, oxeas (fig. 31 Z>, E) ; size, 2ju, by 80/m to 2/x by 100/i, ; these might be regarded as microscleres. Remarks. — The systematic position of those sponges having spicules princi- figure 31. — pnanos problematicus pally strongyle3 needs some explanation. %^^fT'Vi>llT af "S The first assignment of such was by mature a O. Schmidt to his genus Reniera (1862, page 72), type species R. aquaeductus. Simultaneously he established R. cratera^ which has a spiculation of strongyles only. Vosmaer in 1885 referred to this as genotype of Reniera^ but this can not be, as Schmidt plainly stated in his original description that aquaeductus is the type. Among other Renieras with strongyles may be men- tioned R. anwrpha Schmidt (1864, p. 38), R. hehes Schmidt (1870, p. 40), and R. crassa Carter (1876, p. 312), which may be a Strongy- lophora (see below). The first genus created for sponges characterized by strongyle spiculation was Prianos Gray (1867, p. 520) for Schmidt's Rerdera annorpha (see above). This genus was regarded by Vosmaer (1885, p. 234) as not separable from Reniera^ and it has therefore been subsequently ignored and forgotten. Prianos aniorphus is not 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 renierid, however, but contains spicules in confusion ; Reniera {Hali- clona) is for sponges with oxeas in isodictyal reticulation. As a matter of fact there is a British sponge that answers rather closely to Schmidt's description of amorpha. Bowerbank (1874, p. 243) called it Desmacidon columella^ and subsequent authors, led by Hanitsch (1894, p. 180) have called it Stylofella columella. Stylo- tella Lendenfeld (1888, p. 185), type species as fixed by Kallmann (1914, p. 348), S. digitata (which is Ridley's Hymeniacidon agmin- ata)., is suberitid. It must be said that the specimen of colmnella that I collected at Plymouth, in September, 1928, agreed even more closely with Schmidt's description of amorpha than did Bowerbank's original description. The species columella and amorpha may or may not be specifically identical, but they are clearly congeneric and not properly Reniera, Desnnacidon, or Stylotella. Prianos may quite fitly be employed for them. Other genera with strongyles as principal spicules include the fol- lowing without microscleres : Joyeuxia Topsent (1892, p. 93), type species /. viridis. In this the spicules are almost all dermal, the endosome being nearly devoid of skeleton. Some of the spicules are oxeas. See the genus Phloe- dictyon for comparisons. Batzella Topsent (1893, p. xxxiv), type species B. inops, like the above has very few spicules at all. It had mycalid embryos. Some of its spicules were styles. See Infiatella for comparisons. Liosina Thiele (1899, p. 16), type species L. paradoxa. This may be a synonym of Prianos. Petrosia Vosmaer (1885, p. 338), type species P. dura., is stony hard. It is interesting to compare consistencies here, as both Prianos am^orphus and P. columiellus are very soft, while P. proMe- m^aticus is intermediate, just moderately stiff and firm. Protoschniidtia Czerniavsky (1879, p. 380), type species P. s/mp?e«. This genus is inadequately known; is referred to as halichondroid with hispid dermis, "surface set over with tubes," spicules strongyles. The following genera with microscleres have strongyles as prin- cipal spicules. In view of the well-known fact that microscleres may be lacking for unknown reasons, all species without them may be but derivatives by reduction, but often it is impossible to ascer- tain the source. Prianos may therefore really be congeneric with some one of the following : Barhozia Dendy (1922, p. 131), type species B. primitiva. The microscleres are anisochelas and discorhabds; the sponge is papillate. Phlyctaenopora Topsent (1904, p. 198), type species P. hitorquis. The microscleres are anisochelas and sigmas; this also is papillate. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFOENIA de LAUBENFELS 63^ Guitarra Carter (1874, p. 210), type species G. fimhrmfa. The microscleres are very peculiar and distinctive, and therefore one can hardly believe that this is closely related to the others here mentioned. This is very provocative of thought in view of the im- possibility of sharply separating it were it to lose its microscleres a& individuals probably do. Dyscliona Kirkpatrick (1900, p. 352), type species D. davidi^ a boring sponge with very peculiar microscleres; this is another rea- son for doubting that similarity of megascleres indicates close re- lationship in absence of other bonds of unity. Strongylacidon von Lendenfeld (1897, p. 110), type species S. sansiharense. This has anisochelas as microscleres. Strongylamma Hallmann (1917, p. 643), type species S. carteri. This had two sizes of spiny microrhabds and contained much sand. Strongylophora Dendy (1905, p. 141), type species S. durissima. This had smooth microrhabds, often bent, and was stony hard. Although far from certain, it is quite possible that one of or all these last three are congeneric with Prianos. The structures are such that all may be considered much more closely related to Prianos than that genus or any of them is to Reniera. The same should be said of Petrosia and Lioslna. It should be kept in mind that, of all these, Prianos (1867) has the priority. Order POECILOSCLERINA Topsent Family DESMACIDONIDAE Gray Genus BIEMNA J. E. Gray BIGMNA RHADIA de Lanbenfels Bietnna rhadia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. Holotypc— V.S.N M. No. 21507 ; B.M. No. 29.9.30.17. Type locality. — The one specimen was collected by E. F. Ricketts in 1925 from jNIonterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters; it was lodged in a recess of a macerated dictyonine hexactinellid sponge skeleton. Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, 7 mm high. 12 mm in di- ameter. Consistency, stiffly fragile. Color dry, drab. Oscules and pores, not evident, because of cavernous structure. Surface, super- ficially very cavernous. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane about Ibfx thick; detachable, fleshy, containing microscleres but not megascleres. En- dosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread,*' with stiff, ascending, branch- ing tracts. Principal, or ascending, tracts about 400/a in diameter^ cored by densely packed styles. There seems to be little or no spongin jiresent. 64 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Principal spicules, styles (fig. 32, A) ; size, about 20)u, by 1,300/a. First microscleres, sigmas (fig. 32, .5) ; size, about 13/^ by 300/x. Sec- ond microscleres, sigmas (fig. 32, C) ; size, about 4/^ by 90ju,. Third microscleres, sigmas (fig. 32, Z>) ; size, about 1/x by 25/x. Fourth microscleres, smooth raphides (not figured) ; size, Ifi by 120ja to 2/x by 210jx', these are usually packed in short fascicular tracts about 50/A in diameter. Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be B. {Des- macella) fortis Topsent, 1897, from the East Indies and Red Sea, which differs in not having the larger size range of sigmas. Biemna megalosigina Hentschel, 1912, has the large size range of sigmas as well as the medium and smaller, but has peculiar siliceous spheres FiGDRB 32. — Biemna rhadia de Laubenfels, X300. A, termina- tions of the styles, showing their thickness but not their length ; B-D, range in size and shape of the sigmas not in the California species, has megascleres but two-thirds as large, and raphides also much smaller. It may well be that upon making thorough revision of the genus one would find these and numerous other species of Biemna worthy of reduction to synonymy, but this step does not seem called for at present. Similar species of this genus are reported from practically all parts of the world. Genus DESMACELLA Schmidt DESMACELLA VAGABUNDA Schmidt Desmacella vagabunda O. Schmidt, 1870, p. 53. Holotype. — ^Location unknown ; described from the West Indies. Material examdne'd. — One of several specimens (U.S.N.M. No. 21508; B.M. No. 29.8.22.61) growing in the interstices of a macerated dictyonine hexactinellid sponge skeleton collected by E. F. Ricketts, May 9, 1929, in Monterey Bay, depth 700 meters. iRT. 4 SPO^^GES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 65 Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, undeterminable, because •of concealment in hexactinellid skeleton. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and Avhen dry, drab. Oscules, flush with the cloacal surface of the hexactinellid, each almost filling the cavity left by one of the hexact's oscules. Pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a very thin, detachable, fleshy dermis. It contains a few scattered microscleres. Endosomal structure, short j)lumose columns or simple brushes of tylostyles, points toward the surface, accompanied by a surprisingly small quantity of proto- plasmic material. Principal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 33, -4, 5) ; size, about 15/i by 600/^. Microscleres, sigmas (fig. 33, D) ; length, about 60/i. Figure 33. — Desmacella vagabunda Scbaiidt, X300. C, an unusual modification of tbe head of the megasclere Remarls. — Schmidt's Desmacella vagahunda was very briefly ■described. The sponge now under discussion offers so little material for examination that it can only be said to be imperfectly known. It seems better to identify it with vagahunda than to establish a new species for it, because all that we know of it agrees suffi- ciently well with what we know of vagahunda to make it probable that they are conspecific. ZYGHERPE, new genus This genus is of the family Desmacidonidae and is close to Desmacella^ from which it differs chiefly by the addition of the diancistra to the other skeletal elements. Genotype : Zygherpe hya- lodernia, new species. ZYGHERPE HYALODERMA, new species Holotype.—lJ.S.'^M. No. 22060; B.M. No. 30.10.8.3. Type locality. — The holotype was collected by me on July 13, 1930, at Point Lobos, intertidal, south of Carmel, Calif. The en- crustation carpeted a rock on the floor of a grotto, which was in- accessible except at very low tide. 107704—32 5 66 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Descin/ption. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 to 3 mm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. Consistency, soft, fleshy. Color in life, pale ochraceous-yellow. Surface, lipostomous and smooth. A con- spicuous feature of the living and preserved sponge is the very evident system of comparatively coarse canals meandering about beneath the transparent dermis, branching and reuniting. It is to be presumed that contractile minute exhalent apertures riddled the covering to these canals during life, and that similar inhalent open- ings were dispersed over the rest of the surface. Ectosomal specialization, fleshy, abundantly packed with micro- scleres. Endosomal structure, basically fleshy with abundant microscleres and scattered ascending plumose tracts of tylostyles, points upward and out- ward. These make incon- spicuous terminal brushess at the places where the tracts reach the surface. The^e tracts are approxi- mately 50/A apart ; they Figure 34.— Zj/gr/ierpc hyaloderma, new species : branch and anastomoSe A-E, X300; F-H, X 600 i , i but rarely. Megascleres, tylostyles about 5fi by 150/*, First microscleres, sigmas 25/a to 50/x, in length of chord. Second microscleres, dian- cistras, the points nearly meeting. Remarks. — The diancistra is a very curious and characteristic spicule. Possession thereof can hardly be used, however, as an indication of close phylogenetic relationship, for the three previousl}' described genera having this microsclere differ fully as much from each other as from Zygherpe. In addition to the diancistra, each possesses other spicules as follows : Hamacantha, styles to oxea and toxas with rhaphides; Vo77K37nda, styles and toxas with chelas; Pozziella, exotyles, peculiar styles and very peculiar sigmas. As mentioned above, Zygherpe seems much more closely related to Desmacella than to any other genus. Genus MYCALE J. E. Gray MYCALE BELLABELLENSIS (Lambc) Esperella bellabellensis Lambe, 1905, p. 14. Esperella fisheri de Laubenfels 1926, p. 570. Holotype. — In the Museum of the Geological Survey. Ottawa, Canada. Type locality. — The west coast of Canada. Material examined. — There is a magnificent specimen of this sponge at Hopkins Marine Station (Pacific Grove) a good 4 feet ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 67 in diameter; it was taken at a depth of about 50 meters, date not recorded, in Monterey Bay, entangled on a fisherman's line. It is represented by U.S.N.M. No. 21440 and B.M. No. 28.11.6.4. E. F. Ricketts also collected a specimen from Monterey Bay, depth 800 meters, date not recorded. It is represented by U.S.N.M. No. 21470 and B.M. No. 29.8.22.12. Description. — Shape, stipitate, older specimens funnel-shaped. Size, up to at least 100 cm high, 122 cm in diameter. Consistency, between spongy and fragile. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, irregular in size and shape, not definitely delineated, espe- cially in the larger specimens. Pores, represented by even more irregular openings. Surface, superficially very rough with depres- sions sometimes 5 cm deep. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane. It is fleshy, very thin, and contains microscleres and a verv few megascleres. Endo- FiGUEE 35. — Mycale iellabellensia (Lambe), X300. Spicules of Californian specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 21470 and B.M. No. 29.8.22.12). Microscleres B, D, and E in front and side views somal structure cavernous, traversed by spicular tracts which branch but rarely anastomose. Principal, or ascending, fibers up to 1 mm in diameter, cored by abundant styles. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 35, A) ; size, 12^ by 432/x to 13/a by 491ju,. First microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 35, B) ; length, 70/x to 90/x, often in rosettes. Second microscleres, palmate ani- sochelas (fig. 35, C) ; length, 32/a to 36ju,. Third microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 35, D) ; length, 22/^ to 27/x. Fourth microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 35, E) ; length, about 2^. RemarTfs. — The large funnel-shaped Californian specimen (U. S. N. M. No. 21440 and B. M. No. 28.11.6.4) agrees with Lambe's rather closely; but Lambe recorded small sigmas (19ju, to 30/i,) ; whereas long search has so far yielded only one doubtfully proper sigma in the California specimen, and Lambe's was much smaller. I have also another specimen still smaller, possibly a juvenile, collected at a depth of about 800 meters in Monterey Bay by E. F. Ricketts. It is 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 only 10 cm high and 6 cm in diameter and is stipitate but not funnel- shaped, being instead rather lobate. It agrees with the funnel- shaped specimens except that it seems to have no sigmas at all, but instead a few toxas about 4)m by 400^. It has also numerous palmate isochelas about 22/a long, which may be foreign, yet several species of Mycale are recorded with such microscleres in addition to the typical amoschelas. That they and the toxas may not be proper is indicated by the finding of a few such obviously foreign spicules as some piesiasters, tylotes, and short renierid oxeas, but the isochelas are quite numerous. The surface of this specimen is also notably dif- ferent, in having a distinct oscule 4 mm in diameter and definite con- tractile dermal pores, one to three to each square millimeter of surface. MYCALE MACGINITIEI8 ^e Laubenfels Mycale macginitiei de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. HoIohjpe.—U.S.l^M. No. 21471 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.3. Type locality — Elkhorn Slough (intertidal) on the east shore of Monterey Bay, Calif., collected by Prof. G. E. MacGinitie, March 1, 1929. Several years ago a pile of rocks was dumped at one place in this area of tidal mud flats, and this sponge and a Halisarca have now appeared encrusting them. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, less than 1 cm thick. Patches mostly less than 6 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, about 30ju in diameter and about 70/x from center to center. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; very thin, detach- able, jfleshy, contains spicules in confusion. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," with fibers; little or no reticulation is present. Principal, or ascending, fibers YO/i, to lOO/z, in diameter, cored by many spicules, but with little spongin. Below the surface they expand in brushes, the most divergent spicules being actually within the dermis. Principal spicules, subtylostjdes (fig. 36, J.); size, 9/* by 250/x to 10/x by 280ju,. First microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 36, B)\ length, 30/1, to 36ju,, often in rosettes. Second microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 36, C) ; length, about 13fi. Third microscleres, toxas (fig. 36, Z?) ; length, 45/x to 75/x. Fourth microscleres, sigmas (fig. 36, E) ; length, 60/x to 75/i. The microscleres are distributed generally throughout the flesh. The toxas are very rare. Remarks. — The nearest relatives of this species seem to be the Mycale macilenta Bowerbank, 1866, from Great Britain (recorded by Hentschel in 1912 from Australia), and Mycale aegagropila Bower- ' Named for Prof. G. E. MacGinitie, of Stanford University, who discovered this sponge. ABT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 69 bank, 1866, from Great Britain. M. macilenta differs in having enor- mous toxas. M. aegagrojyila. differs in that its megascleres, sigmas, and toxas are 15 to 50 per cent larger than in macginitiei. "Were one to .synonymize those two, macginitiei would fall as a third synonym. As long as the two mentioned are retained as separate species, macgini- fiei should also stand. Bowerbank put macilenta in Hymeniacidon^ aegagropila in Desmaeidon; and Gray, 1867, made a genus Aegagro- phila for the latter. Some recent authors, especially Wilson, 1925^ synonymize macilenta with aegagropila. On the other hand, Hent- schel, 1913, gives data that seem to me adequate demonstration of sufficient difference to warrant retaining most of the present species A *===-—-— — ^ Figure 36. — Mycale macgirUtiei de Laubenfels, X300 of Mycale for our convenience in discussing them, if for no other reason. The differences between these others and 7nacgimtiei, though not great, when taken in conjunction with the geographical loca- tions, make it seem advisable to retain it and them as distinct species. Genus PARESPERELLA Dendy PARESPERELLA PSILA de Laubenfels P(iresp( rclla psila de Laubenfels, 1930. p. 26. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21478; B. M. No. 29.8.22.38. Type locality. — Monterey Bay, Calif., trawled by Prof. T. Skogs- berg, on March 30, 1929, depth 15 meters. I found one other specimen, beachworn and macerated, in the wrack at Hopkins Marine Station, March 20, 1929. That the species may be moderatel}' common is indicated by the frequency with which one notes the distinctive serrated sigmas in sjDonges having obviously foreign spicules. There is this much evidence to indicate its occurrence also in southern California. Description. — Shape, amorphous to massive. Size, 3 cm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, between spongy and fragile. Color in life and when preserved, pale drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, 50^ to 200/A in diameter ; abundant. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane, about 20/x thick. It is fleshy, detachable, and contains abundant tangentially placed spicules of all the sorts characteristic of the species. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of -bread," with very evident threadlike fibers. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Very few of the large sigmas are found in the endosome. Ascending fibers, lOOfi to SOOju, in diameter, cored by the styles. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 37, A) ; size, about 10/x by 410/i. First microscleres, giant serrated sigmas (fig. 37, B) ; length, about 210/A to 265/1,, Second microscleres, sigmas (fig. 37, C) ; length, about 40/x to 4:5(1. Third microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 37, D) ; often in rosettes; length, 32/^ to 38/a. Fourth microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 37, E) ; length, IQfi to 17 ix. Rema/rJcs. — Hentschel (1913) in his summary of the genus My cole includes Paresperella (Dendy, 1905, p. 162, type species P. serrato- ham-ata), but I hesitate to drop Dendy's genus without further study. The size of the sigmas can not be used, it is true, for all grades occur intermediate between the giant ones of Paresperella and the typical small ones of Mycale., but the serration may be a distinctive difference; and for the present, I propose to use it as Figure 37. — Paresperella psila de Laubenfels, X 300 distinctive of Paresperella^ retaining this genus. The only sponge having spicule measurements at all close to those of psila is My cole fascifibula Topsent, 1904, from the Azores, but its megascleres are polytylote. it has raphides, and its large sigmas not serrated. Lambe (1894, p. 130) records a sponge from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, as EspereUa serratohamata Carter, but it is quite distinct fi'om psila and is not certainly correctly identified with Carter's species. As compared to psila., it has much smaller (335/x,) mega- scleres, smaller (157ju,) macrosigmas, lacks the smaller anisochelas, and has toxas, which psila lacks. Genus ESPERIOPSIS Carter ESPERIOPSIS ORIGINALIS de Laubenfels Esperiopsis originalis de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.—U.^.'^M. No. 21441 ; B.M, No. 29,8,22.54. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Calif., July 2, 1926, intertidal, col- lected by me. The species is common in this vicinity. At first I ART. 4 SPOXGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFEL.S 71 confused it with OphUtaspong^ia pemmta (which see) ; but in addi- tion to the differences between the sponges there is also a difference in the habitat, the two overlapping little if any. As noted elsewhere, pennata occurs nearer high-tide mark than any other sponge of which I know, usually on the sides of bowlders beneath pendant seaweed. E. oHginulis occurs very near low-tide mark and also be- low it, usually underneath stones. It also grows loose and unat- tached or on coralline algae. It is moderately common in central California, and on March 14, 1926, I found several small patches of this species encrusting rocks intertidally at Laguna Beach. Description. — Shape, massive. Size, 2 by 3 by 7 cm. Consistency, stiff, slightly compressible. Color in life, light brownish red; pre- served, pale drab. Oscules, round, not raised ; diameter, up to 2 cm. Tlie oscules are largest and most frequent where the sponge is thickest. One small, undamaged specimen brought into the labora- tory. July 2, 1926, exhibited strong oscular currents, tall transparent protoplasmic " chimneys " being thrown up above the surface by the force of the stream. They were contractile, at times reducing the size of the actual opening to far less than that of the canal or cloaca below, without shortening much if at all. In this sponge the cloacal tubes were about SOOyu, in diameter, and the chimneys raised also about 300/A above the surface. Pores, not evident; clearly the}'^ must be exceedingly minute. Surface, superficially very smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane only 2/a to 5/* thick; detachable, fleshy, contains probably but one cell layer and seemingly no spicules. Endosomal structure, a very regular reticulation of strong fibers perpendicular to the surface, containing a little spongin and many rows of styles, points almost always toward the surface. The connectives are merely single spicules, however, but placed almost as symmetrically as the rungs of a ladder. Histological de- tails : The subspherical flagellate chambers are about 30/a in diame- ter. Ascending fibers, 25^ to 35/;i in diameter and about 150/* apart. Accessory, or transverse, fibers, single spicules only. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 38, J., 5) ; size, 12/^ by 150/i to 13/i. by 155/x.. Microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 38, C, D) ] length, 13/A to 16/i. Remarhs. — Comparison between this species and Ophlitaspongia pcrmata is interesting. N'either is typical of the genus in which it is nctw placed, and either could be shifted over to the other genus with- out violence. The tAvo species are easily separated when the micro- scleres are to be found, however, as the one has only chelas where the other has toxas. E. originalis has also much smaller magascleres. The colors are not quite the same, originalis having a rather brownish tinge where pennata is clear bright red. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 This differs from typical Esperiopsis in lacking sigmas. The very symmetrical ladder structure is a bit miusual, though isodictyal struc- ture and fibrous structure are common in this genus. The dermis is typical. The closest relative seems to be Esperiopsis glaber Br0nd- sted (1924, p. 141) from New Zealand, which has exactly the same architecture, but longer styles (up to 10/x by 370/a), and has three sizes of sigmas. Figure 38. — Esperiopsis originalis de Laubenfels : Portion of the skeleton. A, Maximum size of the megasclere ; B, small size of the megasclere, probably immature ; C, D, micro- scleres. D, x 1,333; others, x300 Genus WILSA * de Laubenfels Wilsa may be defined as of the subfamily Mycalinae, for sponges with smooth monaxon megascleres, palmate isochelas and forceps, typically with macrosigmas as well as sigmas of the more usual size. Genotype : Wilsa hyinena. WILSA HYMENA de Laubenfels Wilsa hymena de Lauejenfels, 1930, p. 27. HoIotype.—V.S.l!iM. No. 21515; B.M. No. 29.8.22.62. Type locality.— Monterey Bay, Calif., May 9, 1929, depth TOQ meters, collected by E. F. Ricketts. The one specimen was on the * Named for Prof. H. V. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 73 macerated skeleton of a dictyonine hexactinellid sponge, and was in intimate contact along one edge with Lissodendoryx kyma (which see). Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 by 18 mm in area; the depth can not be measured, as the sponge penetrated into the macer- ated dictyonine skeleton on which it was growing. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when dry, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; fleshy, detachable, about 30yu, to 70^ thick, containing abundant macrosigmas. Endoso- mal structure, the endosome is so blended with the hexactinellid skeleton that its proper structure can not be ascertained. Principal spicules, smooth styles (fig. 39, J.) ; size, lOju, by 330)U to 15/A by GOOju. First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 39, D) \ length, ITju. to 20/x. Second microscleres, giant sigmas or macrosigmas B C Figure 39. — Wi7sa hymena de Laubenfels, X300 (fig. 39, 5) ; length, about 250/^. Third microscleres, sigmas (fig. 39, C) : length, 55/x to 75/x. Fourth microscleres, forceps (fig. 39, E) ; length, lO/i to 12/x. Remarks. — Practically all that can be obtained for this interest- ing sponge is of the nature of ectosome. It contains some tornotes and a very few arcuate chelas, obviously from its neighbor L. kyrna. It is packed with the macrosigmas, has but few of the microsigmas, moderate quantities of the palmate isochelas, and rather numerous forceps. These latter appear smooth with less resolving power than €.95 numerical aperture, and even with the utmost care only the very faintest traces of spination can be discovered, but very small spines are certainly present. The deeper portions contain a few scattered styles as mentioned, but no scheme of their arrangement could be discovered. The closest relative of liyniiena is clearly Lundbeck's Esperiops-is forcipula (1905, p. 17), which should also be placed in the genus Wilsa. Its styles are 540/i to 680/x; its macrosigmas only 83/i; its 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 raicrosigmas only SO/x; its chelas are much larger (38/a to 50ju.) and more nearly arcuate than those of hymerm; its forceps are larger (lY/i) and much more clearly spined. Some authors (see Topsent, 1928) would regard the presence of forceps as of little taxonomic value. Such conclusions as this are probably correct, but until an extensive revision of the phylum is carried out, consistently eliminating the very numerous genera founded on such bases, it is only consistent to continue using such criteria. Topsent himself continues to found many new genera based upon peculiarities of microscleres. I think he is quite justified in this on the grounds of expediency, and I follow this action of his rather than his suggestion that would lead to making Esperiopsis a genus of a size so large as to be unwield3^ Family COELOSPHAERIDAE Hentschel Genus ASTYLINIFER Topsent ASTYLINIFER ARNDTI ^ de Laubenfels Astylinifer ( f ) arndtl de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 27. HoIoti/pe.—U.S.'NM. No. 21435; B.M. No. 29.8.22.4. Type locality. — Point Pinos, near Pacific Grove, Calif., inter- tidal, July 8, 1929. Several other specimens were secured the same day in the same general locality, where the species seemed definitely to be a new arrival, frequent earlier searches over a period of some five years having failed to yield this sort of sponge. DescHption. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 0.4 to 1.3 mm thick; several centimeters in diameter. Consist- ency, mediocre. Color in life, some specimens ocher-yellow, others with purple areas, and some halfway between the two colors present and appearing brown. Preserved speci- mens are drab. Oscules and p res, not evident. Surface, superii-ially smooth. Ectosomal specialization not discernible. Endosomal structure, predominantly protoplasmic with scattered fascicular bundles of tylotes, often, but not always perpendicular to the surface. At the very base are a few acanthotylostyles perpendicular to the sub- stratum. Principal spicules, tylotes (fig. 40, A), ?>ii by 140/^ to 4/x by 145yLi. Echinating spicules, acanthotylostyles (fig. 40, G), 8/x by 110/x to 9/a ' Named for Prof. Walther Arndt, of the University of Berlin. ^ — ^ — ~ ' — i — ' A B ...^ '^ -^ ^- u -" • -/'W ,. „ — f>fl- ""^~ - — ^ — ■- - ..-.?> Figure 40.- • - — i^iy — Astylinifer amdti de Laub- enfels, X 300 ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFOENIA de LAUBENFELS 75 by 130/x. Microscleres, rliaphides (fig. 40, 5) ; size 1/2^1 by 95^ to Iju, by 140^. Remarks. — The other member of this genus, A. planus Topsent (1927, p. 9), has tylotes of double the measurements of those of arndti and a few toxas in addition to diactinal rhaphides. As a mat- ter of fact amdti is very close to the genus Hyinedesmia from which it may be derived. It is interesting to compare it to Hymenainphias- tra eyanocrypta from the same general locality. A. amdti has much smaller acanthotylostyles, which further play a very insignificant part in the sponge as a whole, the bulk of it having only tylotes. In cyanocrypta the tylotes are more distinctively just dermal spicules, and, of course, there are the very peculiar microscleres. A further noteworthy difference is in the shape of the ends of the tylotes, which in ai'ndti are ball-like, nearl}^ spherical ; in cyojnocrypta they are elonffate-oval with hastate terminations. 'to' Family MYXILLIDAE Topsent Genus LISSODENDORYX Topsent LISSODENDORYX KYMA de Laubenfels Lissodendoryx kyina de Laubenfexs, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21511 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.60. Type locality. — The one specimen was growing on the macerated dictyonine skeleton collected by E. F. Ricketts, on May 9. 1929, in !Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters. FiGtRE 41. — Lissodendoryx kyma de Laubenfel.s, X300 DescTiption. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 mm thick, 28 mm in diameter. Consistency, fragile and friable. Color in life and when dry, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially wavy, with the troughs about 2 mm deep. Ectosomal specialization, an indefinite sort of dermal membrane, not detachable; it is packed with tangentially })]aced tornotes. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread,-' with large styles in con- fusion. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Principal spicules, smooth styles (fig. 41, G) ; size, 25/a by 350/t. Secondary spicules, styles with spiny heads (fig. 41, 5) ; size, 20/x by 840/A. Ectosomal spicules, tornotes (fig. 41, A)\ size, 5/x by 205/x. Microscleres, arcuate chelas (fig. 41, Z>) ; length, 25/i, to 30/*. Remarks. — This species is peculiar for having only the one sort of microsclere, and the disproportion between the ectosomal and endosomal spicules is not common. Similar species of this genus are reported from all parts of the world. LISSODENDORYX NOXIOSA de Laubenfels hissodcndoryx noxiosa de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 27. Holofypc.—V.S.'NM. No. 21467; B. M. No. 29.8.22.14. Tppe locality.— Paciac Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, col- lected by me. This species is very abundant in the Monterey region, growing in a variety of situations in the intertidal zone, but most frequently in crevices or under rocks. Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, at least 10 cm high and 15 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, yellow ; pre- served much paler, nearly colorless. Oscules, there may or may not be present surface openings or depressions of very irregular size and shape, which may or may not be oscules or pores or neither or both. Pores, see remarks above. Surface, primarily smooth but with more or less abundant irregularities in the form of both lumps and pits. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane, about 30/* thick; so contractile that it is difficult to study the afferent and efferent openings. It is in places easily detachable, but upon removal it contracts so vigorously as to preclude satisfactory study. Else- where it is very difficult to remove it. Apparently it contains few megascleres, the dermal spicules being employed to support it. After its removal the interstices of the endosomal reticulation are exposed with here and there irregular larger apertures. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of -bread," with a dense isodictyal reticulation of the styles; meshes usually triangular. The styles are often side by side, so placed as to outline chambers with walls having some re- semblance to those of old-fashioned log cabins.. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 42, B, C) ; size, 10/x by 180/x to 12/i by 200/1. These styles almost always have about two to four rather large spines; occasionally they have as many as six or eight, and also a few are entirely smooth. The spines are rather more often to be noted on the heads than on the shafts. Very thin forms of both sorts of megascleres are met with, probably immature stages (fig. 41, D). Ectosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 42, 4) ; size, 4/i by ISO/i AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 77 Z>hA o: to 5/i by 200/x. First microscleres, arcuate chelas (fig. 42, F) ; length, 28/x to 33/^. Second microscleres, contort sigmas (fig. 42, £') ; length, 32;a to 40/t. Remarks. — Many species of Lis sodend oryx have been described as of MyxUla^ and man}^ differ from one another but slightly. Two Myxillas, properly to be transferred to Lissodendorijx^ described by Lambe from the west coast of Canada, particularly merit comparison to noxiosa. The first is lacunosa (1892, p. 70), which differs from noxlosa in having hastate dermal spicules twice the thickness of those in the California species: it has styles very .similar but with practically no spination, somewhat larger chelas, and smaller sigmas. The second is p^ma (1894, p. 122), which has dermal spicules shaped like those of noxiosa^ but twice as thick, and styles about twice as large (up to 19/i by 366/x), and with no spines at all. Its chelas and sigmas are each much larger than in noxiosa^ but quite noteworthy for their similarity in shape. The styles of iwxiosa are peculiar in having a few large spines, there being usually either smooth styles, or styles with many small spines, or many large ones. The most striking characteristic, how- ever, is the strong, offensive odor of noxiosa. I am familiar w^ith one other Lissodendoryx in the living condition (a West Indian form) : that has a pungent odor, seemingly the same. In view of the supposed close relationship of Lissodendoryx with Myx'dla^ it is interesting to note that none of the Myxillas I have known in the living state had this odor. The odor may not be proper, however, as in 1929 I found two specimens of this species that lacked it. LISSODENDORYX REX de Laubenfels Lissodendoryx rex de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 27. IIolotype.—V.S.l^.M. No. 21512; B.M. No. 29.8.22.63. Type locality. — This sponge was growing on the macerated skele- ton of a dictyonine sponge collected in Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters, by E. F. Kicketts, on May 9, 1929. Description. — Shape, massive. Size, 2 cm high, 3 cm in diameter. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when dry, drab. Oscules, not evident. The exhalent openings presumably were toward the Figure 4::. — Lissodendoryx noxiosa de Lauben- fels, X300. F, row of chelas, one at right nearly in end view 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 concavity of the macerated hexactinellid on which this species grew, and therefore impossible to study. The bulk of the sponge was on the outer (convex) part of the hexact, but it ramified extensively into the dictyonine framework. Pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; very thin, detach- able, fleshy. The dermis contains many of the sigmas, and a few scattered tangential tornotes, and is held up and away from the en- dosome by numerous fascicular bundles of the tornotes, perpendicular to the surface. The Lissodendoryx with which I am familiar in the West Indian region has just such an ectosomal structure. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of -bread," with scattered styles, most of which have their points toward the surface. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 43, 5) ; size, about 16ju, by 570/^. Ec- tosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 43, ^) ; size, about 7/x by 280/u,. Micro- scleres, sigmas (fig. 43, G) ; length, 50;u, to 55/t. r^, F) ; length, about 27/*, rare. Second microscleres, sigmas (fig. 44, E) ; length, 30/1 to 36/1, rare. Remarks. — This species is remarkable for the almost total loss of all but the styles, and on them of the almost total loss of the char- acteristic spination. The typical Myxllla structure is also almost lost. On the other hand, all the items are there, though in reduced quan- tity; a few characteristic dermal tornotes properly placed, a few spines in the endospicules, a few^ characteristic anchorate chelas, a few Figure 44. — Myxilla agennes de Laubenfels : F, side view of an anchorate chela, X 1,333; others, x300 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 sigmas, and bits of the isodictyal reticulation. A little further re- duction and one would have a Hymjeniaoidon^ which like most every simple sponge genus is probably polyphyletic. MYXILLA PARASITICA Lambe Myxilla parasitica Lambe, 1893, p. 31. Holotype. — In the Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa^ Canada. Type locality. — The west coast of Canada. Material examined. — One specimen was collected January 11, 192.5, in the south end of Monterey Bay, Calif. The University of South- ern California collected three : One on April 19, 1929, at Point Fer- min, near San Pedro ; one without locality data other than depth 30 meters; and one without locality data other than depth 60 meters. Descriftlon (U.S.N.M. No. 21473; B.M. No. 29.9.30.15).— Shape,, amorphous. Size, up to 15 mm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency,, firm. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, indistinct,. liable to confusion with the pores. Pores, at least 200/x in diameter when open. Sur- face, superficially very ir- regular; there are smooth places, also even more numer- ous lumps and depressions. Ectosomal specialization obscure, doubtful. Endo- somal structure, a typical myxilloid isodictyal reticula- tion. Histological details : The flagellate chambers are subspherical, about 25/j(, in diameter. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 45, B) ; size, 10/^ by l70/x to 15/i, by 200/A. Ectosomal spicules, hastate tornotes (fig. 45, A) ; size,. 7)u, by 170/i, to 11^ by 210/x. First microscleres, anchorate chelas (fig. 45, G) ; length, 48/a to 68/*, Second microscleres, anchorate chelas (fig. 45, D)\ length, 14/a to 18/*. Third microscleres, sigmas (fig.. 45, E, F) ; length, 22/* to 52/*. Remarks. — The specimen collected by the University of Southern California differs from the Monterey specimens in the shape of the larger chela, its median tooth being very much smaller than the corresponding one in the sponge from central California. This variation within the species is surprising, but the agreement in other ways is so striking that there need be little hesitation in identifying Figure 45. — Myxilla parasitica Lambe, X 300 AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 81 the tAYo. The resemblance to Lambe's sponge is not complete, but it is still so great that I hesitate to create a new species when the geographical location is so close. The principal spicules of the Canadian sponge range somewhat larger, and it has a distinct category of very short acanthostyles that I do not find in the Cali- fornia specimens. Lambe's description mentions no sigmas more than 26/M. Aside from these items the agreement is very close. This species is rather close to Myxilla rosacea Lieberkiihn, which is the type species of the genus, a Mediterranean form. On May 11, 1929, I collected a sponge near Pacific Grove, Calif., that had the megascleres and all the characteristics of M. parasitica, but no microscleres. The literature contains very few references to myxillalike sponges without microscleres (see notes under Myxilla vers^icolo7') , so this occurrence is most remarkable. As M. jjarasitica is probably common in the vicinity, I liesitate to create a new species for this form, but hazard a guess that it was an aberrant growth of M. paralitica. It was crowded with embryos, ovoid in shape, about 200/i in diameter. MYXILLA VERSICOLOR Topsent CALIFORNIANA, new variety Holotype.—V.^.'^M. No. 21474; B.M. No. 29.8.22.20. Type locality. — Lagima Beach, Calif., intertidal, March 14, 1926, collected by me. Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, 15 mm thick, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when preserved, pale drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially tuberculate. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; \Qvy easily de- tachable, fleshy, containing abundant tangent tylostrongyles. En- dosomal stmcture, collenchymatous, with spicules in tracts and others in confusion. Histological details : About 90/x below the sur- face was a layer of very dark cells, which may have been algae. Principal, or ascending, fibers about 40/x in diameter, cored by abundant styles. Principal spicules, smooth tylostyles (fig. 46, 5) ; size, 8/x by 265]n to 12/x by 250/A. There are also a few acanthostyles about T/x by 150ju, (fig. 46, A). Ectosomal spicules, tylostrong3des (fig. 46, Z>, E) \ size, 4jLi by 240/x to Sju, by 235^^. Interstitial spicules, tylostrongyles, just like the dermal, are found also scattered through the flesh. Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be Myxilla versicolor Topsent (1893, p. xli), from Banyuls, France (on the Mediterranean coast), which differs in having much larger (400/x) endosomal tylostyles, more so and more usually spined, and in show- ing a variety of colors not yet found in the Californian form. 107704—32 6 82 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Similar species of this genus are reported from nowhere else, the complete absence of microscleres being noteworthy. As noted under Myxilla parasitica, I collected another myxillid sponge in California with no microscleres, rather clearly an aberrant form of a common local species. Myxilla versicolor seems the only member of the group definitely attended with such a deficiency, and equally well marked by the peculiar dermal spicule. Figure 46. — Myxilla versicolor Topsent calif orniana, iifw variety, X300. C, problematical spicule, probably a very early stage of the megascleres, perhaps an iiiieom'mon microsclei-e (a rhaphide) In M. versicolor calif orniana the dermal spicules are also numerous in the endosome, and the typical Myxilla reticulation is lacking. This latter may or may not be true for the Mediterranean form, all of Topsent's specimens having been very thin incrustations. Genus lOPHON J. E. Gray lOPHON CHELIFER Ridley and Dendy CALIFORNIANA, new variety Eolotype.—U.S.'NM. No. 21401 ; B.M. No. 29.9.30.7. Type locality. — A handful of fragments of this sponge was dredged by the University of Southern California on December 27, 1916, south of San Pedro, Calif., depth 48 meters. Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, the largest fragment is about 2 cm in diameter; the size of the complete sponge (colony) can not be ascertained. Consistency, fragile. Color in alcohol, very dark brown. Oscules, very irregular; diameter, about 1 mm. Pores, minute. Surface, superficially very lumpy and irregular, Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; it is fleshy, not easily detachable, and contains few spicules. The tylotes are bunched irregularly at or near the surface. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," with a dense myxilloid isodictyal reticulation of acanthostyles, cemented together by a small quantity of spongin at the nodes. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 47, J.); size, 12/i by 265jli to 13ju. by 290^. Ectosomal spicules, tylotes with heads microspined (fig. 47, C) ; size, 6^ by 250/* to 8/a by 240|U. Interstitial spicules, smooth styles (fig. 47, B)\ about 3/x in diameter; they are probabl.y AHT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 83 developmental stages of the principal spicules. First microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 47, G) \ length, 15/x to 33/a. Second niicro- sclere, bipocillates (fig. 47, E) ; length always very close to 15/a, the shorter illustrations in the figure being end views. Remarks. — This form differs from the typical species in having all its spicules, except the palmate anisochelas, somewhat smaller. Lambe (1898, p. 30) describes sponges from the Pacific coast of Canada as lophon chelifei\ which should be regarded as synonymous with the new variety. Wilson (1904, p. 143) records sponges from FiGUEE 47. — lophon chelifer Ridley and Dendy californiana, new variety : E-G, X 1,333 ; others, X 300. F, above and below, spicules more sug- gestive of anchorate chelas than of bipocillates. Such series as this, very easily noted in microscopical preparations of lophon, point to the pathogenic distortions of chelas the eastern troj^ical Pacific {Albatross Station 3384) as chelifer, variety ostia-magna. This seems not so close to the Californian form as Lambe's. The type of the species is from subantarctic waters (Ridley and Dendy, 1886, p. 349). Genus TEDANIA J. E. Gray TEDANIA TOPSENTI« de Laubenfels Tedania topsenti i>e Laubbnfet,s, 1930, p. 27. nolotf/pe.—V.S.l^M. No. 21490; B.M. No. 29.8.22.2. Type locality. — Just below low-tide mark at Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., July, 1926 ; the holotype and several other specimens were all collected bv me. • Named for Prof. Emile Topsent, of the University of Strasbourg. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Description. — Shape, massive to encrusting. Size, up to 3 cm thick and more than 3 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, reddish orange; preserved, very pale drab. Oscules, diameter 0.8 to 1.1 mm. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth with numerous tubercles less than 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; it is exceedingly thin and difficult to detach intact, and it contains tangentially placed tornotes. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," with spicules in confusion. When collected the numerous embryos were conspicuous by their bright red color; the}' were subspherical and 220/>i to 270/x in diameter. Histological details: The flagellate chambers are sub- spherical, 32/t to 40/>t, in diameter. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 48, B)-^ size, about 11/x by 250)Li. Ectosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 48, J.) ; size, about 8;ut to 200/i. Microscleres (?), rhaphides (fig. 48, 6'); size, about 2/.i by 180/.. PiGDEE 48. — Tedania topsentl de Laubenfels, X 300 RemarkH. — As compared to the other local Tedania., T. toxicaUs. this form differs markedly in general appearance and color. It has fewer and thicker rhaphides; its endosomal subtylostyles are half again as thick; and the shape of the dermal tornotes of topsenti is quite peculiar. They are notable for the swollen shape of the central part of the shaft. The spicules here called rhaphides are not at all the rhaphides typical of the genus Tedania, but instead are possibly merely very young forms of the two sorts of mega- scleres. The general structure, however, and the spiculation of der- mal tornotes over smooth styles are by definition Tedania. One isochela was found in a boiled-out spicule preparation, but several other similar preparations were made and they and several sections of the sponge itself were studied very carefully without the dis- cover}'^ of any more; it was doubtless foreign, but its occurrence should be recorded in view of the faint suggestion of resemblance to Lissodeiidoryx. One might use KirhpatHchia but for the very distinctive architecture of the one species {K. variolosa) of that genus. ABT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 85 TEDANIA TOXICALIS de Lanbenfels Tedania toxicalis db Laubbnfbxs, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.—U.S.'^M. No. 21492 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.24. Type locality. — Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, collected by me. In 1925 this species was abundant in one place and about a dozen specimens were collected, all within a range of a few square meters. In 1926, only a few specimens were observed at the same place, and at no time have I found any in any other locality. This species was found associated with Phyllospadix., growing around the bases of the stems of this seaweed. Description. — Shape, massive; a compound of smoothly rounded parts resembling masses of foam or froth. Size, 3 cm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, softly fragile. Color in life, brownish red : l>reserved, very pale drab. Oscules, not readily made out, as the surface has numerous pits, from 1.5 to 3 mm in diameter; some of these may be due to seaweed that grew through the sponge, others but " blind " depres- sions, others oscules, and some of the small- er may be large in- lialent a p e r t u r e s . Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth with numerous cavities as noted above, Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; this is fleshy, detachable, about 20,u, thick, and contains tangentially placed tylotes. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," with numerous cavities about 1 mm in diameter surrounded by spicules tangent to their periphery, and in places vague tracts of spicules. Principal tracts about 30/a in diameter. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 49, B) \ size, 2ii by 100/x to 7/A by 200/i. Ectosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 49, A)] size, 8/x by 200;it to 14/A by 200/^. Microscleres, smooth rhaphides (fig. 49, G) \ size, about %^ by 150/^. Remarks. — This is sharply marked off from most species of the genus by the tylote nature of its parenchymal monaxons. It has another striking character, its evident toxic nature, which may or may not be present in other species, as most lack descriptions of their characteristics when freshly collected. If a specimen of it be placed in a bucket with other living sea animals, as for example, fisli, crabs, raollusks, and worms, in an hour or less they are ob- served to die, while in controls lacking the sponge they survive. Pkujre 49. — Tedunia tnxicnlis ilo Laiibciifols, X .300 86 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 This is interesting enough to warrant much further investigation, but since 1926 I have been unable to locate any more examples of this species. Genus TEDANIONE Wilson TEDANIONE OBSCURATA de Laubenfels Tedanione ohscurata de Laubenfeils, 1930, p. 27. Eolotype.—V.S.^M. No. 21494; B.M. No. 29.8.22.25. Type locality. — The one specimen is from my personal collection, taken at Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925, intertidal. It was completely covered by a thin growth of a compound ascidian of the family Diademnidae. Description. — Shape, amorphous. Size, 25 mm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when pre- served, drab. Oscules, slightly less than 1 mm in diameter. Pores, not evident because of the overlying ascidian. Some of the open- ings resembling oscules may really be inhalent. Surface, covered as described above. C C Figure 50. — Tedanione ohscurata de Laubenfels, X300 Ectosomal specialization, none. Endosomal structure, " crumb- of -bread," with abundant scattered spicules in confusion. Principal spicules, tylotes to strongyles with heads microspined (fig. 50, A, B) ; size, C/x by 200/x to 12(J by 300;u. Microscleres, rha- phides (fig. 50, C) ; size, about 2/x b}^ 80ju,. Remarks. — In boiled-out spicule mounts one finds a few smooth styles, not shown in the figure. As these are very uncommon and do not show up in the sections of the sponge itself, they are prob- ably foreign, yet they deserve mention. If they are proper, this would be a Tedamia., having almost the entire sponge given over to ectosomal skeleton. Since this specimen had the ectosome proper replaced by the ascidian above mentioned, this is all quite puzzling. The nearest relative of this form seems to be T. wllsoni Dendy, 1922, from the Indian Ocean, which differs in having all its spicules about half as thin as the California form ; it also had distinct tracts and in general a more orderly structure. It, of course, was not com- bined with an ascidian, but was a thin crust on a hexactinellid sponge. ABT.4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 87 Family HYMEDESMIIDAE Topsent Genus HYMENAMPHIASTRA de Laubenfels Hynienwrnphittstra may be defined as differing from Hymetrochota in having unsymmetrical desmalike amphiasters instead of symmet- rical birotulates. Genotype and only species: Hymenmn'phiastra cyanocrypta. HYMENAMPHIASTRA CYANOCRYPTA de Laubenfels Hlfmenamphiastra cyanocrypta db Laubenfe-ls, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.—V.^.'^M. No. 21455 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.18. Type locality. — Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925, col- lected by me. In Jul}^, 1929, I searched for this species, but did not find it. Several other investigators, however, discovered it, and ac- cording to their description it was in the same locality as in 1925, one sufficiently difficult to locate that I had missed it. Judged from their remarks, the colony had more than doubled in size during the four years" elapsing. This species has an unusual habitat. There are numerous rounded granite bowlders piled one above the other, the top layer exposed only at very low tides. This top layer bears abundant life, but if one lifts many stones it is observed that the deeper ones are bare of life ; they are, of course, in the dark. It was while investigating to see if any life at all occurred in these depths that this species was discovered. Though in 1925 it was found only about 60 cm below low-tide mark, in 1929, by enlarging its area, it had come up within 20 cm of that point. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, less than 1 mm thick but spreading laterally from stone to stone so that probably more than a square meter was covered. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life^ rich dark cobalt blue, growing gradttally paler and paler in alcohol ; after four years much blue remains. Osctiles, not evident. Pores, at least IO/a in diameter; perhaps larger when expanded. Surface, superficially velvety. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane only some T^u, thick, not easily detachable, fleshy, containing very few spicules. There are extensive subdermal spaces of great variation in size, some more than 100/x deep. Endosomal structure, at the base of the sponge, where it is in contact with the substratum, there is a thin layer of spongin, at least lO/i, thick, perhaps much more. Many of the acanthostyles have their heads embedded in this, very nearly per- fectly perpendicular to the substratum. Above this is a zone where some of the acanthostyles are strewn in confusion. Above this, near 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 the surface, is a zone where there are few acanthostyles, instead tornotes (subtylotes with hastate ends) in bundles and in confusion. Histological details: Some at least of the flagellate chambers are about 18/A in diameter. Throughout the sponge, but especially in the ectosomal regions, there are abundant dark blue spiral microbes, 4/i, or 5fx long and about i^/x thick, very probably symbionts, and certainly responsible for the blue color of the sponge. Bowerbank's nymeniacidon gelatinosa (1866, p. 22-2, probably a Laxosuherites) and a sponge, perhaps identical, which Carter (1882, p. 355) identi- fied as Terpios coenda, have very similar color and symbionts. Car- ter called these microbes HypTieotnx coerula. Topsent (1900, p. 199) says that he submitted them to M. Lignier, professor of botany at the University of Caen, who identified them as Beggiatoa alha var. Figure 51. — HymcnamplUastra ryanocrypta de liaubenfels : A-D, X 300 ; others, X 1,333. H, one of the peculiar microscleres in end view ^nofrina Cohn. Recent taxonomic botany does not admit any colored forms to the genus Beggiatoa. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 51, ^, 5) ; size, lO/x by 75jti to 13/A by 280jti. Ectosomal spicules, tornotes (fig. 51, G) ; size, Sju by 160/A to 3/x by 170/a. Microscleres, amphiasters (fig. 51, D-H) ; length, 10/x to ll/i. Remarks. — The amphiasters are located abundantly throughout the sponge and might be regarded as greatly modified birotulates, but oftenest they closely resemble desmas. In one place in this sponge were found some anchorate isochelas 26)u, long, some others 36ju, long, and some sigmas about 16|U, long. From their exceedingly local distribution, these would seem branded as foreign inclusions, but they are worthy of mention in view of the indicated relationships. This form is obviously most clearly related to Eyinetrochota Totula Topsent (1904, p. 168), type species of and only species in the ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 89 genus. If separate genera, such as Lissodendoryx and MyxiUa are to be established upon a distinction of chela form, the Californian form with its contort desmalike obscure birotulates deserves a sep- arate genus from Hymetrochota. H. rotula has megascleres much larger than those in Hyinenamphiastra^ and has neat symmetrical birotulates of the lotrochota type. Reference to the anchorate chelas and the sigmas found in one place in H. cymiocvyyta is interesting, because that portion exactlj^ answers to the description of Bower- bank's Hymedes7nia. RyineiiaiiifMastra^ Hymetrochota^ Hymedes- niia, and Hymesigma are clearly very closely related. Genus ANAATA de Laubenfels, new name Aaata ue Laubknfels, 1930, p. 27 (preoccupied). The genus Anaata may be characterized as of the family Hymedes- miidae, with smooth monaxons in the ectosome, spiny monaxons in the endosome, and isochelas as microscleres. Genotype: Anaata spongigartina. ANAATA SPONGIGARTINA de Laubenfels Aaata spongigartina de Laxjbexfexs. 1930. p. 27. Holotype.—V.S.^M. No. 21428; B.M. No. 29.8.22.13. 7'ype locality. — Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., May 11, 1929, intertidal, collected by me. At this locality is a spot, readily recognized from year to year, where there has been a growth of this sponge since 1925. It must either persist or recur regularly with brief absences; the former theory appearing much the more plausi- ble. I know of onl}^ this one colony of this species in central Cali- fornia. On July 18, 1914, the University of Southern California collected this species on the wood pilings of the " Long ^Hiiarf ," which was at Santa Monica, in southern California. Their speci- men resembles the type to the most minute details that I could observe. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 mm thick and about 4 by 10 cm in area as growing. The specimens removed were but portions of this. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, rich brown, slightly reddish; preserved, very pale drab. Oscules — pores — cra- terlike openings over the entire surface, about one to each four square millimeters. Only the one sort of opening could be observed, and no decision is given as to whether all are exhalent or some in- halent. Each crater is externally a subspherical pit about 200/x in diameter surrounded bj^ sphinctrate contractile tissue. This does not operate so as to obliterate the pit by contraction, but as follows : At the rim of the crater is a palisade of very straight subtylostyles, points outward, about 100/x of each extending beyond the protoplas- 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM TOL. 81 mic structures. With contraction of the sphincter these spicules are tilted inward till their points almost or quite meet at an apex, cre- ating a conical sliield or cap over the aperture. At the base of the chamber there is typically a constriction, so that the opening from it to the ramifying canals of the endosome is only about 100/* in diameter. I have never observed the complete closure of the cap above referred to, at the least an opening of 100/x being left, but it may be assumed that upon appropriate stimulation, as perhaps by attempted entrance of some enemy, complete closure would be possible. Surface, superficially smooth, with projections as described above. Ectosomal specialization, spiculous; about lOOju, to '200fi thick of spicules (principally the straight smooth subtylostyles) felted to- gether exceedingly densely so there is room for but a minimum of PiGUEE 52. — Anaata sponijiyartina de Laubeiifels, X 300 protoplasm. This makes an almost solid siliceous armor. From the difficulty in tearing or cutting this layer, one may guess the presence of spongin, but no evidence of it could be noted in sections. Endo- some, a rather dense protoplasmic structure, with moderately numer- ous acanthotylostyles, typically perpendicular to the substratum, points upward. Histological details : There are flagellate chambers up to nearly 50ja in diameter. Ectosomal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 52, A) ; size, 6/* by 190/i, to a/i by 210ju,. Endosomal spicules, acanthotylostyles (fig. 52, B, G) ; size, 13/* by 115/a to 13/i, by 390/*. First microscleres, arcuate isochelas (fig. 52, F) ; length, 42/t to 50/x. Second microscleres, arcuate iso- chelas (fig. 52, E) ; length, 23/* to 25/*. Remarks. — The nearest relative of this species would seem to be Leptosiopsis Topsent (1927, p. 13), type species Z. inaequalis. This has anisochelas of the anchorate type and is much subject to deforma- tion, thus separating that genus from Anaata decidedly. L. inae- qualis has its ectospicules often polytylote and its endospicules ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 91 almost twice as large as those of spongigartina. The peculiar nature of the orifices of spongigaHina is most noteworthy. Another genus worthy of mention here is Lcptosastra Topsent (1904, p. 194), type species L. constellata, which has astrose micro- scleres instead of the chelas. If these asters be derived from such deformed chelas as are foimd in Leptosiopsh^ and the chelas of Lepfosiopsis be regarded as deformities of the symmetrical ones of A nuata, then these three genera might be regarded as a linear series. This is, of course, mere speculation. ANAATA BREPHA dc Laubenfels Auata brepha de Laubenfei^s. 1980, ]). 27. Holotype.—V.S.^M. No. 21427; B.M. Nos. 29.8.22.3G, 29.8.22.5T. T]/pe locality. — Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., intertidal, May 11, 1929, collected by me. It was growing over the shell of a Hinnites (a large sessile bivalve mollusk). The locality was about 5 meters from that of the holotype of Anaata sponglgartina. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, well under 1 mm thick, and covering a shell about 7 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life, salmon red ; A C dry, brownish red; in alcohol, pale fle.sh color. The Hinnites was full of minute ova and was extruding these at the time of collection. The sponge was exactly the same color a»s these eggs. Oscules, not e am d e n t. Surface, superficiall}^ smooth but following the ver}' rough contours of the shell of the scallop. Ectosomal specialization, not discernible because of the extreme thinness of the sponge. The styles were very definitely dermal, how- ever. Endosomal structure, no order discernible (note above), be- cause of the thinness of the incrustation and the great irregularity of the substrate. Ectosomal spicules, styles (fig. 53, A) ; size, 3/x by 190ju, to 3/t by 210^,. Endosomal spicules, acanthotylostyles (fig. 53, B) : size, 8/y. by 95/i to 8/i, by 130/i. Microscleres, arcuate isochelas (fig. 53, C- G) ; length, 17/x to 21/x. FiGURB 53. -Anaata ircpha de Laubenfels : A-C, X300; others, X 1,333 92 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be Aiiaata spongigartina from the same locality, which differs in having a sec- ond (larger) size range of chelas, and much larger megascleres. A. hrepha also fails to show the very peculiar apertures of sponglgar- tina, perhaps because of its exceedingly thin size. Various conjec- tures naturally arise. Is this but an immature form of spongigar- tinaf Monaxon sponges are not known to show pronounced in- crease in spicule size with age. Are the differences due to some such ecological item as food, for example? We absolutely do not know, and consequently, in view of the very distinct differences, I make a new species for this, particularly because of the distinct difference in chela shape between the two forms, a difference seldom seen within a species. Family EURYPONIDAE Topsent Genus EURYPON J. E. Gray EURYPON ASODES de Laubenfels Enrypon asodes dk Laubenfels, 1930, \k 27. HoloMjpe.—V.S.^M. No. 21442 ; B.M. 29.8.22.29. Type locality. — Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., intertidal, May 11, 1929, collected by me. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 0.2 to 0.5 mm thick; the incrustation in the field covered a space about the size of a hand, but the largest specimens obtainable were about 1 cm in diameter. Color in life, rich j^ellow; preserved, pale drab. Oscules, puncti- form, diameter about lOOju., abundant. Pores, not evident, or con- fused with the oscules. Surface superficially smooth, slimy. Ectosomal specialization, vague. Endosomal structure, there is a basal layer of what seems to be spongin, in which are embedded, Hy77iedesmia-like, the heads of acanthostyles of two sorts. There are larger, less spiny ones, and shorter more spiny ones. Free in among the protoplasmic structures are very numerous long straight smooth tylostyles and abundant microscleres. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 54, B) ; size, 8ju. by 100/^ to 13)U by 345/i. Interstitial spicules, tylostyles (fig. 54, A) ; size, 3/u, by 180/^ to 4)u, by 250^. Microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 54, C-K) ; length, 3;u, to 13/x. Remarks. — The nearest relatives of asodes seem to be Eurypon microcliela Stephens (1916, p. 240), where stress is laid upon the chelas being as small as 8/t. E. microcliela is from about 1,000 meters depth off the coast of Ireland. Its megascleres are more than twice the size of those of asodes, in addition to the difference in micro- scleres. Another species worthy of mention here is Thiele's Micro- AKT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 93 dona discreta (Thiele, 1905, p. 447) from the coast of Chile. It has toxas as well as chelas, which latter we note are remarkably small (8/i), and its spicules, other than the dermal, are much thicker than those in asodes. It also differs in having plumose ascending columns of spicules. Topsent (1914, p. 618) made this the type of his genus Dictyciona. That this genus is synonymous with Eurij'pon may well be argued. The smallness of the chelas of asodes is phenomenal. Very ac- curate measurement showed many as small as 0.0035 mm in total length. Whitelegge (1906, p. 471), describing Ef) ; length 60/* by 140/*. Third microscleres, pecul- iar sigmoid siliceous bodies present in small numbers in boiled-out samples of the specimen collected in 1926 (fig. 55, H) ; they may not be proper and may have some connection with the chelas, but satisfactory explanation of them is not now at hand. Remarhs. — There is a group of sponges, characterized, among other features, by fibers cored with smooth monaxones and echinated by ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 95 spiny monaxons, usually with toxas and palmate isochelas for micro- scleres ; the generic name Clathr'm has usually been employed for this group. Clathrm was erected by Schmidt (1862, p. 57) , and the geno- type fixed by Vosmaer (1885, p. 356) as C. coralloides Schmidt. Schmidt's description says quite plainly that his sponge had only smooth spicules. Topsent (1925, p. 645) described a sponge that he assumed to be the coralloides of Schmidt and that had smooth mon- axons, toxas, and palmate isochelas. Topsent's identification may be correct, but one can not be certain; Schmidt mentions no mi- croscleres in his species at all, for example. Both Schmidt's and Topsent's species, however, are clearly congeneric with the group usually called Ophlitaspongia, and not with that called GlatliHa. Shall we drop Ophlitaspongia in favor of Glathria? Both were published in 1862, Clathria in the latter part of the year. Unless definite evidence is forthcoming to show that OphUtaspongia was published yet later, I propose to retain it. Microdana Bowerbank (1862, p. 1109), genotype M. astrosan- guinea Bowerbank, differs from so-called Glathria only in external form, being encrusting instead of with branching and anastomosing projections. It will be noted, however, that juvenile specimens of the so-called Glathria are often encrusting, that the encrusting form is very often the result of environmental factors such as strong cur- rents, and that some species well established as Miorociona, for exam- ple, M. prolifera Verrill, with old age assume the clathrous shape. I see no reason for maintaining separate genera for such insignificant differences, and propose that the whole group be termed Microciona. The most distinctive items about M. microjoanna are the very large size of the coring spicules and the fact that they are stylote, instead of subtylostylote. MICROCIONA PARTHENA de Laubenfels Microciona parthena de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.— U.S. ^M. No. 21383 ; B.M. No. 29.9.30.6. Type locality. — Point Vincente (near San Pedro), Calif., depth 26 meters, November 15, 1924, dredged by the University of Southern California. A second specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 21397) was taken the same day and at the same locality, but at 32 meters. A third was dredged south of San Pedro, depth 45 meters, other data lacking. DescT'iption. — Shape, amorphous to encrusting. Size, up to 2 cm thick, 4 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life, red ; in alcohol, drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially tuberculate, the tubercles hispid. Ectosomal specialization, vague or wanting. Endosomal struc- ture, a mass of plumose ascending columns, scarcely connected with 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 one another except at the base. Principal, or ascending, fibers about 200/x in diameter. Interstitial spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 56, B) \ size, 3/* by 260/t to 5/A by 300/A. Coring spicules, smooth styles (fig. 56, A) \ size, 27ja by 350/x to 33/a by 430/i to 30/a by 475/^. Echinating spicules, acan- thostyles (fig. 56, G)\ size, 5/* by 100/x to 8/x by lOS/n. First micro- .scleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 56, Z>) ; length, 24/;i to 28/*. Second microscleres, large toxas (fig. 56, F) ; size, 2>ix by 40|U, to 7//, by 72^.. Third microscleres, small toxas (fig. 56, E) ; length, li/x to 22/;.. Figure 56. — Microciona parthena de Laubenfels, X300 Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be Micro- ciona microjoanna from central and southern California, which differs in having chelas of very different shape, toxas of only one size range, a quite different shape, and coring styles very much smaller. Genus CLATHRIOPSAMMA Lendenfeld CLATHRIOPSAMMA PSEUDONAPYA de Laubenfels ClatJmopsamma pseudonapya de Laxjbenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.^.'^M. No. 21436; B.M. No. 29.8.22.19. Type locality. — The one specimen is from Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, June 30, 1926. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 1 cm thick, 4 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy to fragile. Color in life, yellow; preserved, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, su- perficially smooth, with irregularly scattered conules about 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane, about 50/* thick; it is fleshy, detachable, and contains some tangent spicules of the sorts ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 97 found in the endosome. Endosomal structure, mostly sand. For further details, see notes given below concerning spicule locations. Interstitial spicules, tylostyles (fig. 57, A) ', size, S/x by 330^ to Sfx by 355/Li, heads microspined. These occur in sparsely scattered fasci- cular bundles or tracts in the endosome, points toward the surface, also scattered without order in the ground substance, and most abun- dantly scattered tangentially in the ectosome. Echinating spicules, acanthostyles (tig. 57, C) ; size, 5fx. by 60'/* to 7/* by 70/x. First micro- scleres, toxas (fig. 57, Z>) ; length, -iO/t to 72/x. Second microscleres, microxeas (fig. 57, E) ; size, 1/5/^ by 52fi to y^ix by 65/a. Revmrks. — This species is assigned to Clathriopsamma with much hesitation, that genus being poorly known. It was created by von Lendenfeld in 1888 (p. 227), type species G. reticulata^ according to Kallmann (1920, p. 771). Lendenf eld's description is, of course, C3 FIG0RB 57. — Clathriopsamma pseudonapya de Laubenfels, X 300. B, an uncommon spicule intermediate between the other two megascleres worthless. Kallmann's redescription is as good as possible in view of the damaged condition of the specimen. C. psevdonapya has too elaborate a dermis to be a Microciona, and because its dermal spicules are tangent instead of perpendicular and as large as, instead of smaller than, the endosomal it can not be Eurypon. Fiosifer is of great interest here, as it has also the sand inclusions. Its megascleres are all very small, however, and it has distinctive shuttle-shaped microxeas instead of the exceedingly thin ones of pseudonapya. Genus JIA de Laubenfels This genus may be characterized by peculiar microscleres shaped like the letter J, one end blunt and the other of ultimate fineness. The known species has also chelas and toxas. The megascleres are monaxons (partly acanthose) in confusion. Genotype and only species: Jia jia. JIA JIA de Laubenfels Jia jia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—V.^.-^M. No. 21510; B.M. Nos. 29.8.22.30. Type locality. — The one specimen is from Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters, collected May 9, 1929, by E. F. Eicketts. The 107704—32 7 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 sponge was growing on a macerated dictyonine hexactinellid skeleton. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 8 mm thick, 3 hy 6 cm in area. Consistency, very fragile. Color in life, drab with a dis- tinct tinge of orange; dry, dull, drab. Oscules and pores, not evi- dent. Surface, superficially wavy, the ridges about 2 mm high and 3 to 4 mm from crest to crest. Ectosomal specialization vague, but probably to be characterized as a dermal membrane. Endosomal structure, " crumb-of-bread," with the spicules in complete confusion. Principal spicules, styles, usually smooth, but occasionally with a few large spines (fig. 58. ^) ; size, 18/a by 340jli to 33/a by 415/x. In- FiGURB 58. — Jia jia de Laubenfels : F, G, X 1,333 ; others, X300 terstitial spicules, tylostyles (fig. 58, A) ; size, about 5/a by SZOfi, First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 58, C, G) -, length, 24ju, to 29/i ; they are quite markedly contorted. Second microscleres, toxas (fig. 58, />) ; length, 145/x to 190^. Third microscleres, J-shaped (fig. 58, E, F) ; the length from the large end to the bend is between 16|a and 17/x, with very little variation. The entire microsclere if straightened out would probably be 30/x to 35^ long. At the thicker, longer branch they reach a diameter of about 0.0015 mm and termi- nate in a rounded shape like a microstyle. Throughout their length they grow progressively finer, so that even with oil immersion it is impossible to see exactly where they end, the slender branch growing finer and finer down to the limit of vision. This is most extraordi- nary. They are very nearly in one plane, not contort. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 99 Remarks. — The nearest approach to the peculiar microsclere of this genus seems to be the sigmas of the sponge described as Dendoin/x ludetisis Topsent (1889, p. xxxvii). The closest genus to this one seems to be Amphilectus. This has been used as such a " catch-all," however, that one awaits a revision of it before using it with confidence. The most remarkable micro- scleres afford ample ground for a new genus here, and the other structures are rather peculiar, too. The lack of order and plan, plus spicules partly smooth, partly acanthose yet not showing indications of echinate architecture, together with the palmate chelas and toxas, are all novel. Genus ISOCIONA Hallmann ISOCIONA LITHOPHOENIX (de Laubcnfels) Plocamia lithophoenix de Laubenfels, 1927, p. 263. ' Holotype.—U.S.^M. No. 21460; B.M. No. 29.8.22.42. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, col- lected by me. The species is abundant in central California, and the University of Southern California had three specimens from the southern part of the State, all without depth record and possibly intertidal. They were taken as follows: Santa Catalina Island, March 21, 1915, and April 1, 1915; and Whites Point (near San Pedro), August 1, 1925. Description. — Shape, massive to encrusting. Size, up to 3 cm thick, 10 cm in diameter. Consistency, firm, slightly compressible. Color in life, brilliant vermilion red; preserved, very paie drab. Oscules, rare ; diameter, about 0.5 mm. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially tuberculate, tubercles 1 to 2 mm high, crowded all over the surface. Ectosomal specialization, vague or lacking, except for the dense stand of erect spicules. Endosomal structure, a dense isodictyal reticulation exactly of the Myxilla type, meshes often triangular, cells walled in with ranks of very spiny spicules. If one searches, one finds here and there a few smooth styles, points toward the sur- face. These may be regarded theoretically as vestiges of coring spicules of vanished ascending tracts, the echinating spicules of which have proliferated into ascendency. Our typical Myxillas may have similarly developed from fibroreticulate ancestors. Along the canals leading to the openings mentioned as probably oscular are regions packed with long smooth straight tylostyles. These same spicules stand upright about the apertures and are densely felted all over the surface, together with a few obviously foreign spicules. There is often a layer of the chelas between the tylostyle felt and 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 the acanthostyle reticulation. Some chelas and smooth tylostyles are mixed in with the spiny spicules of the parenchyma. Toxas occur in both places. Principal spicules, acanthostyles to acanthostrongyies (fig. 59, C) ; size, 12/* by 120/x, to 12ju, by 140/i. These were interpreted in my earlier paper on this species as acanthotylotes, but further study shows the supposed tylote enlargement of the ends to be merely the somewhat greater spination at these points ; actually this spicule is basically a style, and its pseudotylote shape is derived, I believe, from its attachment at both ends in connection with the very dis- tinctive type of reticulation present. A few that project freely into canals are larger (up to 180/i) and obviously stylote. Ectoso- FiGURB 59. — laociona lithophoenix (de Laubenfels) : E, F, X 1,333; others; X300 mal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 59, A) ; size, 3/i by 180/a to 4ju, by 305/i,. Third type of spicules, acanthostyles (not figured) ; size, about 12 fi by 180/t. Fourth type of spicules, smooth styles (fig. 59, B) ; size, 9[x by 200ju, to 14/t by ISOju,, rare. First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 59, E, F) ; length, 19/a to 24/a. Second microscleres, toxas (fig. 59, Z>) ; length, 23/* to 110/t. Remarks. — The only other described species of Isociona is tuberosa Hentschel (1911, p. 326), which lacks the toxas and the rare smooth endosomal styles and has small (4/x by 90/*) endosomal spicules, less spiny than in lithophoenix. This West Australian sponge was dredged from 3 meters. Hentschel described it as Lissodendoryx with much hesitation, commenting that a new genus might be needed. In 1920 (p. 768), Kallmann discussed it further and erected Isociona for it. I agree heartily with Hallmann. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA db LAUBENFELS 101 Family PLOCAMrilDAE Topsent Genus PLOCAMIA O. Schmidt PLOCAMIA KARYKINA de Laubenfels Plocamia karykinos de Laubenfels 1927, p. 262. "■ HoIoti/pe.—V.S.^M. No. 21480; B.M. No. 29.8.22.35. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925. The species is very abundant in central California but seems lacking in the southern part of the State. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 4 cm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitel3^ The thickness is usually well under 1 cm. Consistency, firm, woody. Color in life, brilliant scarlet; preserved, drab. Oscules, sometimes with slightly raised collars; diameter 1 to 2 mm; about one to the square centimeter. Pores about 180ft in diameter when fully open; about one to the ~" ^===> ^ square millimeter. Sur- face, superficially his- pid; level. Ectosomal specializa- tion, vague or lacking. The tylostyles classed as interstitial are also found rather frequently at the surface. Endo- somal structure, plu- mose ascending col- umns with ladderlike connectives. A s c end- ing fibers, 50/t to lOO/i, in diameter, cored by subtylostyles. Accessory or transverse fibers consisting of single spicules only, the tylotes. Principal spicules, subtylostyles with microspined heads (fig. 60, ^) ; size, 18/i by 175/a to 22)u, by 220 fi. Secondary spicules, tylotes with microspined heads (fig. 60, O) ; size, 16/a by 210/a to 22/a by 175/a. Interstitial spicules, tylostyles (fig. 60, J.) ; size, 2/* by 200/a to dfx by 160/x; besides occurring interstitially these are almost common enough at the surface to be considered also as ectosomal. First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 60, E, F) ; length, lOyu, to l7/x. Second micro- scleres, toxas (fig. 60, D) ; length, 18/x to 80/i. Remarks. — This species has a characteristic useful in field de- termination — upon injury, it emits copious quantities of a colorless slime not conspicuous before the injury. Cf=Q E'^^ ^=^ ^C)=0 Figure 60. — Plocamia karykina de Laubenfels : Two spicules {P), X 1,333; others, X300 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 81 As for the relationships of this species, I may quote my 1927 article (p. 2G3), as follows: Its closest relatives are P. manaarensis Carter, ISSO, from India, and P. novi- selanica Ridley 1881, from New Zealand. Both of these, however, are Oorgonia- like in architecture, the former has an isodictyal structure, the latter has its tylotes entirely spined and both have very large smooth styles quite unlike any in our local fonn. There is in the United States National Museum a small fragment of a sponge with no more definite locality record than from " The Coast of California," which Mr. L. M. Lambe identified as P. manaarensis. It certainly is not the Indian sponge, but there is not enough of it to be sure if it is P. karyMnos or some other Plocamia. PLOCAMIA IGZO, new species Holotype.—V.S.^M. No. 22058; B.M. 30.10.8.1. Type lo'cality. — Collected by me at Point Pinos, Calif., intertidal, July 11, 1930. Descriptio7i. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 9 mm thick. Consistency, stiff to fragile. Color in life, carmine-red. Oscules, not evident. Pores, very evident ; 20ju, to 25jli in diameter and only about 70/a to 75/i, apart, center to center. The surface was minutely hispid, very lumpy. Ectosomal specialization, a very intangible protoplasmic dermis, not separable ; it contains abundant microscleres. Endosomal struc- ture : There are rather meandering but in gen- eral ascending plumose tracts, containing per- haps a little spongin. The total diameter of each is about 200jli, and each is profusely echinated by smooth monaxons. There are regions where the flesh contains practically no spicules except the microscleres. Principal spicules, tylostyles with heads often but apparently not always spined, the spines varying from coarse to exceedingly fine (fig. 61, A-C) ; the common range is from 11/x, by 190/x to 35|it by 2'lOjii. Some very thin ones are probably imma- ture or undeveloped examples of this spicule sort. These spicules make up the bulk of the megascleres; namely, the plumose columns. Secondary spicules, tylotes, with heads varying from rather coarsely spined to very finely so, or not at all (fig. 61, D-F) ; the size range is commonly about 13/x by 130/a, but there are much thinner ones, pre- FiGDRE 61. — Plocamia igzo, new species, X300, except n, X 2,400 ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA db LAUBENFELS 103 siimably immature. These tylotes are chiefly interstitial but occur here and there in the plumose tracts. The microscleres are arcuate isochelas 14/a long (fig. 61, G^ H). Re-marks. — The probability must be considered that this is a varia- tion of Plocamvia karykina, from the same locality, which has very similar megascleres and architecture. P, karykina shows no signs, however, of varying toward the characteristics of igzo in the respects wherein the latter differs from it. P. igzo is darker red than kary- kina^ its chelas are very different in shape, approaching those for which Topsent (1927, p. 17) sej^arated denticuJata from Plocamia into his new genus Plocammncora. P. karykina has few chelas and many toxas. It seems advisable, therefore, to regard igzo, at least provisionally, as a sej^arate species. ' The closest description to that of Plocanua igzo is that of Plo- camia plena Sollas (1879, p. 44), which, however, differed in having small entirely acanthose styles in addition to the spicule sorts of igzo. It had toxas and isochelas that seem to have been either an- chorate or arcuate (it can not be ascertained which from the figures or description). It was collected from deep water off the west coast of Africa. Family ? (MICROCIONIDAE or DESMACIDONIDAE) Genus OPHLITASPONGIA Bowerbank OPHLITASPONGIA PENNATA (Lambe) CALIFORNIANA, new variety Holotype.—lj.^.'^M. No. 21475; B. M. No. 29.8.22.37. Type locality — Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925. This variety is very abundant in central California, where I have found it nearer high-tide mark than any other sponge; it seems always to be so placed as to avoid direct sunlight, however, shaded usually by seaweed. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 2.5 mm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. Consistency, firm, slightly spongy. Color in life, scarlet ; preserved, drab. Oscules, not peculiar as seen in life, but on drying or taking out of water each is seen to be in the center of a stellate figure of radiating grooves that is locally very dis- tinctive; the size is about 0.6 mm in diameter. Pores, minute, abundant. Surface, superficially velvety. Ectosomal specialization, vague or lacking. Endosomal struc- ture, permeated by plumose tracts cored and echinated by smooth subtylostyles. At the surface these make extensive brushes or tufts. The echinating spicules often make a picture strongly suggestive of Esperiopsis originalis (which see, for further comparisons). As- cending fibers, 60/i to 90/x in diameter. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 62, A) ; size, l7/x by 215/i to 22/A by 261ju. Microscleres, toxas (fig. 62, C) ; length, 45/i, to 55/x, There are also rhaphides or very slender tylostyles (fig. 62, B) ', size, about 2[x. by 140/a, which may be regarded as microscleres or as interstitial megascleres. Remarks. — The original name for this species was Desmacella pennata Lambe (1894, p. 129), from Vancouver Island, about lati- tude 48" 20' N., longitude 123° 40' W. (holotype, now U.S.N.M. No. 7488). It had styles with microspined heads, total size from FiGUBE 62. — Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe) calif orniana, new variety, x300 16)Li by l70/i to 19;u, by 379)ii, and toxas both more numerous and much larger (72/x to 255;u.) than in the Californian form, which is there- fore described here as a new variety. Family ACARNIDAE Topsent Genus ACARNUS J. E. Gray ACARNUS ERITHACUS de Laubenfels Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels 1927, p. 258. Holotype.— [J.S.'^M. No. 21430; B.M. No. 29.8.22.32. Type locality. — Near Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal. Material exaTnined. — Nine specimens, as follows: 1. Collected about 1850 from " California." Zoological Museum, Berlin. 2. No date nor data, except southern California. Univ. Southern California coll. 3. January 28, 1924, Santa Catalina Island, 36 meters, bottom temperature 15°. Univ. Southern California coll., U.S.N.M. No. 21416. 4. July, 1925, Pacific Grove; intertidal (holotype). 5. August 1, 1925, Whites Point (near San Pedro) (southern California) ; intertidal. Univ. Southern California coll., U.S.N.M. No. 21420. 6. July 25. 1926, Pescadero Point (central California) ; intertidal. U.S.N.M. No. 21431. 7. January 24, 1929, Carmel, Calif., intertidal. 8. March 30, 1929, Monterey Bay, 15 meters; trawled by Professor Skogsberg. 9. May 9, 1929, Monterey Bay, 700 meters ; trawled by E. F. Ricketts. U.S.N.M. No. 21506. Description. — Shape, encrusting to massive. Size, up to 5 cm thick, 10 mm in diameter. Consistency, firm, slightly compressible. AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LulUBENFELS 105 Color in life, brilliant scarlet; preserved, drab. Oscules, round, often with elevated, craterlike rims; diameter about 4 mm; distance apart 2 to 5 cm. Pores, abundant, minute, represented by the spaces between the distal ends of the ascending columns. Surface, super- ficially hispid. Ectosomal specialization : There is an occasional patch of a very thin dermal membrane covering the larger spaces between the sum- mits of the columns. Endosomal structure, characterized by con- spicuous ascending tracts. Histological details: The flagellate chambers are subsplierical and about 30/x to 40/x in diameter. Ascend- ing fibers, 200ju, to 350/^ in diameter, nearly 1 mm apart. FiGDKB 63. — Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels : I-K, X 1,333 ; others, X300. E, D, uncommon intermediates between C and F Ectosomal spicules, tylotes with heads microspined (fig. 63, B) \ size, 2>fi by 185/x to 4ju, by 175/.1. Interstitial spicules, cladotylotes (fig. 63, C) ; size, 11/x by 230/x, chords 35/i,. Coring spicules, styles (fig. 63, J.) ; size, ISjti by 345^i to 17/a by 425/x; these are the most con- spicuous spicular element. Echinating spicules, acanthocladotylotes (fig. 63, F) ; size, 3ju, by 80/t, chords 11/i, and larger. First micro- scleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 63, (?, I-K) ; length, 14;u, to 16/i. Second microscleres, toxas (fig. 63, H) ; length, 40/x to 340/x. ReTnarks. — Tlie most conspicuous spicules are the smooth styles, which are grouped, points toward the surface, in ascending plumose tracts held together by a small quantity of nearly invisible spongin. 106 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 The chelas are quite commonplace, of the Microoiona sort, and very abundant. The toxas are also often abundant and exhibit a most amazing variation in size, at least 40/x to 340)it, with all sizes in be- tween of approximately equal abundance. The so-termed dermal tylotes are more properly secondary or tangential connections between the ascending columns near the sur- face of the sponge. Their terminal spines, often just four in num- ber, are nearly '2ix long but so very fine that they can not be clearly seen without oil immersion. Deeper in the sponge their place seems to be taken by the cladotylotes, which are only fastened at one end, so that they are also quite properly to be termed echinating spicules. In this species they are remarkable for their tetrasym- metrical plan, so that they become hexactinal spicules, superficially resembling the clavules of the proper hexactinellid sponges. The embedded end (encased in spongin) shows four hemispherical pro- trusions matching the four clads at the other end. Besides the larger, smooth-shafted " palm trees " (fig. 63, C) there are small curve-spined "rose stems" (fig. 63, F). Intermediates in size, with but a few spines, occur (fig. 63, E) , but are rare. Heated cladotylotes when studied with oil immersion do not show connection between the axial canals of the clads and that of the rhabd. Those of Acmmus ternatu^ have usually three clads, and were used by Dendy and Ridley (1886, p. 157) as a chief argument for the theory that monaxons were closely related to the tetraxons, but in tetraxon spicules (such as anatriaenes) the clads have their axial canals connected to that of the rhabd. In Acarnus these spicules seem to have been first tylote, with the clads added later. This is completely homologous with the ends of the rays of hexac- tinellid discohexasters (see Lendenfeld, 1915, pi. 9) and the ends of hexactinellid amphidisks (see Kirkpatrick, 1910). There is further homology between the hexactinellid amphidisks and those of such monaxonid genera as lotrochota and Ephydaiia. Monaxonid chelas are merely amphidisks with the central shaft displaced laterally until it has coalesced with teeth with which it has made contact. Spicules very strongly suggestive of hexactinellid relationship are to be found in such diverse monaxonid genera as Acarnus, Axos, Cliothoosa, DoUchantha^ Endectyon^ Proteleia, Hymeraphia^ and Raspailia. Undoubtedly many seemingly monaxonid sponges, such as the epipolasids, are really reduced tetraxonids, but the majority are rather closer to the hexactinellids. Separate orders are indicated from monaxons and triaxons, but Dendy's Astrotetraxonida and Sigmatotetraxonida imply relationships not borne out by the evidence. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFOEN"IA DE LAUBENFELS 107 Acarnm erithacus shows a variability that will be discussed with reference to the list given above of the nine specimens studied. These display the following range of variation : All were brilliant scarlet in life, as far as known, except No. 9, from very deep water. It was drab in life. All had very similar consistency except No. 3. This consisted of several handfuls of separate sponges, all rather soft and compressible- No. 7 was crowded w'ith brilliant-red embryos about 150/x to 350^ in diameter. The tissue around them was somewhat paler than nor- mal so that they showed distinctly. Nos. 1, 7, and 8 lack the " palm tree " sort of spicule entirely. This is of great importance as to possible bearing upon value of spicula- tion in taxonomy, and this species will bear careful study in the years to come. It may be noted that Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 9 were known to be collected during summer months, and all had the " palm trees." Nos. 3, 7, and 8 were known to be collected during winter months, and of them only No. 3 had this sort of spicule, and it came from a water temperature that is decidedly high for the coast of California ; furthermore it very definitely is not in breeding condition, and No. 7 certainly was, and No. 8 possibly so. Can it be that the " palm trees " are lost in connection with the breeding season and that the temperature has some connection with the time of reproduction? Pending much further investigation this is but surmise. The great similarity between No. 9, from the very considerable depth of 700 meters, and the other specimens, from intertidal or very shallow water, is quite interesting. Linearly, the point of col- lection was but about 10 kilometers from the localities for Nos. 4 and 8. Family RASPAILIIDAE Hentschel Genus HEMECTYON Topsent HEMECTYON HYLE de Laubenfels Hemectyon Jiyle Dp: Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holofype,—\J.S.'NM. No. 21418 ; B.M. No. 29.9.30.4. Type locality. — The one specimen was collected by the University of Southern California on February 16, 1924, at Point Fermin, near San Pedro, Calif. Description. — Shape, frondose. Size, 28 mm high, 20 mm in diam- eter. Consistency, between spongy and cartilaginous. Color in alco- hol, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane about 75/x thick; it contains .scattered dark cells or foreign bodies. Endosomal structure, divided sharply in two portions, an axial region and a peripheral 108 PEOCEEDINGS OP TEE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 zone. The axial region consists of much protoplasmic structure with smooth styles in confusion, showing perhaps a trace of reticulation; they are held together by small quantities of spongin. The peripheral zone is about 400/i thick and is a dense forest of peculiar acantho- styles, points out. These, as characteristic of this genus, have the basal third curved and smooth, the spines very large and recurved. Since most of the lamellate fronds are less than 2 mm in thickness, the axial portion averages only about 700/a thick. Ectosomal or echinating spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 64, A, B) ; size, V2,fi by 180/a to 20jii by 320/a. Interstitial spicules, smooth, ends so regularly broken that it is not certain what sort they were (fig. 64, E) ; size, 10/a by at least 800/a, rare, probably several millimeters long FiGUEB 64. — Hemcctyon Jiple de Laubenfels : A, X300; others, X 100. E, fraction of total length of spicule shown when intact. Coring spicules, smooth styles (fig. 64, C) ; size, 15/i by 430ju, to 20/x by 550ju.; also smooth strongyles (fig. 64, D) ; size, 16/^ by 350/x to 19^ by 370;a. Microscleres, oxeote rhaphides (fig. 64, F) ; size, 2{x by 200/i to 2/^ by 330/x. Rem/irhs. — The nearest relative of this form is Heniectyon hamata Schmidt (1870, p. 62) from the West Indies. This, the only other member of the genus, was inaccurately described by Schmidt and put in the genus Raspailia. It is correctly redescribed by Topsent (1920, p. 26), who erected the genus Heviectyon for it. The species hyle clearly belongs in this genus, but it has many features of specific difference; hmuita has a strongly reticulate axial region with much spongin. Its smooth styles are smaller, only 300ju to 350/i long. Its interstitial spicules are shorter than those of %Ze, being only up to about 600//,. Its peripheral region had definite radiating fibers echi- nated by the acanthostyles; such fibers are lacking in hyle. Its AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 109 rhaphides were stylote, not oxeote as in hyle. The similarities are even more remarkable, however, especially the distinctive form of the acanthostyles and their peripheral localization, and the unusual axial core of styles in spongin. Family ? (RASPAILIIDAE or EURYPONIDAE) Genus CYAMON J. E. Gray CYAMON NEON de Laubenfels Cyamon neon de Laubenfei^s, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 21412 ; B. M. No. 29.9.30.5. Type locality. — Between Point Dume and Newport (near San Pedro, Calif.), depth and date not stated. Additional material examined. — Two specimens, like the holotype, collected by the University of Southern California, one (U.S.N.M. No. 21384) from south of San Pedro, depth 36 meters, September 24, 1924; the other from Point Fermin, near San Pedro, February 16, 1924. Description. — Shape, massive. Size of largest specimen, 2 cm thick, 7 cm in diameter; the other two are much smaller. Con- sistency, spongy. Color in alcohol, dark brown. Oscules, not evi- dent (see below under "Surface"). Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially a dermal membrane; this is fleshy, detachable, about 15/i thick and contains very abundant cells about IS^u. diameter, hav- ing conspicuous very dark granules. There are no pores visible in it, it probably having contracted, thus obliterating them. Very few spicules are in it, and some of those, as for instance a few short (100/i) oxeas, are probably foreign. Endosomal structure, densely protoplasmic. In places there are spicules in confusion ; again there are definite ascending fibers of spongin containing spicules as de- scribed below. Much rather coarse sand occurs throughout. Ascend- ing fibers are 40/i, to 50/i, in diameter and about 150;a apart. Interstitial spicules, styles (fig. 65, Z>) ; size, about 15/a by more than 1,700/i; these occur scattered in the flesh, usually with points per- pendicular to the surface, and they project scatteringly from the surface of the sponge. Coring spicules (?), styles (fig. 65, C)\ size, about 35/^ by 630/x; these are to be regarded as coring spicules only upon surmise, as they are quite rare, and I am not sure of their exact location in the sponge, but it seems they are in the very center of the spicule bundles of the fibers. Echinating spicules, triacts or tetracts (fig. 65, A., B)\ size of rays, about 15jli by 60//, to 20/A by 120/,i. These are usually triacts, with two rays smooth and lying lengthways in the fiber, the third ray distally microspined and projecting from the fiber to echinate it. The ends are sometimes no PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 strongylote and sometimes oxeote. Tetracts show in boiled-out preparations but are not readily found in sections. Reinofrks. — Cyamon and Trikentrion are in a little group by them- selves, very distinct from other sponges. Practically all the species of Cyamon hitherto described have had their distinctive (polyactine) spicules entirely and finely spined, the other spicules styles. In contrast, Trikentnon has its polyactine spicules usually triacts and with only one ray spined, but that coarsely so and with diactines as accompanying spicules. C. neon is a very distinct type, answering the definition of Cyamon but being very different from any of the genus. On paper it reads a bit like Trikentrion -jidbellifonms Hentschel (1912, p. 377), from the East Indies, but the illustrations Figure 65. — Cyamon neon de Laubenfels : A, X300; others, X80. D, fraction of total length of spicule shown show great differences. The comparison is mentioned only because flabeUiformis shows us a species with both monacts and diacts, with the polyactines mostly triacts and only one ray spined; these are coarse spines, however, and there are numerous differences in spicule size, and general architecture of the sponge. Order HAPLOSCLERINA Topsent Family SPONGILLIDAE Gray Genus SPONGILLA Lamarck SPONGILLA LACUSTRIS (Linnaeus) Spongia lacustris Linnaeus, 1759, p. 1348. Sponffilla lacustris Lamakck, 1815. Material examined.— V.^.'^M. No. 21516; B.M. Nos. 29.10.31.1, 29.9.30.3. These bright green digitate fresh-water sponges were collected by Prof. AV. K. Fisher, of Stanford University, at Lake Tahoe, elevation 2,040 meters, August, 1925. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 111 Deso^iption. — No gemniules could be found in this material, but the smooth oxeote principal spicules, about 11/x by 330/a, and spiny microxeas, about 6ju, by 65/x, as well as all other characteristics, are those of the cosmopolitan and abundant SpongiUa lacustris. Remarks. — Gemmules are absolutely necessary for certain identi- fication of most fresh-water sponges, but the probabilities are very great that this is lacustris. Genus EPHYDATIA Lamouroux EPH YDATIA ROBUSTA (Potts) Meyeni-a robiista Potts, 1SS7, p. 225. Ephydatia robusta Weltner, 1895, p. 127. Occurrence. — Potts (1887) recorded this species from Honey Lake Valley near Susanville, Calif., in northeastern California, at an elevation of about 1,400 meters. Annandale (1907, p. 24), recorded it from Bhim Tal, Kumaon, northern India, at an elevation of 1,350 meters. These seem to be the only records for this species. Genus CARTERIUS Petr CARTERIUS TUBISPERMA (Potts) Carterella tubisperma Potts, 1881, p. 150. Carterius tubisperma Smith, 1921, p. 15. Occurrence. — Smith (1921, p. 15), recorded a specimen of this species as being in the United States National Museum with locality listed as Fresno, Calif. It was collected by Gustav Eisen and determined by Potts (U.S.N.M. No. 5979). This species is probably cosmopolitan, there being numerous records from localities scattered over the Eastern United States and Europe. It was originally de- scribed without name by Mills (1880, p. 132). Family HALICLONIDAE - Genus GELLIUS J. E. Gray GELLIUS EDAPHUS de Laubenfels Gellius edaphus de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U. S.^.M. No. 21444; B.M. No. 29.8.22.17. Type locality. — Pescadero Point, near Carmel, July, 1926; all my specimens have been removed from a mass at this point, readily identified as to location from year to year. There is every indication that it is the same sponge that remains there. Its placement is ecologically most interesting ; it grows in a cavern at low tide, where sponges are extraordinarily abundant as covering the walls and ceil- ings; but it is the only one growing on the floor. It is just below low tide, hence never out of water. It is very unusual to find sponges ' For Haploscleridae Topsent. There is no sponge genus " Eaplosclera." 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 growing on a rocky coast where they could be stepped on without turning a rock. Additional inateTiol examined. — A sponge in the collection of the University of Southern California, from Point Fermin, near San Pedro, Calif., intertidal, April 19, 1924. Description. — Shape, massive. Size: The mass in the field was about 20 cm thick and 30 or 40 cm in diameter. Consistency, friable, almost stony hard. Color in life and when preserved, almost white. Oscules, round; diameter, about 1 mm; distance apart, about 8 mm. Pores, abundant, about loO/i, in diameter. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane ; it is about 10/x thick, fleshy, not detachable, and contains some tangent spicules, but the special ectosomal reticulation so characteristic of this genus is not in evidence. Endosomal structure, densely packed with spicules in con- siderable confusion, with just an indication of basic isodictyal plan. FiGDRH 66. — Gelliua edaphus de Laubenfels, X300 Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 66, A) ', size, 13ju, by 260/i, to ISyu, by 2,70iJL. Microscleres, sigmas (fig. 66, B) ; length, 30ju, to 100/x. Remarks. — The nearest relative of this form seems to be Gellius centrangulatus I. Sollas, 1902, from the East Indies, which differs in having very renierid structure and even smaller spicules. Most species of Gellius have much larger spicules than edaphus. G. im- perialis Dendy, 1924, has spicules about the size of those of edaphus but has a very furrowed surface and structure with conspicuous tracts. Most species of Gellius, however, are separated by very narrow margins, and a reviewer with abundant material might be able to carry out extensive synonymy. This might even be regarded in common with perhaps a score of others as being within the range of variation of Gellius flagellifer. GELLIUS TEXTAPATINA de Laubenfels Gellius textapatina de Laubenfels, 1926, p. 567. Holotype.—U.S.^.M. No. 21446; B.M. No. 28.11.6.5. Type locality. — The one specimen was in the small collection of Stanford University, date of collection unknown, locality Monterey Bay, Calif. ; estimated depth, 720 meters. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 113 Desci^lption. — Shape, concavo-convex lamellate. Size, 1 cm thick, about 12 cm in diameter. Consistency, fragile. Color in alcohol, very pale drab. Oscules (on the concave side only), diameter O.T to 1.2 mm; distance apart, about 6 mm. There is a very thin (lOju,?) transparent membrane over the entire oscular surface, except for the openings of the oscules themselves, and it even closes them par- tially, in a sphinctrate manner. Pores, apparently only on the convex side. The above-mentioned dermis also covers the porous surface. The meshes of the skeleton are 0.7 to 1.1 mm in diameter, but the round apertures in the dermis, which may be considered the real pores, are but 100/a to 200/a. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, an optically evident reticulation of large spicules; the polygonal meshes are 0.5 to 0.8 mm in diameter. This dermal skeleton is about 0.2 mm thick. Endosomal structure, in places a typical renierid isodictyal reticulation with spongin nodes, elsewhere confused and vague. Most of the microscleres are endo- FiGDRE 67. — OelUus textapatina de Laubenfels, X300 somal. Histological details : There are spherical flagellate chambers of very great variation in size, namely, from about SO^u, to 60^ in diameter. There are also fairly numerous embryos, about 350/i, in diameter, grouped principally about the canals in the deeper portions of the endosome. A few of them have fairlv numerous full-sized sigmas and minute straight rhabds in their peripheral region. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 67, ^) ; size, 20^ by 340/x to 22/x by 460ja. Microscleres, sigmas (fig. 67, B) ; length, 50/^ to 80/i,. Re^inarhs. — The almost complete lack of microscleres in the ecto- some is remarkable. Both megascleres and microscleres are large as compared to most species in the genus. HALICHOCLONA, new genus The genus may be briefly characterized by comparison. It has the endosome of Haliclona (isodictyal reticulation of oxeas) plus the ectosome of Halichondria (detachable, with a definite dermal skele- ton of tangential spicules). It may also be described as Gellius with- out the sigmas. Genotype, Halichoclona gellindra^ new species. 107704—32 8 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 HALICHOCLONA GELLINDRA, new species Holotype.—\].^.'^M. No. 22063; B.M. No. 30.10.8.6. Type locality. — The holotype was collected by me at Carmel, Calif., intertidal, on July 27, 1930. Additional- material studied. — At Laguna Beach, on March 14, 1926, I took a somewhat similar specimen with larger spicules, but in very poor condition for study, as it was growing over the macer- ated remains of a textraxonid sponge of radiate structure. This specimen was designated Gellius {?) epocheommus in de Laubenfels (1930, p. 28). It was so difficult to allocate, even generically, that it could scarcely be regarded as a synonym of H. gellindra., but it is not worth treating as a separate species because of its similarity to gelliTulra. DesGription. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 2 to 4 mm thick, some- what more than 4 cm- in area. Consistency, fragile. Color in life, pale lavender. Oscules, few and irregular in shape, about 1 mm in diameter, often with raised collars nearly 1 mm high. Pores, abundant, 30/x to 50/i, in diameter. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a crust of tangentially placed oxeas, its thickness being only about 20/i,. It is much like the ectosome of the genus Gellius, and also like that of Hallchondria panicea; it is possible to remove it in flakes with moderate ease. Figure QS.-uaHchocionagei. Endosomal structure, oxeas in very regu- lindra, new species, X 300 ' . lar isodictj'al reticulation, united (by spongin?) at their apices only. This is much like Gellius and Haliclona. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 68) ; size, 3/* by 110/a to 4jit by 120/;i, but the vast majority are very near to the latter size. The specimen from Laguna Beach had spicules 8ju, by ISOju, to 10/x by ITOju,. Reviarks. — Haliclona is characterized by spicules of rather uni- form size and by its reticulate endosome without trace of special tangential dermal skeleton. Halichondna is characterized by its spiculation of most varied lengths and by its confused endosomal structure with very distinct tangential dermal skeleton. Gellius has the same sort of isodictyal endosome as that of Ilali- clona^ with the special ectosome resembling Halichondna^ but has microscleres, namely, sigmas. Halichoclona is compared to these three genera, but of the three, the most closely related in my judgment is Gellius. Wlien I found the Laguna Beach specimen aforementioned, I considered it a Gellius that had lost its microscleres, it being in rather poor condi- tion if not actually dead, before collection. It also might have been ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 115 altered by its growth within the surface of the macerated tetraxon sponge. The specimen from central California was alive and in excellent condition, however. All our local Gellius species have spicules very much larger than either of the specimens above re- ferred to the new^ genus Halichoclona. We may eventually merge all genera that are alike except for differences in microscleres, though there are practical reasons for depreciating such amalgamation. For the present there seems good reason for retaining this as distinct from Gellius. XESTOSPONGIA, new genus This genus is characterized by having only oxeas as spicules and these so abundant that any reticulate arrangement is obscured; there is no special dermal skeleton. Genotype, Xestospongia diprosofia. XESTOSPONGIA DIPROSOPIA (de Laubenfels) Huliclona diprosop'm de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotijpe.—V.S.^.'M. No. 21509 ; B.M. No. 29.8.22.59. Type locality. — The one specimen was collected in Monterey Bay, Calif., depth about 500 meters, by E. F. Ricketts. Description.- — Shape, lamellate. Size, 1 to 4 cm thick, 6 by 12 cm in area. Consistency, friable. Color dry, very pale drab. Oscules, on one side only; diameter, 3 mm; distance apart, 15 mm; over very shallow cloacas that branch almost at once into about a dozen diverti- cules. Pores, at least 100/x in di- ameter; principal- ly on the nonos- cular face. Sur- face, superficially smooth, with low rounded protuberances 5 to 15 mm liigh on the oscular surface. Ectosomal specialization, lacking, although there is a false appear- ance as of a special ectosomal reticulation, because of the fact that the endosomal reticulation is finer above and coarser below. En- dosomal structure, reticulate, with polygonal meshes about 0.5 to 0.7 mm in diameter, bounded by fascicular bundles of spicules. The spicule size is notably uniform. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. G9) ; size, about 30//, by 400/t. Remarks. — This specimen was collected from the same general locality as Gellius textapatina and Poecillastia rickettsi and is note- FiGDRE 69. — Xestospongia diproaopia (de Laubenfels), X300 116 PkOCEEDINGS of the national museum vol.81 worthy for external simulation of these two sponges. We must con- clude that the remarkable structure is in a large part an ecological adaptation. This should not be interpreted that this is some common shallow-water sponge that has lightly assumed such shape because of its surroundings, but that this species has by selection or some other determiner come to have this structure. It is remarkable further in that it is the slightly convex side that is oscular; usually in con- cavo-convex sponges the reverse is true. This very unusual cir- cumstance is also reported for Xestospongia (Petrosia) coralloides Dendy (1924, p. 325). It may be a generic tendency. X. diprosopia is remarkable for this character, which it shares with coralloides, and for the large size of its spicules, by which it may be distinguished from that species and most others. XESTOSPONGIA VANILLA (de Laubenfcls) Ealiclona va/nilla de Laubenfkls, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21452; B.M. No. 29.8.22.45. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925, collected by me. This is one of the most abundant sponges in central California, oc- curring usually on the under side of bowlders in the lower half of the intertidal zone. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 1 cm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. Consistency, stony hard. Color in life and when preserved, white or very pale yellowish drab. Oscules, round, often with raised rim, diameter 1 to 1.5 mm, distance apart about 1 cm. Pores, approximately lOOfj. in diameter. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, vague or lacking. Endosomal structure, a re- F-iGUBE 70.— Xesto.spongia vanilla (de fip„l„fi^,. nf cimk in i frroiind snh- stance in which the spicules are so densely packed that no pattern can be discerned in their arrange- ment. The canals, however, are usually either perpendicular or parallel to the surface and often meet at right angles, so that they make a s^^mmetrical pattern. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 70) ; size, 11/x by 150ju to l^fji by 160/^. Remarks. — Petrosia was erected by Vosmaer (1885, p. 338) for Reniera dura of Schmidt (1862, p. 76), to replace Schniidtia of Balsamo Crivelli; that name being preempted. He lists various forms and specifies stony consistency, spicules crowded together, oxeas, strongyles, and rarely styles. Ridley and Dendy (1887, p. 9), define Petrosia thus : Sponge usually hard or even stony ; generally with numerous, well-defined large oscula. Skeleton more or less confused ; spicules oxeote to strongylote. AET. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA dk LAUBENFELS 117 usually short and thick, packed close together in tracta. The most obvious feature of this genus is its hard, often stony texture. It would seem that two distinct generic types are included in the sponges assigned to the above diagnosis. One group typically has large thick strongyles, plus large thick oxeas plus very small spicules apparently representing a distinct category, because they are found of considerable diameter although short. The spicules that seem clearly to be immature are nearly as long as, though much thinner than, the type they are approaching by their growth. The ectosome seems unknown for the genotype, but most of the species having the above characteristics, as for example Petrosia Ugnosa Wilson (1925, p. 403), have special dermal tangential skeletons. A second group lacks this ectosmal specialization and therefore may be taken as wor- thy of generic separation ; a further parallelism seems to be that this group has only oxeote spicules. I would suggest that the group exemplified by Petrosia Ugnosa and probably by the genotype, P. dura^ is most closely related to Gellius and Strong ylophora (and possibly even to naUcliondria ?), while the second group is most closely related to Haliclona,. The second group comprises several sponges described by Dendy, for example Petrosia densissima (1905, p. 145) and coraUoldes (1924, p. 324), and perhaps several other species, such as P. variahiUs Ridley (1884, p. 415), P. similis Ridley and Dendy (1886, p. 327), and P. fsfulata Kirkpatrick (1907, p. 290). Most of the earlier authors and some of the later ones fail to give adequate data concerning surface structure. The new generic name Xestospongia is proposed for this latter group. Genus HALICLONA Grant nALICLONA ECBASIS de Laubenfels EaUclona ecbosis de Laxjbenfels, 1930, p 28. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21449; paratype, B.M. No. 29.8.22.48. Type locality. — From the floating dock of the Yacht Club in San Diego Bay, Calif., collected by Prof. C. M. Child. Additional niatei^ial examined. — I have found the same species growing abundantly on the floating dock of the Yacht Club at Wilmington (near San Pedro). On March 4, 1926, I found small bits of an encrusting sponge, intertidal, at Laguna Beach, which may be of the same species. Descnption. — Shape, ramose or digitate, often with an axial hollow about one-third the diameter of the branch. Size, up to 10 cm high, about 1 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life : Prof. C. M. Child, writing of his specimen, collected during the summer, says: "The color in life is purple, apparently becoming brown later 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 in the season." My specimens doubtfully referred to this species (collected intertidally in March), were bluish lavender. My speci- mens clearly of this species, collected from a similar situation to that of the holotype but in April, were drab. Oscules, few, apical, diameter 2 to 5 mm. Pores : There are open- ings over the entire surface very irregular in size and shape, varying at least from 60/a to 200ft in diameter. Surface, superficially hirsute, on account of projecting fiber ends nearly 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, vague or lacking. Endosomal structure, a fibrous reticulation with polygonal meshes about 75/x in diameter. There is a groundwork of spicules in confusion amid the protoplas- mic structures. Ascending fibers lOja to 20fx in diameter, cored by 4 to 7 rows of spicules. Accessory or transverse fibers lOju, to 20/x in diameter, cored by 4 to 7 rows of spicules. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 71) ; size, usually about 5/i, by lOO/x; a few much thinner ones are probably developmental stages. Remarks. — Linnaeus (1759) lists a Spongia oeulata that may well be the same species as ^^^"^ that which Bowerbank in 1862 (p. 1126) made - — — - — -— ^ the type of his genus Chalina, namely C. ocu- FiGvm 71.— H aiiciona Jafa. This is a very common British sponge. eob^asis de Laubenfeis, q^^^^ enough Bowerbauk accredited the genus to Grant, though I can find no mention of the name in Grant's writings. In 1841 (p. 5), however, Grant erected a genus Haliclona for a species that he called occulata^ obviously a misspelling of oeulata. His figure is an excellent repre- sentation of the common oeulata. Tliis seems to be the first generic name other than Linnaeus's all-inclusive Spongla to be applied to this species, and it appears to have been mere oversight on the part of the early spongologists that it has not been in use ever since. Grant's Halin-a., a nomen nudcm.., has little or no bearing here. Against employment of Hallelona it may be argued that the orig- inal description could have included Aeervochalina limhafa, or even Isodietya palmata. It must be admitted that Grant would probably have diagnosed either of these as Halicloim. There is no doubt, however, that the well-known oeulata was included, and there is grave question whether Grant had any specimens of the rarer species resembling it. Grant's genus CUorm^ as he described it, might well have included Thoosa, yet we should hardly drop it for that reason. It seems quite as logical to employ Halielonu as to use CUona. As compared to the type of oeulata., echasw averages more spicules to the fiber, and fiber less kinky. As compared to the type of lirribata (made type species of the genus Aeervochalina Ridley, 1884), eehasis averages finer mesh, has less visible spongin, yet seems ABT. 4 SPONGES OP CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 119 tougher. Conditions of preservation may be the cause of this dif- ference. As compared to the type of simuluns (made tj^pe species of the genus Adocla Gray, 1867, p. 522), the fibers of ecbasis stand out more conspicuously from the other tissues, and it has smaller spicules. No comparison can be made to Pachychallna Schmidt (1868, p. 8), which is little more than a name; its type species, P. tiistica, is represented by no specimens, and from its very brief description it may have belonged to any of many different genera. As for the matter of few as contrasted to many rows of spicules in the fiber, while some species of Haliclona have definite tendencies one way or the other, the type species regularly exhibits, within a single specimen, portions that have the isodictj^al reticulation char- acteristic of so-called Reniera, and portions of fiber having the many rows of spicules, which supposedly determine the group Pachychallna. HALICLONA ENAMELA de Laubenfels Haliclona enamela de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.— V.S.N M. No. 21450; B.M. No. 29.8.22.8. Type locality. — Laguna Beach, intertidal, collected by me. On numerous other occasions I have seen sponges in the field that I feel confident were of this species, but in most cases I have been unable to detach specimens without injuring them excessively. The species is very thin, grows on hard rocks of great irregularity of surface, and is so firmly attached that utmost care is required to obtain fragments large enough to work with. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 to 2 mm thick, spreading laterally indefinitely. Consistency, spongy. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, with raised collars, diameter 1 to 1.5 mm, distance apart about 1 cm. Pores, very minute. Surface, superficially smooth to ^ ^ verrucose. Ectosomal specialization, vague or laclv- i^^ xn^ 1 1 i. J. nu i.- Figure 72. — Haliclona ena- ing. Endosomal structure, a fibrous reticu- ,„eZa de Laubenfels, xsoo lation, meshes rectangular and 75jli to 125/x in diameter ; the plan is very symmetrical, though numerous spicules not in the fibers but strewn in confusion among them tend somewhat to obscure the regularity of arrangement. Ascending fibers, 15^ to 25ja in diameter, cored by 6 to 8 rows of spicules ; the spongin is very pale. Accessory or transverse fibers, 5ft to lOfi. in diameter, cored by 1 to 2 rows of spicules. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 72) ; size, about 4/x by 120/i, Remarks. — Were one to use the diagnoses affixed to the names Reniera, Chalina, and Pachychalinu, placing this sponge would be difficult. Thin crusting was supposedly characteristic of Rcniera, 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 while the architecture of enamela is microscopically that of Pachy- chalina and Ohalina, which were supposed to be usually ramose forms. Although moderately close to every one of the numerous species of Haliclona, I find no one species to single out as closest to enaTyiela. HALICLONA LUNISIMILIS de Laubenfcls Haliclona lunisimllis de Latjbenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—{].S.'^M. No. 21451; B.M. No. 29.8.22.34. Type locality. — Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, col- lected by me. Additional material examined. — Two specimens taken at Laguna Beach, October, 1925. The species is moderately common in central California. So far, all the specimens I have found were growing on and around coralline algae near low tide. Description. — Shape, massive, subspherical, attached only to coral- line algae. Size, up to 2 by 3 by 5 cm. Consistency, toughly spongy, yet easily damaged. Color in life and when preserved, very pale drab. Oscules, craterlike, with raised rims; diameter about 4 mm; distance apart, more than 1 cm. Pores, 20/x to 60/i in diameter. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, vague or lack- FiGUHE 73. — Haliclona lunisim- . , ji iHs de Laubenfeis, X 300 mg- Jindosomal structure; there is a groundwork that is a very fragile, typi- cally renierid isodictyal reticulation. Throughout this there is a course reticulation of tough spongin fibers about 75/* in diameter, crowded with many rows of spicules in typical pachychaline fashion. This species admirably shows the impossibility of separating genera upon these characteristics, which are, however, of supplementary value in species descriptions. This particular species may be charac- terized as one fitting the diagnoses of the old genus Reniera and the so-called Pachychalina. Ascending fibers 70/x to 100/i, in diameter, cored by many rows of spicules. Accessory or transverse fibers 70/x to lOOju in diameter, cored by many rows of spicules. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 73) ; size, 8/x by 110/x to IO/a by 125/x. Remarks. — This seems a well-marked species, though numerous sponges described as Reniera and as Pachychalina resemble it more or less. See notes given above in the description of the endosome. HALICLONA CINEREA (Grant) Spongia cinerea Grant, 1827, p. 204. Halichondria cinerea Fleming, 1828, p. 521. Isodiotya cinerea Bowbibbank, 1866, p. 274. Reniera cinerea Schmidt, 1870, p. 77. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 121 Holotype. — Probably in the Britisli Museum of Natural History. Type locality. — Europe. Materml exartvined. — This species is at times abundant intertidally in central California; at other times rare. In the summer of 11)25 it was most conspicuous, a year later it was rare, in the winter of 1929 a few specimens were seen, late in the spring none could be found. In southern California, at Laguna Beach, on March 14, 1926, 1 found a few little nubbins of a sponge agreeing in spiculatioii and structure with cinerea and probably of the same species, but brownish instead of the lavender color usually so regular on this coast. DescHption (U.S.N.M. No. 21448; B.M. Nos. 28.11.G.1; 28.11.6.2).— Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 3 cm thick, 6 cm in diameter. Con- sistency, softly fragile. Color in life, lavender; occasional drab speci- mens are probably pathological. Preserved, drab. Oscules, conspicu- ous, with raised, craterlike rims; ^ ^. zr ,■ t ' ' , ' Figure 74. — Hahciona cmera (Grant), diameter, 2 to 5 mm ; distance apart, x300 usually a little more than 1 em: see notes under " Surface." Surface, superficially very porous, crowded with depressions about 200/x in diameter; all or many of these probably rejoresent actual pores. Ectosomal specialization, inconspicuous; there are traces of a diaphanous, fleshy, nondetachable dermal membrane. Endosomal structure, a pronounced isodictyal reticulation with a few vague spicular tracts. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 74) ; size, 6/i, by 150/* to 8/x by ISO/x. Remarks. — In almost all parts of the world where sponges have been studied are found species that lack characteristics that would separate them from cinerea., so this is said to be a cosmopolitan species. Order DICTYOCERATINA Minchin Family SPONGIIDAE Gray Genus SPONGIA ? ? ? SPONGIA IDIA, new species Holotype.— \].^:^:^l. No. 22059; B.M. 30.10.8.2. Type locality. — The specimen was collected by me intertidally at Point Lobos, south of Carmel, Calif., July 12, 1930. It was grow- ing in a cave that was uncovered only at very low tide, and that was abundantly lined with sponges. 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 8i Description. — Shape, massive. Size, 4 by 7 by 12 cm. Consist- ency, spongy. Color in life, slaty ectosome over drab ectosome. As collected the sponge appeared lipstomous on account of the closure of apertures, and even in the aquarium the sphincters did not relax. It would seem that both pores and oscules must be less than 100/x when open. Surface, profusely conulose, the conules less than 1 mm high and about 1 mm >:JS^^ "TSiV* apart, apex to apex. Ectosomal speciali- zation, an organic dermis not readily detachable, opaque and melanistic ; this from 300/x to 700/x thick. Endosomal structure, a flesh packed with spheroi- dal flagellate cham- bers about 25/i, to 30/x in diameter, and also containing rather nu- merous evenly dis- tributed foreign spic- ules and fragments of spicules, a little sand, and other de- bris. The skeleton is a reticulation chiefly of solid second- ary fibers 60ju, to 200/x, in diameter. The spongin is rathe r granular-surfaced and medium dark brown, very like that in the commercial sponges. The fibers are often contorted, but the meshes are usually rectangular, about 200/i, to 500/x in diameter. Here and there through the reticulation are principal fibers ascending perpendicularly to the surface. These are recogniz- able by having slight, scattered content of coring spicule fragments, but more so by somewhat fasciculated or fenestrated architecture. Remarks. — With some hesitation this species is here described in the genus Spongia., from typical members of which it differs sharply by having semifasciculated principal fibers. It agrees closely with Spongia in most or all other points, and this genus may well be employed pending revision of the horny sponges. FiGCEK 75. — Spongia idia, new species, x 18, drawn from a section taken perpendicular to the surface. Only the fiber and dermis are drawn, the flesh and foreign intrusions being omitted because their inclusion: would ob.'^cure the structures to be illustrated ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA de LAUBENFELS 123 Family DYSIDEIDAE « Genus DYSIDEA Johnston DYSIQISA AMELIA de Laubenfels Duseideia amhlia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.S.^M. No. 21424; B.M. No. 29.9.30.8. Type locality. — "Long Wharf," Santa Monica, collected by the University of Southern California, Jnl}^ 18, 1914, Additional material examined. — On February 25, 192G, following a severe storm, I found enormous quantities of this species cast up at Venice, southern California. This is only about 8 or 10 kilometers from the type locality. On the following day immense quantities of it were reported, with specimens brought me for identification, from near Ventura, about 90 kilometers from the type locality. I found no other species of sponge in the wrack with this one, but it must have been tremendously abundant, as bushels could have been col- lected. In all the dredging and other collecting of the University of Southern California, how- ever, they seem to have taken but one fresh specimen. In July, 1930, 1 collected a massive speci- men, intertidally, at Point Lobos, south of Carmel, Calif. It is certainly a Dysidea and probably conspecific with the southern specimens, though dif- fering in shape and having all its fibers more loaded with coarse sand grains. Description. — Shape, digitate, somewhat ramose. Size, up to 20 or 30 cm in height, about 1 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in alcohol, drab. Oscules, inconspicuous, barely lOOjU, in diameter. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially conulose with conules usually less than 1 mm high and less than 1 mm apart. Ectosomal specialization, a very thin dermis, not detachable. Endosomal structure, a fibrous reticulation with meshes about 250/x in diameter. Principal, or ascending, fibers lOO^a to 200/a in diameter, cored, sometimes superabundantly, by scattered sand grains often more than 100|Li in diameter. Accessory or transverse fibers 10^ to 25/x in diameter, often uncommon, usually free from inclusions. The flagellate chambers are conspicuous, crowded together, and about 45/x to 55/x in diameter. Hifi* Figure 7Q.— Dysidea amllia de Laubenfels, X40, a characteristic bit of the structure of this species 8 For Spongeliidae Lendenfeld, l)ecause Dysiden supplants Spongelia. 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Remarhs. — This genus has often been called SpongeUa^ but Spon- gelia of Nardo, 1834, is a nonien nuden. It is first described by John- ston (1842, p. 185) as Duseideia or (preferably) Dysidea. The genus falls rather sharply into two divisions, fine-surfaced grays and coarse-surfaced purples. The first includes the genotype, D. fragilis Montagu. The second includes 'pallescens Schmidt, the geno- type of Spongelia according to Vosmaer (1885, p. 363), and this might be retained as a separate genus, though the affinities are so close this seems to me inadvisable. Our Californian form is very close to fragilis^ but differs in rather smaller fiber, which is also more sparsely cored, and by the frequency with which the principal fibers are horizontal as well as vertical. Family VERONGIIDAE ^ Genus VERONGIA Bowerbank VERONGIA THIONA de Laubenfels Verongm thiona de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—V.S.^M. No. 21500; B.M. No. 29.8.22.31. Type locality. — Laguna Beach, Calif., intertidal, March 14, 1926, abundant. Description. — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 4 cm thick, 12 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, lemon yellow with greenish tints; in alcohol very dark purple. Oscules, few and scat- tered; diameter 2 to 7 mm. Pores, not evident, evidently very con- tractile. Surface, superficially smooth with conules 0.5 mm high, irregularly scattered. Ectosomal specialization, a cellular dermis about T/x thick. Endo- somal structure, as typical for this genus, of the general consistency of a rather stiff jelly, permeated by meandering canals (about 1 mm in diameter) and by rather scattered fibers in reticulation. These fibers are clear yellow, with a core often apparently empty, again filled with opaque substance. In this species the thickness of the peripheral portion seems much more constant than the size of the pith, which is larger in the larger fibers, smaller in the smaller. The mesh is so very irregular in outline that it is very difficult to assign it measurements, but one is safe in saying that the mesh size averages more than 1 mm. Histological details : The flagellate chambers are spheroidal, 25|Li in diameter. Principal fibers 80/x to 150/Ain diameter, cored by the usual pith as found in this genus. Pith of the fibers, 50/x to 110/^ in diam- eter. (Fig. 77.) * For Aplysinidae Schuize, because Verongia supplants Aplysina ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 125 Remarks. — All or nearly all the species of Verongia are very near the genotype, V. -fistularls Lamarck, 1815, and can only be separated by little differences that may well be insignificant. If the accepted criteria be used, however, this form approaches in size of mesh, size of fiber, and size of pith only one other species of this genus, that described as Aplysinu p7'ocumbe7is Lendenfeld (1889, p. 416), from New Zealand. That is also an encrusting form, but it is de- scribed with black fibers, a very figure "iL—Veronma tmona de Lauben- great difference. Incidentally, f'^is- x ^^ ; typical fiber cut obliquely at ° 1 • n 1 • T 1 o"^ point to show the lamellate, pithed it is very briefly and inadequately structure described. Verongia thiona is moderately common, at times at least, in the intertidal areas of southern California. I know of no other local form from which it may not easily be distinguished by its tendency (very common in this genus) to change from yellow to very dark blue or purple upon drying. Order DENDROCERATINA Minchin Family DARWINELLIDAE Merejkowsky Genus APLYSILLA F. E. Schulze APLYSILLA GLACIALIS (Dybowski) Simplicella glacialis Dybowski, 1880, p. 65. Aplysilla glacialis Lendenfeld, 1889, p. 706. Holotype. — Location unknown. Type locality. — Arctic (White Sea). Material examined. — Numerous specimens, all collected intertidal- ly at Pacific Grove, Calif., in which vicinity the species is rather common. It occurs on granite bowlders fairly high up in the inter- tidal zone, seeming to be a very hardy sponge. Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21432; B.M. No. 29.8.22.23).— Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 to 2 mm thick, 5 to 6 cm in diameter. Con- sistency, weakly spongy. Color in life, colorless to rosy red ; in alcohol, drab. Oscules, round and scattered; about 1 mm in di- ameter. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially glabrous, with conules about 1 to 2 mm high and 2 to 3 mm apart. Ectosomal specialization, a dermis about 8/i thick, fleshy, and rather slimy. Endosomal structure, a rather dense mass of flagel- late chambers and other protoplasmic structures permeated by canals and dendritic fibers. Histological details: The flagellate chambers 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM VOL. 81 dGURB 78. — Aplysilla glacialis (Dybowksi) : Fiber, X40 are eurypyllous, often polygonal in section, and typically about 30/x by 50jLt by 70;ii in size. Principal fibers, 80ju, to 255ju, in diameter, obviously of concentric layers. A pith often occupies as much as 80 per cent of the total, especially near the base of the sponge. These fibers arise from a basal plate (very thin) and branch a few time«, but I find no anastomoses. The distal ends of the fibers cause the conules. (Fig. 78.) Remarks. — It is quite remarkable that the Californian specimens agree so closely with the original specimen from north of Europe, and with Lenden- feld's description of what he records as the same species from Australia. APLYSILLA POLYRAPHIS de Laubenfels Aplysilla polyraphis de Laubenfeils, 1930, p. 29. Holotype.—V.S.'NM. No. 21434; B.M. No. 29.8.22.41. Type locality. — The one specimen, or group of specimens, is from my personal collection, taken at Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925. DescHption. — Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 mm thick, 3 cm in di- ameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life and when preserved, purple. In collecting this sponge, it was necessary to detach its rather thin encrustation from the rock under water. Upon doing this, such copious quantities of deep purple coloring material were emitted that the entire tide pool, about a meter in diameter, was rendered purple. The sponge was put in a bucket of sea water to be taken to the laboratory, and this was also colored purple. The first jar of alcohol in which it was placed was colored so deeply as to become opaque, but the alcohol was changed twice, and the third filling remains uncolored, though the sponge appears as dark as ever. Oscules, not evident as distinct from the pores (which see). Pores, skeletal, 120/a to 300/x; protoplasmic, probably up to 200ja when full}'' open, but closed or nearly closed in my specimen. Surface, super- ficially smooth, with scattered conules I mm high. Ectosomal specialization, a fibrous reticulation in one plane, with meshes having openings 120/i to SOO^a in diameter. The fibers are about 80/A to ISOju, in diameter and are densely packed with foreign spicules ; these are presumably united by spongin, but remain united during only very slight maceration, more vigorous maceration sep- arating them easily. Endosomal structure, a minimum of proto- plasm with relatively enormous quantities of foreign spicules, the ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELS 127 mass permeated by dendritic fibers, and all set on a tough basal plate of spongin. Ascending fibers, SO^u, to 200/x in diameter, without for- eign inclusions, with lamellate structure, and terminating above in the conules. (Fig. 79.) R&niarhs. — Because of the enormous quantities of siliceous matter present (mostly foreign sjDicules) and because of the extreme opacity of the cells (they are packed with purple granules that are almost black), the difficulties in studying this sponge were excessively great. Recourse was had to hydrofluoric acid as a solvent for the siliceous matter, but the resulting material was badly shriveled and distorted, so that the method helped very little. By dint of making many sections some data can be given, however. There is a basal plate of spongin from which dendritic processes rise. These are typically about 130/x in diameter near the base, and about 0.8 to 2.7 mm high, with occasional branching but no anastomosing. The spongin is now dark, perhaps stained by coloring matter dissolved into the alcohol from the cells. Near the base these fibers are rather obviously cored wnth pitli, but their struc- ture is in general that of several concentri- cally placed cones, a hollow within the inner, smallest ones. This organization of fiber is quite typical of the genus AphjsRIa. All through the flesh are enormous quantities of spicules. It would seem that every species in the vicinity was repre- sented. There is but cramped space left for the protoplasmic structure. As the spicules are placed to avoid closing the dermal pores there is at the surface that which resembles a reticula- tion of foreign spicules, densely packed. From the ease with which these are macerated apart, I judge they are not held together by spongin. I find no foreign inclusions in the fibers themselves. Very careful search was made for the flagellate chambers. I be- lieve that in this sponge, on account of the small size of the inter- stices between spicules, the flagellate cells are poorly organized into chambers. I find a few that seem to be eurypyllous, about SO/i, wide by 100/x long. Others in this section are round, and about 30/^ in diameter. These may be cross sections of the eurypyllous ones. On all counts, the closest species to polyraphis is violacea Lenden feld (1883, p. 237), from Australia. It had sand grains in its basal plate of spongin, wdiich I think is probably true of polyraphis. From it and all others of the genus, however, the California sponge is very widely separated by its profusion of foreign spicules. Figure 79. — Aplysilla p ol y- raphis de Laubenfels, X 50 ; section of macerated skele- ton ; free-band drawing BIBLIOGRAPHY Annandale, N. 1907. Notes on the freshwater fauna of India. No. 9. Descriptions of new freshwater sponges from Calcutta, with a record of two known species from the Himalayas and a list of the Indian forms. Journ. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 3, pp. 15-26, 7 figs. BOWERBANK, J. S. 1860. List of British sponges, in McAndrew's List of the British Marine Invertebrate Fauna. Rep. 30th Meeting British Assoc, pp. 235, 236. 1862. On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Phil, Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 152, pp. 747-829, 1087-1135, pis. 27-35, 72-74. 1863. A monograph of the Spongillidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 440- 472, pi. 38. 1864. A monograph of the British Spongiadae, vol. 1, 290 pp., 37 pis. Published for the Ray Society, London. 1866. A monograph of the British Spongiadae, vol. 2, 388 pp. Published for the Ray Society, London. 1872. Contributions to a general history of the Spongiadae, pts. 1-3. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 115-129, 196-202, 626-635, pis. 5, 6. 10, 11, 16-19. 1874. A monograph of the British Spongiadae, vol. 3, 263 pp., 92 pis. Pub- lished for the Ray Society, London. BE0NDSTED, H. V. 1924. Sponges from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Vid. Medd. Kjobenhavn, vol. 75, pp. 117-167, 36 figs. Burton, M. 1929. Porifera. Part 2. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic ("Terra Nova ") Expedition, Zoology, 1910, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 393-458, pis. 1-5. Cabteb, H. J. 1874. Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. " Porcupine," chiefly in 1869 ; with figures and descriptions of some remarkable spicules from the Agulhas Shoal and Colon, Panama. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 14, pp. 207-221, 245-257, pis. 13-15. 1876. Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. " Porcupine," chiefly in 1869. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, pp. 226-240, 307-324, 388-410, 458-479, pis. 12-16. 1878. Parasites of the Spongida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5. vol. 2, pp. 157-172. 1879. Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 284-304, 343-360, pis. 25-29. 1882. Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 9, pp. 266-301, 346-348, pis. 11, 12. CZEBNIAVSKY, V. 1879. The littoral sponges of the Black and Caspian Seas. Preliminary report. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. 53, pt. 2, Ann. 1878, pp. 375- 379, pis. 5-8. 128 ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA DE LAUBENFELhS 129 Dendy, a. 1891. A monograph of the Victorian sponges. Part 1, The organisation and classification of the Calcarea Ilouiocoela, with descriptions of the Victorian species. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 3, pp. 1-81, pis. 1-11. 1893. On a new species of Leucosolenia from the neighbourhoo}f<, 125. Apliisinidae, 124. aquaeductus, Rcniera, 61. arb, Tetilla, 42. arndti, Astylinifer, 74. Aftcilla convaUarla, 3, 6. Ascute, 10. uteoides, 10. asiodes, Eurypon, 92. asper, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. astrosauguinea, Microcioua, 95. Astrotctraxonida, 106. Astylinifer. 74. arndti, 74. planus, 75. athnitica, Potcrton, 50. aurantia californiana, Tetbya, 44, aurantium, Alcijonium, 45. authia. Timca, 45. Axinellidae, 56. Axos, 100. Barbozia, 62. primitiva, 62. Bathifdoriis dawsoni, 20. Bathyxiplius subtilis, 3. Batzella, 62. in ops, 62. bellabelleusis, EspereJla. 66. bellabellensis, Mycale. 66. bicolor, Sidonops, 4, 23. Biemna, 63, 78. 1'ortis, 64. inegalosigma, 64. rhadia, 63. bitorquis, Pblyctaenopora. 62. brepha, Aaata, 91. brepha, Anaata, 91. ttrrriaiia. Gcodia, 4, 25. bucklnndi, Dereitus, 39, 40. biirklaiidi, Halina, 39. Ili/tncniacidon, 39. Calcarea, 5, 6. californiana, Cliona celata, 47. lophona chelifer, 82. Jlyxilla versicolor, 81. Ophlitaspongia peniiata, 103. Tetbya aurantia, 44. calyx, Clionelasma, 21. canaliculata, Esperiopsis, 93. candidata, I'apyrula, 38. Cartcrclla tubispcrma. 111. carter!, Strongylamnia, 63. Carterius, 111. tubisperma, 111. caruucula, Hymeniacidon, 58, 59. celata californiana, Cliona, 47. centrangulatus, Gellius, 112. Chalhia, 118, 119. oculata, 118. chelifer californiana, lophon, 82. chelifer ostia-magna, lophon, 83. 135 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Chonelasma, 21. calyx, 21. teiierum, 21. Choristida, 5, 23. ciliata, Grantia, 11. Cinachyra, 44. cinerea, Halichondria, 120. IsodiGtya, iL'O. Rcniera, 120. 8ponffia, 120. cinerea, Haliclona, 120. clarella, Stelletta, 29. Clathria, 93, 95. coralloides, 95. Clathriidae, 93. Clathrina, 8, 9. Clathriopsamma, 96. pseudonapya, 96. Cliona, 47, 118. celata californiana, 47. Clionidae, 47. Cliothoosa, 106. Goacta, Sycandra, 4, 10. coactum, Sycon, 10. Coelospliaei'idae, 74. coerula, Terpios, 88. columella, Desmaoldon, 62. Stylotella, 62. columella, Prianos, 62. Colmnnitis squamata, 46, 47. compressa, Poecillastra, 33. coufoederata, Spheclospongia, 48. constellata, Leptosastra, 91. convalla/ria, Ascilla, 3, 6. convallaria, Leucosolenia, 6. convolvulus, Farrea, 20. coralloides, Clathria, 95, Petrosia, 117. coralloides, Xestospongia, 116. coriacea, Leucosolenia, 7. coronata, Spongla, 11. Syoandra, 3, 11. coronatum, Sycon, 11. cortius, Penares, 35. Coscinoporidae, 21. Craniella, 43, 44. crassa, Reniera, 61. cratera, Reniera, 61. crihrosa, Papillina, 50. Cyamon, 109. neon, 109. cyanocrypta, Hymenamphiastra, 87. Cydonium miilleri, 25. Darwinellidae, 125. davidi, Dysclipna, 63. daivsoni, Bathydorus, 20. dawsoni, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. Dendoryx luciensis, 99. Dendroceratina, 6, 125. densissima, Petrosia, 117. Dercitus, 38. bucklandi, 39, 40. syrmatitus, 38. 75, Desmacella, 04. pennata, 4, 104. vagabunda, 64. Desmaci-don columella, 62. Desmacidonidae, 63, 103. Dictyciona, 93. Dictyoceratina, 6, 121, digltata, Stylotella, 62. diprosopia, Haliclona, 115. diprosopia, Xestospongia, 115. discreta, Microclona, 93. Dolichantha, 106. doniunculus, Suberites, 53. Donatia parasitica, 47. dotolincfl, Rhabdocalyptus, 18. dowlingi, Stanrocalyptus, 18. dujardini, Halisarca, 22. dura, Petrosia, 62. 117. dura, Reniera, 116. durissinia, Strongylopbora, 63. Duseideia amWia, 123. Dyscliona, 63. davidi, 63. Dysidea, 123. amblia, 123. fragilis, 124. Dysideidae, 123. dysoni, Spongia, 50. ecbasis, Haliclona, 117. edaphus, Gellius, 111, eleanor, Leucosolenia, 3, 8. enamela, Haliclona, 119. Endectyon, 106. Ephydatia, 3, 106, 111. robusta. 111. epiphytum, Prosuberites. .55. epocheomaius, Gellius, 114. erithacus, Acarnus, 4, 104. Esperclla 'bellabcllensis, 66. fishcri, 4, 66. Esperella serratohamata, 70. Esperiopsis, 70. canaliculata, 93. forcipula, 73. glaber, 72. originalis, 70, 103. estrella. Stelletta, 31. Euretidae, 20. Eurypon, 92. asodes, 92. microcbela, 92. Euryponidae, 92, 109. Euspongia hospes, 3. Farrea, 20. aculeata, 3, convolvulus, 20. ocea, 3. fasciculatxis, Stanrocalyptus, 19. fascifibula. Mycale, 70. Ficulina, 52. ficus, 53. suberea lata, 52. ficus, Ficulina, 53. ART. 4 INDEX 137 fimbriata, Guitarra, 63. firma, Myxilla, 77. fisher i, EspercUa. 4, GG. fistularis, Verougia. 125. fistidata, Pctrosia, 117. flabelliformis, Trikentrion, 110. flagellifer, Gellius, 112. forcipula, Esperiopsis, 73. fortis, Biemna, 64. fragilis, Dysidea, 124. Fusifer, 97. gadiis, Suberites, 4, 55. gelatiuosa, Hymeniacidon, 88. gellindra, Halichoclona, 114. Gellius, 111, 114. centraugulatus, 112. edaphus, 111. epoclieomaius, 114. flagellifer, 112. imperialis, 112. textapatina, 4, 112^ Geodia, 25. agassizii, 4, 25. breviava, 4, 25. mesotriaena, 4, 25. mcsotriaenella, 4, 25. ovis, 4, 25. Geodiidae, 23. Geodinella robusta, 4, 28. var. tneyasterra, 28. glaber, Esperiopsis, 72. glacialis, Aplysilla, 125. glacialis, Simplicella, 125. Grantia ciliata, 11. Grantiidae, 11. Guitarra, 63. fimbriata, 63. Hadromerina, 5, 44. Halichoclona, 113, 114. gellindra, 114. Halichondria, 56, 114. cinerea, 120. luxurians, 59. panicea, 56. Halichondrina, 5, 56. Haliclona, 62, 114, 117. cinerea, 120. diprosopia, 115, ecbasis, 117. enamela, 119. lunisimilis, 120. occulata, 118. oculata, 118. vanilla, 116. Haliclonidae, 111. Halina hucldandi, 39. Halisarca, 22. dujardini, 22. sacra, 22. Halisarcidae, 22. Hamacantha, 66. hamata, Hemectyon, 108. Haploscleridae, 111. Haplosclerina, 5, 110. Ilard-mckia, 50. heathi, Leucandra, 4, 12. heatbi, Leucouia, 12. hebes, Reniera, 61. heliopbila, Stylotella, 60. Hemectyon, 107. bamata, 108. hyle, 107. HeterocMona, 50. Hexactinellida. 5, 17. bilgendorli, Papyrula. 38. borrida, Apliorme, 17. bospes. Euspongia, 3. hyaloderma, Zygberpe, 65. Hyalonema, 17. populiferum, 17. Hyalouematidae, 17. byle, Hemectyon, 107. Hymedesmia, 75, 89. stelkita. 47. Hymedesmiidae, 87. hymena, Wilsa, 72. Hymenamphiastra, 87. cyanocryi)ta, 75, 87. Hymeniacidon, .57. agminata, 62. buckhmdi, 39. caruncula, 58, 59. gelatinosa, 88. pulvlnatus, 50. sinapium, 57. uugodon, 60. Hymerapbia, 106. Hymesigma, 89. Hymetrocbota, 87, 89. rotula, 88, 89. idia, Spongia, 121. igzo. Plocamia. 102. imperialis, Gellius, 112. inaequalis, Leptosiopsis, 90. Inflatella, 62. inops, Batzella, 62. lopbon, 82. cbelifer californiana, 82. cbelifer ostia-magna, 83. lotrocbota, 89, 106. Isociona, 4. 99. litbopboenix, 99. tuberosa, 100. Isodictya cinerea, 120. Isodictya palmata, 118. .iaponica, Leucosolenia, 6. Jia, 97. jia, 97. Joyeuxia, 62. viridls, 62. kagosbimensis, Leucosolenia. 6. karykina, Plocamia, 4, 101. karykinos, Plocamia, 101. Kirkpatrickia, 84. variolosa, 84. kyma, Lissodendoryx, 73, 75. 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou 81 lacunosa, Myxilla, 77. lacustris, Spongia, 110. lacustris, Spongilla, 110. laminaris, Poecillastra, 34, lata, Ficulina suberea, 52. latus, Suberiies, 52. Laxosuberites, 55, 88. lendenfeldi, Stelletta, 31. Leptosastra, 91. constellata, 91. Leptosiopsis, 90. inaequalis, 90. Leiicandra apicalis, 4, 11. heuthi, 4, 11. sugittata, 11. Leucandra solida, 15. Leucascidae. 13. Leucetta losaiigeleiisis, 13. sagittnta, 3, 11. Leucilia. 17. amphora, 17. nuttingi, 15. Leuconia, 4, 11. heathi, 12. losaugelcnsis, 13. sagittata, 11. Leucosolenia, 3, 6. convallaria, 6. coriacea, 7. eleanor, 3, 8. .iaponica, 6. kagoshimensis, 6. macleayi, G. nautilia, 9. stipitata, 6. Leucosoleniidae, G. lignosa, Petrosia, 117. limbata, Acervocbaliiia, 118. Liosina, G2. paradoxa, 62. Lissodendoryx, 75, 84, 100. kyma, 73, 75. noxiosa, 76. rex, 77. lithophoenix, Isociona, 99. lithophooiix, Plocamia, 4. longispinus, Prosuberites, 55. losangelensis, Leucetta, 13. losangeletisis, Leuconia, 13. luciensis, Dendoryx, 99. lunisimilis, Haliclona, 120. luxurians, Hallchondria, 59. macginitiei, Mycale, 68. macilenta, Mycale, 68. macleayi, Leucosolenia, 6. manaarensis, Plocamia, 3, 102. megalosigma, Biemna, 64. megans, Sldonops angulata, 23. megasterra, Gcodinella robusta, 28, mesotriaena, Geodia, 4, 25. mesotriacnella, Oeodia, 4, 25. Meyenia robusta, 3, 111. microana, Sldonops angulata, 23. microchela, Eurypon, 92. Microciona, 93. Microciona astrosauguinea, 95. discreta, 93. microjoauna, 93. partbena. 95. prolifera, 95. Microcionidae, 93. 103. microjoanna, Microciona, 93. miilleri, Cydonium, 25, mutabilis. Tetilla, 40 Mycale, 66. aegagropila, 68. bellabellensis, 66. fascifibula, 70. macginitiei, 68. macilenta, 68. Mycalinae, 72. Myxilla, 79. agennes, 79. firnia, 77. lacunosa, 77. parasitica, SO. rosacea, 81. versicolor californiana, 81. Myxillidae, 75. Myxospongida, 5, 22, nautilia, Leucosolenia, 9. neon, Cyamon, 109. nodulosus, Rbabdocalyptus, 20. Normania tenivilaminaris, 35. noxiosa. Lissodendoryx, 76, inula. Khyzaxinella. .56. nuttingi, Leucilia, 15. nuttingi, Rhabdodermella, 3, 15. obscurata, Tedanione, 86. occulata, Haliclona, 118. ocea, Farrea, 3. oculata, Chalina, 118. Spongia, 117. twulata, Haliclona, 118. Oplilitaspongia, 4, 95, 103, pennata, 71. pennata californiana, 103. originalis, Esperiopsis, 70, 103. orthotriaena, Sldonops angulata, 23, OsruUna, 50. ostia-magna, lophon chelifer, 83, avis, Geodia, 4, 25, Pacbastrella, 35. Pachychalina, 119, 120, rustica, 119, pachymastia, Polymastia, 51, pallescens, Spongelia, 124. palmata, Isodictya, 118. pauicea, Hallchondria, 56. panicea, Spongia, 56. PapiUlna cribrosa, 50. Papyrula, 37. candidata, 38. hilgendorfi, 38. saccharis, 37. sphaera, 38. paradoxa, Liosina, 62. parasitica, Donatia, 47. Myxilla, 80, ART. 4 INDEX 139 Taresperella, 69. psila, 69. serratoliamata, 70. partliena, Microciona, 95. Penares, 35. cortius, 35. tyloaster, 37. peuiiata califoruiana, Ophlitaspongia, 103. pennata, Desmacella, 4, 104. Petrosia, 62, 116. coralloides, 117. densissima, 117. dura, 62, 117. fistulata, 117. lignosa, 117. Sim His, 117. variabilis, 117. Phloedictyon, 62. Phlyctaenopora, 62. bitorqiiis, 62. planus, Astylinifer, 75. platei, Aeauthascus, IS. pleua, I'loeamia, 103. Plocamia, 101. igzo, 102. kai-ykiua, 4. 101. kanjh-iiios, 101. lithoithocnix, 4, 99. manaarensis, 3, 102. plena. 103. Plooamiancora. 103. Plocamiidae, 101. Poe<'illastra, 32. compressa, 33. laminarLs, 34. rlckettsi, 32. scliultzei, 33. tenuilau)inaris, 35. Poecilosclerina, 5, 6.3. Polymastia, 51. pachymastia, 51. Polymastiidae, 51. Polynia, 17. polyraphis, Aplysilla, 126. populiferuni, Hyalonema, 17. Poterion atlantica, 50. Pozziella, 66. Prianos, 61. amorphus, 61. columella, 62. problematicus, 61. primitiva, Barbozia, 62. problematicus, Prianos, 61. procumbens, Aplysina, 125, prolifera, Microciona, 95. Prosuberites, 54. epipbytum, 55. lougispinus, 55. rugosus, 55. sisyrnus, 54. Proteleia, 106. Protoschmidtia, 62. simplex, 62. psoudonapya, Clathriopsamma, 96. psila, Paresperella, 69. pulviiiatus, Jlymcniacidon, 50. radiata. Tetilla, 42. Raphi/nis, 50. Raspailia, 108. Ra.spailiidae, 107, 109. Reniera, 61, 119, 120. amorpba, 61. aquaeductus, 61. cinerea, 120. crassa, 61. cratera, 61. dura, 116. hebes, 61. luxurians, 59. variabilis, 59. rex, Lissodendoi-yx, 77. rhadia, Biemna, 03. Rliabdocalyptus, 20. asper, 20. dawsoni, 20. dowlingi, IS. nodulosus, 20. tener, 20. Rhabdodermella, 15. nuttingi, 3, 15. Rhaphiophora, 50. Rbizaxinella uuda, .56. rickettsi, Poecillastra, 32. robusta, Epbydatia, 111. Geodinella, 4, 28. robusta, Mei/enia, 3, 111. rosacea, Myxilla, 81. Rossellidae, 17. rotula, Hymetrocbota, 88, 89. rugosus, Prosuberites, 55. rustica, Pacbychalina, 119. saccliaris. Papyrula, 37. sacra, Halisarca, 22. sagittata, Leucetta, 3, 11. Leucandra, 11. sanguinea, Spongia, 59. sansibarense, Strongylacidon, 63. Scbmidtia, 116. schnitzel, Poecillastra, 33. serratobamata, Esperella, 70. Paresperella, 70. Sidonops. 23. angnlata, 4, 23. angulata megarta, 23. angulata microana, 23. angulata orthotriaena, 23. bicolor, 4, 23. Sigmatotetraxouidu, 106. siniilis, Petrosia, 117. simplex, Protoschmidtia, 62. Simplicella glacialis, 125. simulans, Adocia, 119. sinapium, Hymeniacidon, 57. sisyrnus, Prosuberites, 54. solida, Leucandra, 15. solidus, Staurocalyptus, 18. sphaera, Papyrula, 38. Splieciospongia, 48. confoederata, 48. Sphinctrella, 34. spiuosa, Tetilla, 43. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81, art. 4 Spirastrella, 51. andrewsi, 50. Spongelia, 123, 124. pallescens, 124, Spongeliidae, 123. Spongia, 121. cinerea, 120. coronata, 11. dysoni, 50. idia, 121. lacustris, 110. oculata, 118. panicea, 56. sanguinea, 59. spongigartina, Aaata, 80. spongigartina, Anaata, 89. Spongiidae, llil. Spongilla, 110. lacustris, 110. Spongillidae, 110. squamata, ColiminAUs, 46, 47. Staurocalyptus, 18. dowlingi, 18. fasciculatus, 19, solidus, 18, stellata, Hymedesmia. 47. Stelletta, 19. clarella, 29. estrella, 29. lendenfeldi, 31. Stellettidae, 29. stipitata, Leucosolenia, 6. Strongylacidon, sansisbareuse. 63. Strongylamma, carter!, 63. Strongylophora, 61, 63. durissima, 63, Stylotella, 62. columella, 62. digitata., 62, heliophila, 60. siiberea lata, Ficulina. 52. suherea, Snberites, 52. Suberites, 50, 51, 53, 55. dominiciilus, 53. gadiis,, 4, 55. latus, 52. sxi'berea, 52. Suberitidae, 52. snbtilis, Bathyxipbns. 3. Sycandra coacta, 4, 10. coronata, 3, 11. Sycettidae, 10. Sycon, 4, 10. coactum, 10. eoronatnm, 11. Sylleibidae, 17. syrmatitus, Dercitns. 38. Tedania, S3. topsenti, 83. toxiealis, 84, 85. Tedanione, 86. obscuvata, 86. wilsoni, 86. tener, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. tenerum, Chonelasma. 21. tcnuilaminaris, Normania. ?>o. tenuilaminaris, Poecillastra, 35. tenuis, Acanthosaccus, 3. ternatus, Acarnus, 106. Terpios coerula, 88. Tethya, 44, 46, 47. aurantia californiana, 44. Tethyidae, 44. TethyopsiUa, 43. Tetilla, 40. arb, 42. mutabilis, 40. radiata, 42. spinosa, 43. Tetillidae, 40. tetractis, Timea, 47. textapatiua, Gellius, 4, 112. Thalysias vespara, 50. Theneidae, 32. tbiona, Verongia, 124. Tboosa, 118. Timea, 45. autbia, 45. stellata, 46. tetractis, 47. Timeidae, 45. topsenti, Tedania, 83. toxicalis, Tedania, 85. Trikentrion, 110. flabelliformis, 110. tuberosa, Isociona, 100. tudisperma, Carterella, 111. tubispenna. Carterius, 111. tyloaster, Penares, 37. ungodon, H.ymeniacidon, 60. uteoides, Ascute, 10. vagabunda, Desmacella, 64. vanilla, Haliclona, 116. vanilla, Xestospongia, 116. variabilis, Petrosia, 117. Reniera, 59. variolosa, Kirkpatrickia, 84, vastus, Apbrocallistes, 21, Verongia, 124, fistularis, 125. tbiona, 124. Verongiidae, 124. versicolor californiana, Myxilla, 81. vespara, Thalysias, 50. vesparitini, Alcyonintn, 50. violacea, Aplysilla, 127. viridis, Joyeuxia, 62. Vonierula, 66. Vosmaeria, 17. irhiteavesianus, ApJirocallistes, 21. Wilsa, 72. bymenn, 72. wilsoni, Tedanione, 86. Xestospongia, 115. coralloides, 116. diprosopia, 115. vanilla, 116. Zygberpe, 65. hyaloderma, 65. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19S2 A NEW TREMATODE OF THE GENUS UROTREMA FROM BATS By Joseph E. Alicata Junior Zoologist, Zoological Divdsion, Bureau of Animal Industry, Urdted States Department of Agriculture A trematode that appears to be a new species is described in this paper. This fluke belongs to the family Urotrematidae Poche, 1926, and to the genus TJrotrema Braun, 1900. Three specimens were col- lected by the writer in June, 1931, from the intestine of a red bat {Lasiurus horealis) captured in Washington, D. C. UROTREMA LASIURENSIS, new species FlQUKB 1 Specific diagnosis. — Urotrema: Body elongated, 3 mm to 3.5 mm long by 890}i to 967)m wide in middle region of body, flattened dorso- ventrally ; anterior end attenuated and posterior end bluntly rounded. Cuticular spines present on anterior two-thirds of body and absent on posterior third of body. Oral sucker subterminal, 124/t* to 156/i long by 140yu, to 156/i wide. Prepharynx apparently absent ; pharynx 78/x to 93/i, long by 68/a to 76/ii wide; esophagus 91/* to lOQjx long; intestinal ceca sinuous in outline, terminating 358/i to 390ju, from pos- terior end of body. Acetabulum 156ft long by 156|U, to 162/* wide, situated 234jti to 312jti from posterior margin of oral sucker. Testes subspherical to oval, tandem or slightly oblique, and situated in posterior half of the body. Anterior testis 296/x to 374/a long and 452/* to 483/i wide, and posterior testis 343/* to 405/* long and 468/* to 561/* wide; testes approximated or separated by a space of 15/*. Cirrus pouch 327/* to 358/* long by 171/* wide, somewhat spindle-shaped, directed slightly oblique to left of long axis of body and situated at posterior end of body. Cirrus pouch contains a large seminal vesicle and a relatively short, slender, unarmed cirrus. Genital pore subterminal and ventral, situated at base of cirrus pouch. Ovary transversely ovoid, 187/i to 234/* long by 249/* to 280/* wide, situated in median line 31/* to 124/* caudad of acetabulum. Shell gland well defined, caudad to and left of ovary. Receptaculum seminis well developed and situated slightly to left of median line caudad of No. 2928.-PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 81, ART. 5 107709—32 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 ovary. Vitellaria composed of small follicles situated laterally, extending from base of acetabulum to about the level of anterior margin of anterior testis. Uterus long and consisting of irregular coils; the portion of the uterus containing immature eggs is limited to the intercecal space, while the portion containing mature eggs may extend into the extracecal space; uterus coils to right side of anterior testis, and to left side of posterior testis, and terminates in a well-defined metra- term, which extends dorsally and to left of cirrus pouch and opens into genital aperture. Eggs oval, brown, 23/x, to 26/i, long by 12;u, wide. Type host. — Lasiums horealis. This species also occurs in the bat Nycticeius hjuTneralls and in an undetermined species of bat from Texas. Location. — Small intestine. Locality. — United States; type local- ity, District of Columbia. Type specime7is. — U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. No. 30117; paratypes No. 30118. Remarks. — TJrotrenia lasiv/rensls is the only species of the genus known to occur in bats in this country. Price (1931) reported finding a species Identical with or closely related to U. scdbridvmi from bats in Texas. Specimens of the form from the Texas bat and other specimens collected by Price from a bat {Nycticeius hvmheraUs) at Glen Dale, Md., have been placed at the writer's disposal, and a care- ful comparison has shown them to be identical with the species described here as U. lasiurensis. The description of U. lasiurensis is based largely upon three mature specimens collected from one bat. This species apparently occupies a position intermediate between U. scabridum Braun, 1900, and U. shiUingerl Price, 1931. In U. scabridv/m the vitellaria extend from the base of the acetabulum to about three-fourths of the distance between the ovary and the an- FiGURB 1. — TJrotrema l/isiurensis , new species. Ventral view AST. 5 A NEW TREMATODE FROM BATS ALJCATA s 05 s OS I ^i 1 2 3 »o OS *3 .- a ® Lengt of esop agus 1 b § 2 2 » ^ g-' g ° ? 72 ^ ' *o :r u 1 t-i ««o „• 1 1 ® 3 a « ■ a .2 h ' a « 00 fe H w .« t3 ^ fe « -fe s 5 ; S S? t** c*i P< S s s 3 .2 a g «f 1 « 5|| s M *" * « -s •a OQ c© -< .2 a a V- -: a S S >• _ « 2 -9 > ^ 3 5 U) c/1 1 > a &a ° a":^ a 05 " "2 3 a g S ^ 3 S c3 a « 03 C3 fl S g S ® 8- « B f g S S ® ® .2 « ™ S > t3 S «3 4^ Distance between oral sucker and ace- tabulum •5 ^- c^ a M 1 1 to 2 iS .a g.2 ^.a a a -g a 1 a g c 2 S : s 2 =3 £ -s 2 -c 3 <= ' P^ 1^ piH •§ t S ; ij I 1 1 < ; -o .22 1 ® ^ ti 2 * ?5 : s 2 1-1 <1> ^0 § l'^ 1 1 *o 3 «> 0) T T3 -0 A s 1 ! "- 1 *■' S T S ft t^ M 10 P rt CO ISSI 1 • m 1 c CM •3 "2 M si ~ . r^ N -i & .S3 ■4iJ tc -^ ^ •& a > e IN 6« l-t £ " 2 a ® 00 -" cs ° '^ 2-0 5 %t a ^ '^ ' J. so a is _0 CO CO a. « i ^ 1 ^1 t5 ^ S I ' & a.* 1 aj 05 • a.2 ■- o- 5; bc 2 CM M M a •5 1 c5 CQ " be >. b £ ; £j § » OS > ^ s . — an® a a «2 1^ 1 a CO '^ 1 CM a «, «■ ^ ; s Js^ •>»• ci CO 1 1— ( «-H ; : i s i i'i » ■3 ® •g - ' 9> u •- ft QQ 2 S ^ CO 1 -^ P3 p. 1 a & w S l|5 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 u •< a %i ^ o •> « -S •0 49 -• 1 Cj t) t) ti t ; b t PQ OS B a o a ca 3 « b .S ® d .a a 03 n- 4-* « .2 £3 s ■^ a ® ' ' .M Yi a ® 3 01 a-a ^ fl 3 > plane, but somewhat sinuous, being decidedly bent in at the um- bilicus. The parietal wall appears notched on account of the absence of the expanded peristome. Stibgenotype. — Ghondropoma {GhondropoTyiella) Tnagnifica (Salle) Pfeiffer. CHONDROPOMA (CHONDROPOMELLA) BEATENSIS Clench Plate 1, Figxjres 7, 9 1932. Chondropoma {Chondropomium) heatensis, Clench, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 12. p. 100. 1932. Chondropoma {Chmidropomium) beatensis armotiri Clench, ibid. Shell elongate-conic when complete, flesh-colored with interrupted spiral zones of brown. Some of these zones are fulgurated, others merely elongated dots, and still others of these dots are joined into bands, while the one below the periphery is most conspicuous and broader than the rest. The base is also marked by interrupted bands, though less conspicuously so than the spire. The inner peristome is white, while the outer is slightly raj^ed. Nuclear whorls 2, straw- colored, strongly rounded. Postnuclear whorls well rounded, marked by slender, slightly retractively slanting axial riblets, which are about as wide as the spaces that separate them, and which render the summit of the whorls feebly crenulated. Suture moderately constricted; periphery somewhat inflated, strongly rounded. Base narrowly umbilicated, somewhat inflated, strongly rounded, and marked by the continuation of the axial riblets. The columellar wall of the umbilicus is marked by few obsolete spiral threads near its outer margin. The last whorl is slightly solute. Aperture ovate ; peristome double, the inner projecting slightly above the outer and slightly expanded; the outer broadly expanded, more so on the outer and basal lips than on the columellar border, where it is only about one-third as broad as on the rest. Operculum thin, corneous, typically chondropomoid. Remarks. — The specimen described and figured, U.S.N.M. No. 403919, has 3.5 whorls, and measures: Height, 14 mm; diameter, 9.4 mm. Some specimens are considerably larger than this, one with 4 whorls measuring: Height, 18 mm; diameter, 11.2 mm. About 60 additional specimens, mostly dead, were obtained. LUCmELLA BEATENSIS. new species Plate 2, Figtjbes 4, 5, 6 Shell minute, almost lenticular, pale straw-colored. Nuclear whorls 1.3, well rounded, smooth, excepting microscopic granules. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Postnuclear whorls 3.2, well rounded, marked by strongly retractively curved axial riblets, which grow consecutively stronger from whorl to whorl. Suture moderately well impressed. Periphery angulated. Base short, strongly rounded, with a smooth umbilical callus, which is about one-fourth the diameter of the shell. The rest of the base is marked by the continuation of the axial ribs, which become ap- proximated and fused at the callus. Aperture slightly oblique, broadly ovate; outer lip somewhat expanded, thickened and reflected at the edge. The junction of the outer and basal lips forms a decided tooth. The columella is short and curved. The parietal wall is covered with a thin callus. Type.—TYiQ type, U.S.N.M. No. 403920, measures : Height, 1.8 mm; greater diameter, 3.2 mm; lesser diameter, 2.9 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403889 contains 9 additional topotypes. The present species can be distinguished at once from Lucidella rugosa Pfeiffer from Haiti by its much flatter shape. EUTROCHATELLA BEATENSIS, new species Plate 2, Figxiees 7, 8, 9 Shell minute, broadly conic, solid, flesh-colored. Nuclear whorls 1.1, well rounded, smooth, rather elevated. Postnuclear whorls mod- erately rounded, separated by a Ioav impressed suture, marked between summit and suture by faint retractively slanting incremental lines and five low, rounded spiral threads, which are almost as broad as the spaces that separate them, the one at the periphery being a little wider than the rest. Periphery angulated. Base short, well rounded, marked by seven spiral threads, which are of irregular width and spacing, and of which the three nearest the umbilical wall are the smallest. Aperture obliquely oval ; outer lip expanded and reflected ; inner lip reflected over the base as a conspicuous callus; parietal wall covered by a thin callus. Type.—T\iQ type, U.S.N.M. No. 403921, has 5.5 whorls, and meas- ures: Height, 2 mm; greater diameter, 3.3 mm; lesser diameter, 3 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403888 contains 2 additional specimens. This species differs from Eutrochatella eugeniama Weinland and E. weinlandi Wagner in having the spiral markings less numerous and much coarser. EUTROCHATELLA SPHAERULA, new species Plate 2, Figures 10, 11, 12 Shell rather large, globose, flesh-colored, with the early whorls tinged with pale yellow and the later with a rosy flush. The nuclear ART. 6 A NEW WEST INDIAN MOLLXJSK FAUNULA BARTSCH 5 tip consists of not quite a single turn, which is well rounded, smooth, and white. The succeeding turns are a little less strongly roi'ndevi, feebly shouldered at the summit, and marked by fine retractively slanting incremental lines and slender spiral threads. These threads are almost equal in strength and spacing. Eleven of them are pres- ent on all the whorls between the summit and suture. They increase in strength as the whorls increase in size. In addition to these raised threads, finer spiral striations are present in the interstices between them. Periphery well rounded. Base inflated, well rounded, marked by a continuation of the incremental lines and low flattened spiral threads, equaling those on the spire in width, but less elevated. Aperture semioval; outer lip slightly expanded, par- ticularly so at the junction of the basal and outer lip and slightly reflected. Columella short, curved; inner lip reflected over the last whorl as a white callus, which extends up on the parietal wall. Operculum unknown. Type.—ThQ type, U.S.N.M. No. 403922, has 6.5 whorls and meas- ures: Length, 16.2 mm; greater diameter, 16.2 mm; lesser diameter, 12.9 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403884 contains 18 additional specimens from the type locality. This species belongs in the group of Eutrochatella globosa Gray and E. opima Shuttleworth. It differs from E. glohosa in being much more globose, and from E. opima in being much larger and being even still more globose. The sculpture in the present species, moreover, is much finer in every way. CERATODISCUS BEATENSIS, new species Prji.TE 2, Figures 1, 2, 3 Shell very minute, discoid, pale horn-colored, upper surface of the whorls forming a concave disk. The nucleus consists of a single, rather large, smooth, well-rounded whorl, which does not project above the rest of the turns. The postnuclear whorls are marked by rather rough incremental lines, which are irregular both in size and spacing, and by slender, wavy spiral threads, of which five are ap- parent on the first postnuclear whorl. The last whorl is solute for about one-tenth of a turn and in cross section is broadly semioval, the columellar side being more or less straight. This whorl is also marked by coarse incremental lines and spiral threads both on the upper surface and the curved peripheral edge, and the well- rounded basal portion. The base is decidedly concave with an open funnel-shaped umbilicus. Aperture semioval; the peristome very slightly expanded and very slightly reflected at the edge. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Type.— The type, U.S.N.M. No. 403923, has 2.3 postnuclear whorls and measures: Height, 1.1 mm; greater diameter, 3.4 mm; lesser diameter, 2.6 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403897 contains six additional specimens from the type locality. This species is nearest related to Cerato- discus solutus Simpson and Henderson from La Ferriere, Haiti. It differs from this in being much smaller and in having the nuclear whorls depressed in the general concave surface of the spire instead of elevated, and in having the spiral sculpture much finer, CEPOLIS WETMOREI, new species Plate 3, Figures 4, 5, 6 Shell depressed helicoid with a pale brown band at the suture and a broader similarly colored band halfway between this and the pe- riphery. (As all our specimens are dead, it is quite possible that in fresh material these bands will prove to be conspiciously colored.) Nuclear whorls 1.3, slightly rounded, finely granular. Postnuclear whorls 3, well rounded, a little more so near the summit than on the anterior two-thirds, which slope strongly. These whorls are marked by retractively slanting incremental lines, which are of irregular strength and spacing. Suture well impressed, the last whorl is nar- row and slopes strongly toward the base. The base is broadly openly umbilicated and decidedly pinched in on the umbilical area behind the aperture to form a strong oblique tooth within. There is also a deeply impressed pit corresponding to a strong tooth on the inner lip some little distance behind the aperture. The aperture is oval and the outer lip is somewhat expanded, reflected, and thick- ened, the columella being very short. The outer lip is deflected downward near the aperture at the posterior angle. The parietal wall is covered by a thin callus. Within the aperture two teeth are apparent, the one extending from the columella for more than half the length of the basal lip, parallel to it a little behind its edge. The other is a very decidedly elevated, subconical structure springing from the middle of the outer lip, and extending for more than half the width of the aperture across this toward the parietal wall. This is at some distance from the outer lip. Type.— The type, U.S.N.M. No. 403908, measures : Height, 9 mm ; greater diameter, 14 mm ; lesser diameter, 11.6 mm. Remarks. — There are three additional specimens in this gathering, the largest of which has 5 whorls and measures: Height, 9.3 mm; greater diameter, 15.2 mm; lesser diameter, 12.5 mm. ART. 6 A NEW WEST INDIAN MOLLUSK FAUNULA BARTSCH 7 CEPOLIS LINCOLNI, new species Plate 3, Figuees 10, 11, 12 Shell helicoid; the early whorls pale horn-colored, the later ones flesh-colored with a broad chestnut-brown band at the summit and another one immediately above the periphery, while a third band is about as far superior to the periphery as the last mentioned is posterior to it; in other words, these two bands are separated by a light zone as wide as that separating the band at the summit from the median band. The rest of the base and the peristome are flesh- colored. Nuclear whorls 1.5, low, well rounded, marked by fine incremental lines and microscopic granulations only. Postnuclear whorls 3.5, well rounded, marked by strong retractively curved axial threads, which are rather distantly spaced, the spaces that separate them being fully four times as wide as the riblets. Behind the aperture these riblets become even stronger than on the rest of the whorls. They are also present on the base, although here they are slightly reduced. The last whorl descends considerably below the periphery at the aperture. Periphery obsoletely angulated. Base short, well rounded, and narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus cov- ered for three-fourths of its width by the reflected inner lip. There is a deep pit a little distance behind the aperture, slightly below the periphery, which it parallels and which corresponds to an internal fold that half closes the aperture. Another pit is hidden by the columella and this forms a basal tooth on tlie middle of the basal lip. The aperture is oval; the peristome is somewhat expanded, reflected, and thickened; the parietal wall is covered by a thick callus, which unites the posterior angle of the aperture with the columella; the left outline of this callus is sigmoid. Ty^e.—T\\% type, U.S.N.M. No. 403909, measures : Height, 13 mm ; greater diameter, 19.7 mm ; lesser diameter, 16.2 mm. Re7narks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403898 contains 24 additional specimens. This species is related to Cepolis trizonella Pilsbry, but differs from it as well as from Cepolis trizonalis Grateloup in being decidedly more conic and in having the last whorl decidedly more inflated and the sculpture stronger in every way. CEPOLIS TRIZONALIS BEATENSIS, new subspecies Plate 3, Figures 1, 2, 3 Early whorls pale buff, the later ones flesh-colored with a zone of chestnut-brown separated from the summit by a light area equaling this band in width. A second brown band a little wider than the one near the summit encircles the turns a little anterior to the pe- riphery, the space betweeen the two dark bands being a little wider. 8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 81 Another narrow, very pale brown band is present immediately below the periphery. The rest of the base and the peristome are white. The dark bands show within the aperture. Nuclear whorls 1.3, low, well rounded, marked by incremental lines and microscopic granula- tions. The postnuclear whorls are slightly rounded and marked by poorly defined retractively curved axial threads. These become a little more pronounced toward the last part of the last turn. Suture moderately impressed. The last whorl descends near the aperture to considerably below the well-rounded periphery. The base is strongly, evenly rounded, marked by a feeble continuation of the axial riblets with the umbilicus completely closed. There is a strong pit imme- diately below the periphery and a little distance behind the aperture, which corresponds to the fold on the inside of the outer lip, which extends halfway across the aperture. The aperture is oval with the outer lip expanded, reflected, and decidedly thickened. There is a strong fold on the middle of the basal wall. The parietal wall is covered by a thick callus, which has a sigmoid outline on its left border. Type.—ThQ type, U.S.N.M. No. 403910, measures: Height, 13.1 mm ; greater diameter, 21.4 mm ; lesser diameter, 16.2 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403911 contains another bleached speci- men. This subspecies is distinguished from Cepolis trizonalis in being much smaller and in having the basal brown band much narrower. It is distinguished from Cepolis trizonella by its closed umbilicus. PLAGIOPTYCHA (MONODONTA) BEATENSIS, new species Plate 3, Figures 7, 8, 9 Shell small, subglobose, the early whorls flesh-colored, the last three with interrupted spiral bands of brown. A continuous band of brown is present a little posterior to the periphery, which in spite of its continuity, shows circular areas, indicating spots, and between this and the summit are two zones of brown spots. There is an- other zone of small brown spots at the periphery and a second con- tinuous band about as far anterior to the periphery as the other continuous band is posterior to it. The base is marked by five zones of round brown spots, which are arranged not only in spiral but in axial series. Nuclear whorls 1.2, moderately well rounded, marked by fine incremental lines and microscopic granulations. Postnuclear whorls well rounded, separated by a moderately impressed suture, marked by retractively slanting lines of growth. Periphery well rounded. Base somewhat inflated, strongly rounded, marked by the continuations of the lines of growth. The last whorl descends de- AST. 6 A NEW WEST INDIAN MOLLUSK FAUNTJLA BAETSCH 9 cidedly near the aperture almost to the middle of the base. Aper- ture decidedly oblique, oval. Outer lip thin at the edge, scarcely expanded; the inner and basal lip are reflected over the base as a thick callus. The basal lip bears a strong denticle about one-third of the distance between the columella and the outer lip. Parietal wall is covered by a thin callus. Type.— The type, U.S.N.M. No. 403912, measures : Height, 8.9 mm ; greater diameter, 12.2 mm; lesser diametei-, 10.4 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403900 contains four additional speci- mens. THYSANOPHORA BEATENSIS, new species Plate 1, Figures 1, 2, 3 Shell minute, depressed helicoid, semitranslucent, pale straw-col- ored. Nuclear whorls 2, well rounded, polished, marked b}'^ exceed- ingly fine incremental lines and exceedingly fine closely approximated microscopic spiral striations only. Postnuclear whorls well rounded, showing fine lines of growth and exceedingly fine microscopic spiral striations. Suture well impressed. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base well rounded, openly umbilicated, the umbilicus about one-fifth the width of the diameter of the shell. The aperture is oblique; the outer lip does not descend at its termination. Col- umella short and gently curved; the peristome not expanded. Type. — U.S.N.M. No. 403917 has 4.3 whorls, and measures : Height, 2 mm; greater diameter, 3.1 mm; lesser diameter, 3 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. No. 403890 contains about 70 topotypes. THYSANOPHORA ALTA, new species Plate 1, Figxjbes 4, 5, 6 Shell minute, helicoid, decidedly elevated, pale straw-colored. Nuclear whorls 1.5, strongly rounded, smooth excepting fine incre- mental lines and microscopic granules. Postnuclear whorls 2.7, inflated, strongly rounded, separated hy a low impressed suture and marked by incremental lines, the surface being rendered slightly roughened by the attachment of foreign matter. Periphery inflated, strongly rounded. Base well rounded, openly umbilicated, the um- bilicus about one-sixth of the width of the diameter of the shell. Aperture oblique, and broadly oval; outer lip thin at the edge. Columella moderately long, curved. Parietal wall covered with a thin callus. ry/?e.— The type, U.S.N.M. No. 403918, measures : Height, 2.3 mm ; diameter, 3 mm. Remarks. — This is a member of the Boothiana group. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 UROCOPTIS (AUTOCOPTIS) BEATENSIS. new sp«cies Plate 1, Figuke 11, 13 Shell pupoid, the apex of the spire decollated, the upper half darker than the anterior. The whorls are slightly rounded, ap- pressed at the summit and separated by a poorly impressed suture. The surface is almost polished, being marked by fine, retractively slanting, incremental lines and microscopic spiral striations only. The base is short, strongly rounded, with an umbilical slit, and an obsolete cord marking the line at the junction of the outer and basal lip. The umbilical area of the last whorl is marked by rather regu- lar threadlike riblets, which are about one-half as wide as the spaces that separate them. These riblets become more closely approxi mated toward the aperture. The last whorl is solute for about one- tenth of a turn, and the aperture is broadly flaringly expanded. It is obliquely oval, with the outer edge of the peristome decidedly thickened all around. The pillar is slender, solid, and twisted and expanded into a lamella on the last half of the last turn. Type.—ThQ type, U.S.N.M. No. 403913, has 7.5 whorls remaining, and measures : Length, 23 mm ; diameter, 9.3 mm ; greatest diameter of aperture 8.1 mm; height of aperture, 7 mm. Remarks. — Nine topotypes were obtained, the largest of which has 8 whorls remaining, and measures: Length, 21: mm; diameter, 10.2 mm; greatest diameter of aperture, 8.8 mm; height of aperture, 8 mm. The smallest has 6.5 whorls remaining, and measures : Length, 19.6 mm ; diameter, 8.9 mm ; height of aperture, 6.9 mm. The border of the aperture being broken prevents our giving the greatest diam- eter of it. BRACHYPODELLA (LIPAROTES) UTOWANAE Clench Plate 1, Figure 14 1932. Brachypodella utotcanae Clench, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 12, pp. 104, 105. Shell fusiform, flesh-colored with a brownish flush. Nuclear whorls 2, the first smooth, the second showing the beginning of the axial riblets. Postnuclear whorls increasing steadily in size from the first to the sixth whorl, after which they again decrease in width toward the base. The early postnuclear whorls are very strongly rounded, the median ones less so and the later ones very slightly so. The last one is slightly exserted at the basal carina. These whorls are marked by slender, slightly flexuose, retractively curved axial riblets, those of the early turns being almost sublamellar while those on the later whorls are more threadlike but more elevated than an ordinary thread would be. They are a little less wide than the spaces ART. 6 A NEW WEST INDIAN" MOLJ:.rjSK FAUNULA BABTSCH 11 that separate them. Suture well impressed, rendered slightly wavy by the axial riblets. The last whorl has a strong basal carina at the junction of the outer and umbilical wall, which is rendered crenu- lated by the axial ribs, which extend quite prominently upon the umbilical wall. The last whorl is solute for a third of a turn. Aper- ture almost subquadrate with the peristome expanded and reflected. The pillar is slender, solid with a median twist. Remarks. — The specimen described and figured, U.S.N.M. No. 403914, has 10.5 whorls, and measures ; Height, 7.8 mm ; diameter, 2.6 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 403885 contains three additional specimens. MACROCERAMUS BEATENSIS, new species Plate 1, Fkjurh 15 Shell small, elongate conic, pale brown, with darker irregular axial bands of chestnut-brown, the first two turns of the apex being pale brown, the succeeding one chestnut-brown; the aperture pale brown. Nuclear whorls 2.2, strongly rounded, smooth. Postnuclear whorls moderately well rounded, separated by a moderately impressed suture, the first three marked by rather strong, decidedly retractively curved axial riblets. After this the axial riblets become less con- spicuous and more distantly spaced. The spiral sculpture consists of eight series of obsolete pits between the summit and the periphery of the last whorl. These pits appear like malleations between the obsolete riblets. The periphery is marked by an obsolete thread. The base is well rounded, marked by the continuation of the axial riblets and poorly developed spiral pittings, narrowly umbilicated. Aperture subcircular; outer lip slightly expanded and slightly reflected. Columella moderately expanded and reflected. Parietal wall covered by a thin callus. Type.—T\\Q type, U.S.N.M. No. 403915, has 9.5 whorls, and meas- ures : Height, 10 mm ; diameter, 3.9 mm. Remarks.— [J.^.'^M. No, 403887 contains three additional specimens. VARICELLA BEATENSIS. new species Plate 1, FtQUEBJ 12 Shell elongate conic, pale horn-colored, with irregularly spaced vertical bands of pale brown, which is also the color of the tip of the columella. Nuclear whorLs, 2.1, strongly rounded, smooth. Post- nuclear whorls rather high between the summit and the suture, very slightly rounded, separated by the slightly impressed suture and marked by strongly impressed, almost vertical axial lines, which 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.81,aet.6 separate spaces of somewhat irregular width. The summit of the whorls is not crenulated by these impressed lines. Peripheiy well rounded ; base moderately long, well rounded, marked by the feeble continuations of the above-mentioned impressed lines. Aperture moderately long ; outer lip thin ; columella short, truncated anteriorly and slightly sinuous. Parietal wall covered by a thin callus. Type.— The type, U.S.N.M. No. 403916, has 6.5 whorls, and meas- ures: Height, 10 mm; diameter, 3 mm. Remarks. — U.S.N.M. N(; 403892 contains eight additional specimens. I'. ! 6CVE1NMENT PRJNTING OFFICE. 1331 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 6 PL. 1 13 14 6 10 15 West Indian Mollusks 1-3, Thymnoplwra heaterisis, new species; 4-f), 7'. nlta. new species; 7, », Choiidiojioma {ChoiKlioyo- metla) heatenxix Clench; 8. 10, C. (Chondroporninm) (ret morn, new species; 11, i:i, L'rocopti.s (Auto- coptis) beatemis, new species; 12, Varicella heatensis, new si)ecies; U, Bruelnjixtdella (Liparotes) iitowaiiae Clench; 15, MacTOceramus heatensis, new species. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL 81. ART 6 PL. 2 West Indian Mollusks 1-3, Ceratodisciis heaterisis, new species; 4-6, X«c;'rff//a ')fa/f«.s)s, new species; 7-9, Eiitrochatella btatensis, new species; 10-12, E. sphaerula, new species. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PRCCEEDINGS. VOL 81. ART. 6 PL. 3 WEST Indian mollusks 1-3, Cepotis trizoiialis hrntcnsis, new siib.^pecies; 4-f5, C. wclmorci, new .si)ecies; 7-!l, I'Uiywpli/cha (Morindonta) beatensis, new si)ecies; lO-l'J, Cepoli.^ /incolni, new specie.s. DECORATIVE DESIGNS ON ELDEN PUEBLO POTTERY FLAGSTAFF, ARIZ. By Walter Hough Head Curator, Department of Anthropology, United States National Museum INTRODUCTION Elden Pueblo, located 6I/2 miles east of Flagstaff, Ariz., was exca- vated in 1926 by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and his party for the Bureau of American Ethnology. This work, carried on with Doctor Fewkes's characteristic skill and experience, contributed much to our knowl- edge of the archeology of this region. Dr. H. S. Colton, of the University of Pennsylvania, who has for several years investigated and published on the ruins of this portion of Arizona, called Doctor Fewkes's attention to the Elden ruin and subsequently aided in the field work. Doctor Fewkes's report (1927) leaves little to be desired regarding all phases of the exploration. The present paper is con- fined to a study of the decoration of the Elden Pueblo ceramics collected by Doctor Fewkes. Intercourse by Indian groups scattered over a very wide region in northeastern Arizona was promoted by the prominence of San Francisco Mountain in Pueblo cult. In Pueblo mountain worship the peaks were regarded as shrines, and tribes came from great dis- tances to them for worship. Cloud, rain, and water cults were ordered in response to the meteorological energy of the high peaks, which affected the weather over thousands of square miles. The Pueblo Indians had probably observed the relation of the mountains to weather phenomena centuries ago. San Francisco peaks as a cult focus would thus be responsible for ' any introductions of foreign elements in the materials from ancient pueblos. This is merely suggested as one of the ways that intrusive specimens arise, especially from regions widely separated. POTTERY General remarks. — Elden Pueblo is classed as a gray-ware site, one of the many northern type settlements penetrating the Little Colorado region and situated south of the great escarpment called the " rim." It is evident that this ruin dates from the Great Period of Kidder and that it was established a very long time before the No. 2930— Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 81. Art. 7. 110044 — 32 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. 81 intrusion of a development of the varied polychrome ceramic art of this region. There is no longer question that the focus of the gray-ware art was in the San Juan drainage, since Dr. F. H. H. Roberts's explorations in Pueblo I ruins in the Piedra district show not only the beginning of Pueblo Indian pottery, but also that the first ware was of the gray type. (Roberts, 1930.) This is a clear case of the influence of environmental clays on the formation of a ceramic type. With this fact in view, the polychrome, orange, yellow, and brown classes are seen to depend on the original sedimentary clays of the Jurassic and Cretaceous and resedimented clays from older and later periods spread out on the eroded strata. Over a very large area north of the Little Colorado, archeologists have noted in small house sites shards of gray ware on which the decoration appears faded. These sites, which were much weather- worn and gave an impression of antiquity, were for a long time an enigma. More intensive work in the Pueblo region has revealed that this ware seems to have been dispersed from the Kayenta focus during Pueblo III period. It may be surmised that the dis- tribution of gray ware of the class mentioned was toward the south and west from the Kayenta focus. This is borne out by the char- acter of the decoration (see pi, 1 and pi. 3, fig. 3), which may be called diffuse, while from the other major focus in the San Juan appears to emerge the sharp-cut designs in dark pigment not cover- ing the whole surface of vessels. The priority seems to be with the San Juan, but the greatest development in an art sense occurs to the westward, and its distribution is southward in Arizona- Placed on Doctor Kidder's base map graphically, the gray-ware centers are shown in Figure 1. The dimness or clearness of the decoration is probably due to the medium used, possibly water in the case of the faded designs and seed oil in the clear ones. With the iron pigments, water would give a thin paint and oil more of a mass of color. (Hawley, 1929.) Evidently the gray ware continued over so long a period and became fixed to such an extent that when a group of Pueblo Indians moved into a locality where it was not possible to obtain the clay to produce the ware, they practiced slipping with white clay over a local body, the kaolin evidently being brought in small quantities from a long distance or obtained from detritus from old formations.^ There is evidence that halloysite, a white claylike mineral near to kaolin, was gotten from the ancient gravels along the Little Colorado. Halloysite shrinks considerably and tends to warp in firing, a feature noticed frequently in southern gray ware. » Kaolin for ceremonial purposes is brought by the Hopi Indians from a butte south- west of Walpi, where novices are taken for their initiation into the fraternities. AET. 7 ELDEN PUEBLO POTTERY DESIGNS — HOUGH It is necessary, of course, to treat each site or contiguous groups of sites as a unit, and to study the developments of the potter's art locally. Later it may be possible on the completion of such studies to bring to bear correlations covering larger areas. By this means we may trace the spread of types of ceramic art from an original focus and allow for expedited or retarded developments in the unit sites, and also estimate the dates of pronounced styles of decoration. The study of the Elden ceramics is made on this basis. Gray ware in pueblos that represent the consolidations and siftings of tribal decay and movements reflects in its heterogeneity these movements. A typical case is the confusion of forms and designs in Kidder's adobe pueblo near the Pecos ruin. NEVADA UTAH COLORADO FIG0RE 1. — Map showing gray-ware centers, Rio Colorado and Rio Grande regions Description of the designs. — Elden gray ware divides itself rather sharply into two classes of decoration, one in bands and the other in quadrants. In bowls the band decoration leaves a circular area in the bottom and the 4-part design a square area. (Pis. 1, 5.) The bands enforce the seriation of the design elements in repetitions, and do not allow the exercise of the ingenuity that is possible with the quadrants. Band decorations are very old in the pueblo region. They may be said to originate in the partial decoration of the earliest pottery, the lip borders and shoulders of the ware being ornamented with clipped designs framed in a restricted space. The character of these designs leads one to believe that the disintegration of symbolic motives into patterns may be earlier than has been thought. The 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. SI Elden band designs considered in connection with the character of the forms and other criteria of the pottery so decorated indicate that this ware is the oldest found in the pueblo. The simplicity also of the band designs gives the ware the aspect of maturity, and there is a fixity of the decorative art of the potters not observed in other gray ceramics thought to be of a later period. It is possible that an examination of the stratigraphy at Elden Pueblo may corroborate this assertion. Band designs are accompanied by parallel stripings; the lines are continuous around the concavity of a bowl or the swell of a vase, their purpose being to border or to space the bands. (PI. 1.) Rarely short, unmodified lines were used in the decoration of the banded ware, and these outline the central symbol of the repeat. The hori- zontal lines number from one to five between the bands. Both bands and lines are applied in agreement with the structure of the ware, that is, on the coiling junctions, which are always hori- zontal. The lines probably do not originate in the desire to simu- late coils showing on the surface, as in the familiar corrugated ware. In the early period corrugated pottery was made very sparingly and appeared on the necks of vessels as flat strips rather than as rounded relief coils. It is interesting to observe, however, that the band effect is frequently noted on the finer coiled ware of a later period, when coiling reached the plane of art. This is accomplished by the modi- fication of a series of coils at intervals. (Hough, 1903, pi. 80.) Bands did not disappear at Elden Pueblo with the coming of quadrant art, which is also old and was introduced from the north here. They are evident in the short sections of bands worked into the quadrant figures. Occasionally in the Little Colorado poly- chrome ceramics short diagonal sections of bands appear in bowls. A discovery of this sort from the Petrified Forest shows a departure from the customary structural type and seems to be purely decor- ative. (Hough, 1903, pi. 15.) The canteen (pi. 5, fig. 2) shows that at an early period sections of bands were used in decoration. The fine specimen shown in Plate 2, Figure 1, is the most archaic in feeling of the vessels decorated in band patterns. The decoration is suggestive of the coiling lines discussed above. Interposition of parallel line bands with diversified bands is seen on the large bowl shown in Plate 2, Figure 2. Allied to the band series are all-over designs made up of a network of interlocking diagonal strips applied to the interior of bowls. (PI. 6, figs. 2, 3.) Doctor Fewkes was especially interested in these unique designs and figured them in his report (1927). The designs in quarters, or quadrant designs, which are frequent in Elden gray ware, seem to mark a profound change in Pueblo ART. 7 ELDEN PUEBLO POTTERY DESIGNS HOUGH 5 ideas of cosmogeny. The change seems to have been based on the axial or square cross developing from the use of sunrise and sunset as datum points for the regulation of ceremonial periods. The arms toward sunrise and sunset from the position of the observer would, it is conceived, insensibly require balancing by other arms extending north and south, thus dividing the earth into the quadrants of Pueblo mythology. When this change took place is not determined, but it appears likel}^ that it began at Elden in Pueblo III following a considerable development in pottery decoration through the preceding periods, fostered by a similar evolution of ceremonial practices and beliefs. The adoption of the 4-part design relieved Pueblo ceramic art from pettiness and laid the foundation for the majestic decorations of the Great Period. Not only were boldness and variety introduced, but the idea of motion or rotation appeared with the world region cross, noting an advance in cosmogenic conceptions. Few designs of this character lack the element of motion. Desicfus in other numbers are in the Elden collection, but these are either merely repeats or fives, apparently based on optional spacing of the area to be decorated. The so-called triskelon, three divisions, rather frequent in the Mesa Verde region, is not found at Elden Pueblo. One inexpertly decorated bowl of the lined background class, to be mentioned later, shoAvs a decoration in three parts. (PI. 7, fig. 6.) One curious specimen is a vase decorated with five bird conventions in geometrical figures, a hooked design outlined in black set on a lined background. Generally this desigTi is interlocked with an opposite crooked design, producing a flowing pattern. In this case the figure is wrenched from its context. Of decorations put on to cover pleasingly the whole surface of a vessel there are a number in the Elden collection. The design is a repetition of a simple motive, as a terraced figure connected and running diagonally, generally on vases. Sometimes broad bands in bowls are of this character. The age of this style in decorative art is incontestable; also it does not come down to modern Pueblo art. In this respect the ancients were more advanced than the modern pottery decorators. It appears to originate in the border ornaments of ancient pottery mentioned on page 3. In this style there is no number order recognizable, but there is skill displayed in spacing so that the design will connect evenly. The bold and smooth march of the decoration would seem to indicate a use of metrics, so great is the difficulty of spreading equally the design diagonally over curved surfaces with no guide of stitches, as in weaving and basketry. It is not possible, however, to assert that anything but free hand was employed by the potter. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 A specimen of globular vase with the handle decorated in small squares and oblong narrow strips of black and white was found at Elden Pueblo. (PL 4, fig. 2.) This sliced design is curious and appears to relate to the ruled squares or mosaic pattern. The de- sign is something like the Kayenta examples figured by Kidder (1924, pi. 31, fig. b). Another vase has the white background di- vided into squares. (PL 4, fig. 3.) A residue of pottery that must be placed in the class of individual or extemporaneous designs is interesting as showing the mutations of art arising in an enclave where traditional forms rule. Generally such designs show a softening of the authority of traditional con- cepts and usher in the proliferation of designs so marked in the Little Colorado area. The extent of this change is especially appre- ciated when there appear new designs not derived from the ancient formula. This class may be termed " lined-background gray ware." (PL Y, figs. 5, 6.) Its distribution has not been worked out. A specimen from Mesa Verde is figured by Kidder (1924, pi. 25, fig. left 3), and one from Blue by Hough (1914, p. 48), so that its range is wide, and this type may prove valuable in distribution study. Not only are the designs notably different, but their connection with an intentional background renders this ware unique. Except as noted, the use of a painted background is not found in Pueblo ceramic decoration. The decoration used universally by the Pueblo potters produces an interplay of decorated and undecorated areas characteristic of good design, but in many cases the observer is left in doubt as to whether the painted or the clear spaces form the pattern. In the development of the decoration to the high point to which the Pueblos carried it both ideas may be true. Originally, however, the painted figures were to be read as the meaning of the design. The backgrounds of the class of ware mentioned are gradined with close parallel lines not systematically inclined over the whole area, showing lack of skill. The obvious intention is to set out the de- sign in white, a departure from the general intent of the painted design. Lining or hachuring of opposite elements of Pueblo designs is uncommon in the Elden ware and appears to belong to a later period than the banded and quadrant-decorated specimens. The intention of hachured designs is obscure. It can be for variety or may have a symbolic meaning of duality. (Hough, 1914, p. 50.) This treat- ment almost completely passed out of use at the close of the Great Period and the time of the discontinuance of gray ware, about 1250 A. D., as derived from dates furnished by Dr. A. E. Douglass from Pueblo Bonito beam chronology. ART. 7 ELDEN PUEBLO POTTERY DESIGNS — HOUGH 7 Red ware at Elden Pueblo in recovered specimens is scanty. The per cent of red fragments in the debris is not indicated, but it seems probable that the proportion of red ware to the gray is in line with its occurrence in typical gray-ware sites. Red ware is primarily a gray-ware body washed with ocher and represents the first application of surface color in the Pueblo region. An inferior paste was used, producing fragile vessels usually faring badly in bvirial offerings or in chance occurrences in debris. The true proportion of red to other wares, therefore, is not found in the recovered ceramics. A rough estimate of the proportion may be arrived at by making a percentage count of shards in the debris, and it is recommended that this method be followed. Of the few pieces of red ware from the Elden Pueblo collection, there is selected for description a bowl of Proto-Kayenta type decorated in red stripes outlined in black on a buff base, the designs simple and conforming to the quadrant arrangement. (PL 9, fig. 2.) As only a few examples w^ere found, and as there was an absence of similar shards in the village debris, it appears likely that this pottery came directly from the Kayenta art focus. Another well- preserved bowl of rather thick ware was probably of ceremonial importance. The interior is decorated in black with a band of terraced figures arranged between series of five parallel lines as in the band class. On the exterior are white horizontal lines, and eight representations of human hands in white between two ribbons of white. On the bottom ring of the bowl is a circle of miniature hands, bird tracks, and other figures now obscured by rubbing. (PI. 9, fig. 3.) Since occasionally specimens of this description are found in the Little Colorado area, they appear to show southern influence on the San Juan red ware. Another variety of red ware has a deep-red interior decorated with black outlined with white. The exterior is dark-yellow ocher with a band of red washed on roughly. The paste is homogeneous and granulated with small quartz pebbles. This class of red ware is widely distributed, occurring in quantity in the Little Colorado region and south of the escarpment on the streams of the Gila- Salt drainage. A small, thin wall bowl of dark-red ware with design in narrow lines may be regarded as another variety closer to the southern than to the northern type. The paste of this and of specimens from the Little Colorado Valley, found usually in small house sites, is so perishable that the damp vessels can rarely be removed entire from the ground. A second bowl of this character has a gradined background out- lying a swastika figure built on the prolonged sides of a square. 8 PEOCEEDIN"GS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM tol. 81 The arms are terraced, as in the normal cloud design, but each has two conventional eyes, suggesting that the stepped figure is intended to rej)resent an animal, probably a bird. This is a startling design. (PL 9, fig. 1.) It is seen that Elden red ware takes on the variety of paste and design of the polychrome area characterizing the valley of the Little Colorado. The presence, however, of Proto-Kayenta polychrome in the finds at Elden Pueblo is in keeping with the large proportion of quadrant clear black decorated gray pottery recovered from this site by Doctor Fewkes. The other reds are as stated, southern and seemingly later than the Proto-Kayenta ware — as is the gradined background type with aberrant designs. Elden coil ware bowls all have polished black interiors. The coil treatment is parallel or diagonal. (PI. 10, figs. 1-5.) Some speci- mens are deeply furrowed and others slightly smoothed down, as in southern coil. One bowl has a handle. The colors are gray, red, and deep brown. So far as the artistic treatment of coiling is con- cerned, the Elden potters were resourceful. One red bowl has a coiled exterior, a feature very rarely seen in specimens of gray ware. One globular vase is surfaced with fine parallel coil, and a good effect was produced by small wedge-shaped indentation on the coil. (PL 10, fig. 3.) As usual, two forms are found at Elden : Bowls, sometimes deep, and vases. The bowls have an everted rim and in some case a smooth band under the rim. They vary considerably in small details of fonn. (PL 10, figs. 6-9.) The preponderant pottery at Elden is a thin, red-brown ware used for domestic purposes. In most cases it is carefully finished, but no decoration is ever applied to it. The surface is generally of varying shades of color due to open-kiln firing. In bowls of various forms the interior is smoke blackened, giving a lustrous surface. The everted rims of globular vessels appear to be painted with the black pigment used in the decoration of the gray and red ware. Obtaining a smoke-blackened interior and at the same time an unsullied exte- rior is to be regarded as a triumph of the potter's skill. (PL 10, figs. 6-9.) Brown ware rarely occurs in northern gray-ware sites, but it has an extended distribution in the Little Colorado Valley, over the rim into the Gila drainage, on the Lower Colorado, the desert coun- try along the southern boundary and into Mexico, and in the Sho- shonean area of southern California. It appears to be a product of local volcanic clays. In parts of this region brown ware is the sole ceramic product; in others it accompanies the polychrome or other local decorated pottery. Ai;r. 7 ELDEN PUEBLO POTTERY DESIGNS — HOUGH 9 The forms of brown ware are ordinary bowls, deep globular bowls, globular vessels with rim, cups, dippers, miniature vessels, and quasi- archaic figurines of animals (see pi. 10), showing that its use is far more comprehensive than the gray ware. It is noted that the plain brown ware exhibits no handles. There is much ground for the belief that the brown ware is the basic type of the majority of the Pueblo ruins in the southern areas, and we frequently observe that gray ware has been superimposed upon it, as at the Elden site. The unctuous volcanic clays no doubt played an important part in this matter. The finds at Elden Pueblo contain but two specimens of modeling exclusive of the rude brown figurines mentioned. One is a bird-form vessel (pi. 8, fig. 1) in red-brown ware, a type occurring widely in the Pueblo region in sites of every class of ware, the best specimen being the gray example from the Tularosa in the United States National Museum. The other is an outstanding gray-ware quad- ruped-animal-form vessel related to examples found in southern gray-ware sites, such as the Tularosa pueblos. The figurine appears grotesque, but it is probably intended to represent a deer in the act of "belling." (PI. 8, fig. 2.) The painting is pale, as if faded, giving the specimen the appearance of antiquity as observed in the band decorated ware. It may be assumed that this specimen was brought to Elden Pueblo from some other locality, perhaps Kayenta, where like specimens have been found. Motives. — It is apparent that the whole decorative field of the Elden pottery is elaborated from the bird motive. The bird symbol, W'hich comes under the definition of a symbol because it is a figure expressing a complete idea, is in its early form not realistic, but the two engaged spirals or geometric plans generally arising each from a triangular or wedge-shaped base are taken to be the body of the bird. This symbol is seen in the banded specimen (pi. 2, fig. 2) believed to be the simplest form, and as such occurs on the earliest pottery. Its origin is evidently not with the earliest pottery discovered by Dr. F. H. H. Roberts (1980) in the Piedra, where it occurs as a complete symbol, but probably was anteriorly dev^eloped as a re- ligious symbol and used, as it was in Hopi fraternities, on perish- able cult paraphernalia. No other symbol is so spread in space and time as that derived from the bird, and it may be asserted that it is characteristic of ancient Pueblo ceramic decoration. The bird symbols occur in various stages of convention on the Elden pottery, but, as stated, they are always conventionalized. Also, the figures are as a rule represented as two birds in apposition. The simplest and probably the most ancient form seems to be 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. 81 : art. 7 curvilinear, as [G^J expressing motion, which may be units or joined in a scroll; the bird's body is shown, either in the curvilinear or geometric method, as a triangle ^ /P ^ or the clipped decoration may be a simple triangle ^\^ sometimes supplied with head and tail '^\7^ (Hough, 1914, p. 48, fig. 85), and this seems to occur much later than the period of the Elden ware and at a time when a 4-bird convention became prevalent in Pueblo art. The 2-bird sym- bol is the rule in Elden Pueblo pottery, only one bowl, unmistakably of the latest period of Elden art, having the 4-bird symbol. This bowl (pi. T, fig. 3) is the only specimen having a design in the plain circular area of the bottom. The list of small units of design in the Elden pottery is not long. Those that are not clipped symbols, as the bird symbol simplified in various degrees, are the toothed line i n 1 1 ', occurring here in a very few instances; the serrated line .^AAA, in which the triangular serration points are slanted diagonally and when drawn in apposition inclose a zigzag in white ; very rarely a line crossed diagonally with short lines, ■ ////// ; a terraced figure JH , sometimes representing a bird's head having offsets or terrace designs in apposition, produc- ing a stepped white line; terrace figures built up of blocks jr used in all-over decoration ; oppositely placed bird convention ruled into blocks like mosaic >60y ; areas of small blocks with dots in the center, called plumage design [¥]; the same stopped out with black, leaving a white circle with dot in a black area, a custo- mary method of producing an eye; designs in small white squares in a black field; series of diagonal parallel lines used to separate figures ///// , or bands and hachuring; short lines connecting or com- pleting figures in composition; wide black stripes outlining figures in apposition with similar figures hachured. LITERATURE CITED Fhwkes, Jesse Walter. 1927. Archaeological field-work in Arizona. In Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 207-232, figs. 205-226. Hawzey, Florence M. 1929. Prehistoric pottery pigments in the Southwest. Amer. Anthropologist, new ser., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 781-749. Oct.-Dec. Hough, Walter. 1903. Arcliaeological field work in northeastern Arizona. The Museum- Gates Expedition of 1901. Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1901, pp. 279-358, pis. 1-101. 1914. Culture of the ancient pueblos of the upper Gila River region. New Mexico and Arizona. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 87, 139 pp., 347 figs., 29 pis. KiDDEE, Alfre:d Vincent. 1924. An introduction to the study of southwestern archaeology. 151 pp., 25 figs., 50 pis. New Haven. Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr. 1930. Early pueblo ruins in the Piedra district, southwestern Colorado. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 96, 190 pp., 40 figs., 55 pis. U. Z eOVERNMENT PRIVTINS OFFICE; fSSt U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS VOL 81, ART 7 FL 1 m'tmrf 'V' ai W.^^|^...■^^ Bowls with Band Designs 1, U.S.X.M. No. 3:i72SS; 2. t'.S.X.M. No. .•«72K,i. U. s. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81, ART. 7 PL. 2 BOWLS WITH BANDS OP UNES, ZlCZAOS. ^^^ SP-t'-J ,, ,„,ised bowl (L-.S.X.M. NO. 3.7249); 2, lar.e bowl (V.S.N.M. No. 33.252). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL 8L ART 7 PL. 3 o "A (J) <, :^ < 'X > 1^ Q r^ 111 MJ J T, Q Z ^ < .- I __ X pq U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL 81. ART. 7 PL. 4 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL 81, ART. 7 PL. 5 Canteens and Bowls 1, P'rcts in hachure and black and white (U.S.N.M. Si>. :i:i72!7): 2, diagonal band spctions (U.S.N.M. Xo. ;«724S); :i, (|uadrant design (T.S.N'.M. No. 33727.S); 4, bands arranged in quadrants (U.S.N.M. No. 337287); 5, lliodifiecl band design I'.S.N.M. No. 337292): (1, greall.v nuidilii'd baiul design (U.S.N.M. No. 3372,H2!. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81. ART. 7 PL. 6 BOWLS. UNUSUAL DESIGN 1, Bowl With decorated bands (U.S.N. M. No. 3372firO: -', Lands of interlocking bird figures (U.S.N.M. No. 337259); 3, squares and lines forming diagonal terraces (I'.S.N.M. No. 337263). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL.. 81. ART. 7 PL. 7 BOWLS. GRAY WARE, BLACK DECORATION 1, Linear doconUion (U.S.N.M. .\o. ;«727sj; 2, lines and fretted deeoralion (T.S.N.M. No. :«7284); 3. bowl, advaneed de.sign (U.S.N.M. No. :«72fi8): 4, band design, cross in liel.l (I'.S.N.M. No. :«,2.>-)); o, iimisual design, gradined tmckground (r.S..\.-M. No. :a72f;s); fi. gradined >,acleY)th. 22%, 73/5 to vent; head 2%, 6% to caudal base, combined head and trunk to vent 21^^ in tail to caudal base; head width 3% in its length. Snout 4 in head ; eye 6%, II/2 ii^ snout, little greater than inter- orbital ; maxillary reaches opposite hind eye edge, length from snout tip 24^ in head ; teeth very minute, simple, conic, edges entire, uni- serial at sides of jaw and at least two series anteriorly in each ; pre- maxillary teeth scarcely larger, similar and would form as several irregular series; tongue free; front nostril near snout tip in short tube, hind nostril in upper lip opposite front eye edge; interorbital No. 2931— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 81. Art. 8 109957 — 32 1 A PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM tol. 81 ^y^ in head, low. Gill opening very small slit, largely below and before pectoral. Lateral line distinct. Dorsal begins about over middle of pectoral, rather low, confluent with caudal and anal; caudal 4I/2 in head; pectoral 3i/^. Uniform brown above, under surface of head and belly whitish. Along each side of belly a single row of black dots, fading out along front of anal. Head now largely pale or whitish, largely on account of the macerated skin. ry;>e.— U.S.N.M. No. 91870, from Niuafoou. September 17, 1930. Length, 60 mm. Diagnosis. — Differs from the East Indian Pwramiyrus microchir (Bleeker) in the coloration, especially the character of a row of distinct black dots along each side of the abdomen. Named for Lieut. H. C. Kellers. mm ,<<-7'~ FiouRH 1. — Paramynis kellersi, new species. U.S.N.M. No. 91870 (type) Family OPHICHTHYIDAE STETHOPTERUS SEMICINCTUS (Lay and Bennett) One, October 1, 274 mm. Thirty black saddles along dorsal part of body. Family ECHIDNIDAE LYCODONTIS MELEAGRIS (Shaw and Nodder) Three, October 1, 130 to 180 mm, in poor condition. These speci- mens have the usual dentition and the mouth cleft 2i/o to 2% in head. Pale brown with three or four irregular series of blackish-brown blotches, little smaller on head and extending on fins. LYCODONTIS FLAVOMARGINATA (Ruppeli) One, August 31, 1,300 mm. Generally warm brownish. Numerous fine blackish spots on head and fore part of trunk, gradually be- coming larger until assuming blackish blotches, very irregular and variable on tail. Black blotches or spots both on dorsal and anal. Gill opening in large black blotch. Greatly resembles Bleeker's figure of Gy7n7}othorax javanicus. Native name, " toke." ART. 8 FISHES FROM NIUAFOOU ISI^AND FOWLED 6 LYCODONTIS RUPPELLI (McClelland) One, October 8, 510 mm. Interesting as differing somewliat from Bleeker's figure of Gymnothorcw reticularis. Generally brown with 17 transverse blackish-brown bands, most of which narrower than paler interspaces. Bands also variable, though almost all complete or none quite so narrow as Bleeker shows. The first dark band inter- ocular and not extended below eye, where whole edge of jaw as well as prerictal region whitish, though with black blotch at mouth angle. A long anal smaller black spot between each black transverse band, which sometimes forks and produces two black blotches on other- wise whitish anal. ENCHELYNASSA CANINA (Quor and Gaimard) One, September 3, 712 mm. General appearance uniform brown, made up of extremely numerous slightly dark specks, dots, or lines of more or less transverse course, the whole hardly giving but slightly variegated appearance. UROPTEKYGIUS MARMORATUS (Lacepede) One, September 4, 210 mm; and 1, September 14, 220 mm. Family BELONIDAE BELONE PLATYURA B«nnett One. 480 mm, caudal ends broken off. Lower jaw slightly over eye diameter longer than upper jaw. Back and upper surface neutral or slate black, stnmgly in contrast with silvery white lower surface. Fins pale, dorsal and caudal slightly browner. Family MUGILIDAE MYXUS LEUCISCUS Gunther One, September 1, 52 mm; and 2, September 3, 35 and 51 mm. Scales 41 or 42 in lateral line to caudal base. Pectoral with axillary scale. A. Ill, 10. NEOMYXUS CHAPTALII (Eydoux and Souleret) Eight, September 1, 53 to 76 mm ; and 1, September 17, 55 mm. Family DULEIDAE DULES MARGINATUS CuTier One, August 26, 25 mm. Back leaden gray to neutral gray, sides and below silvery white. Fins pale or whitish, caudal base blackish, though fin otherwise entirely whitish. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 DULES TAENIURUS Cuvier Three, August 26, 26 to 30 mm. In smallest caudal wliite with a single large black spot on each lobe and median smaller black spot. Also 1, September 1, 37 mm; 3, September 17, 34 to 61 mm; and 1, October 26, 123 mm. Family SERRANIDAE CEPHALOPHOLIS UKODELUS (Schneider) Four, September 1, 120 to 179 mm; and 1, September 8, 187 mm. SERRANUS UNDULOSUS (Quoy and Gaimard) One, August 26, 33 mm. Dark or uniform blackish brown. Pale blotch at soft dorsal base and along back apparently a discoloration. Hind preopercle edge denticulate and large spine at angle. SERRANUS MEKRA (Bloch) Two, September 5, 138 to 156 mm; and 1, September 8. 158 mm. GRAMMISTES SEXLINEATUS (Thunbcrg) One, August 26, 49 mm. Differs a little from Morita's colored figure as published by Jordan and Scale in 1906, as my example has but five w^hite longitudinal lines, of which the second and third are not united on the caudal base. Family LETHRINIDAE PENTAPUS AUROLINEATUS (Lacepede) One, September 3, 225 mm. Interesting in comparison with Gar- rett's colored plate as published by Giinther. In my specimen fins now all very dull orange-brown. White blotch below last dorsal rays conspicuous. Body more or less olivaceous with narrow gray lines following longitudinally in each row of scales above lateral line qnd five broad ones horizontally below lateral line. Family CHAETODONTIDAE HOLACANTHUS NICOBARIENSIS (Schneider) One, October 6, 47 mm. Agrees largely with the figure by Fowler and Bean, though with the second larger circle on the posterior half of the body complete over the soft dorsal ; moreover, the narrow line in front extending completely over soft dorsal above and anal below. ART. 8 FISHES FROM NIUAFOOU ISLAND FOWLER 5 Family HEPATIDAE HEPATUS TRIOSTEGUS (Linnaeus) Thirteen, August 26, 28 to 50 mm; 2, September 1, both 28 mm; 1, September 5, 32 mm ; and 1, September 17, 42 mm. NASO LITURATUS (Schneider) One, September 5, 238 mm. Family CIRRHITIDAE { . CIRRHITUS PINNULATUS (Schneider) One, September 1, 122 mm. Body, head, and upper fins almost entirely finely dotted with white. One, September 3, 206 mm; 1, September 13, 100 mm, with white dots like first; 2, September 14, 168 to 180 mm. Family ABUDEFDUFIDAE ABUDEFDUF SORDmUS (Forsk&l) One, August 26, 28 mm; and one, September 1, 28 mm. Family LABRIDAE THALASSOMA UMBROSTYGMA (Riippell) Three, September 1, 63 to 104 mm. THALASSOMA sp. One, September 1, 37 mm. Pale brownish. Three black basal spots on dorsals, one medial and others as one at front and hind portions. Also two small inconspicuous dusky basal spots, about equidistant before large median spot and four behind same. Also black median spot on caudal base. Family GOBIIDAE BATHYGOBmS FUSCUS (Ruppell) One, August 23, 65 mm; 4, August 27, 51 to 95 mm; 1, September 1, 63 mm; 7, September 13, 30 to 88 mm; 1, September 14, 75 mm; 7, September 17, 42 to 87 mm; 5, October 5, 50 to 83 mm; and 19, October 12, 58 to 106 mm. ZONOGOBIUS SEMIDOLIATUS (Valenciennes) One, August 27, 27 mm. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. 81 Family BLENNIIDAE SALARIAS SAUENS (For»t«r) Thirty-four, September 1, 41 to 75 mm; 5, September 6, 30 to 72 mm; 1, September 13, 65 mm; 2, September 19, 57 to 65 mm; 1, Oc- tober 4, 84 mm ; and 1, October 26, 68 mm. SALARIAS KELLERSI. new specieg Figure 2 Description. — Depth 41/5 to 5; head 4^5 to 4%, width 1% to II4. Snout 3 to 31A in head; eye 3% to 4, li/^ to li/4 in snout, greater than interorbital, with simple supraorbital tentacle three-fifths of eye; maxillary reaches opposite hind pupil edge; lips very finely and obsoletely scalloped along edges ; mouth widtlj 2 to 2% in head ; teeth fine, flexible, uniform, but no canines present; interorbital narrowly concave, half of eye; no predorsal tentacle. Gill rakers Figure mm. H.W.E -Salarias kellcrsi, new species. U.S.N.M. No. 91944 (type) uniformly short, slender, about 16, one-fourth of gill filaments, which one-half of eye. Lateral line only distinct anteriorly as arch above pectoral. D. XIII, 20 or 21, first dorsal height I1/2 to 1% in head, second dorsal height li^ to 1% ; A. I, 19 to 21, fin height 1% to 22/3 ; caudal 1, convex behind ; least depth of caudal peduncle 2i/4 to 2V^ ; pectoral equals head ; ventral IV^ to li^. Above pale gray-white, under surface of head and belly uniform whitish. Head above, entire body above and fins except ventrals with very numerous thick set, neutral brown to dusky or black spots, most nearly or quite black on fins. On body spots as accentuation in vermiculate dark lines or bars. On dorsals basally spots large basally and greatly contrasted. Anal with marginal points of rays and their membranes neutral gray. ry/?.?.— U.S.N.M. No. 91944, from Niuafoou. September 1, 1930. Length, 103 mm. Also paratype with same data, 81 mm. AKT. 8 FISHES FROM NIUAFOOU ISLAND FOWLER 7 Diagn^osh. — Known by its finely dotted or spotted coloration, the spots all very close, contrasted, extremely numerous, and extending over the body, except belly and under surface of head. Compared with a small example identified by Jordan and Seale, but 28 mm long and reported as Alticus guttatus from Apia, Samoa, U.S.N.M. No. 52255, that specimen differs at once in the jH-esence of two brown spots, each little less than eye and immediately before bases of ventrals. Its body is also marked with four rows of rather large reddish-brown spots, which more or less emphasize in pairs .seven or eight faded transverse slightly darker bands. Additional material : 4, August 23, 88 to 127 mm ; 4, August 26, 77 to 85 mm; 3. September 1, 65 to 84 mm ; 2, September 7, 84 to 108 mm; 4, September 13, 54 to 118 mm ; 1, September 19, 73 mm; and 1, October 12, 83 mm. Named for Lieut. H. C. Kellers. SALARIAS ANEITENSIS Giinther Two, September 1, 69 to 99 mm; 1, September 17, 89 mm; and 1 October 26, 130 mm. D. XII or XIII, 16 or 17. A. 17 to 20. In my " Fishes of Oceania," I copied the statement from Giinther that the depth of the body is 51/^ in the body without caudal, though his figure shows 4i/^. His figure is also shown without supraocular flap, which is present in all my examples. The peculiar spotted coloration, including the spotted caudal, is also a characteristic specific distinction. SALARIAS EDENTULUS (Schneider) One, August 23, 104 mm ; 5, August 26, 45 to 85 mm ; 6, Septem- ber 1, 81 to 115 mm; 2, September 13, 94 to 110 mm; 1, September 14, 105 mm; 1, September 19, 94 mm; 2, October 5, 80 to 93 mm; and 3, October 26, 70 to 100 mm ; also 1 without date of capture, 100 mm. SALARIAS NIUAFOOUENSIS. new species Figure 3 Description. — Depth 4iA to 5; head 34f, to 4%, width equals its length. Snout 2% to 3 in head; eye 4% to 4%, 1% to 134 in snout, greater than interorbital, with fringed supraorbital tentacle little greater than eye ; maxillary reaches opposite hind pupil edge ; up- per lip finely fringed, lower entire; mouth width 1% to 1% in head; teeth fine, flexible, and pair of canines in each jaw, upper pair little larger though moderate; interorbital concave, half of eye; short simple tentacle at each side of predorsal at occipital re- gion. Gill opening with free fold across broad isthmus. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM VOL. 81 Lateral line arched above pectoral, median on tail and complete to caudal base. D. XII, 16, first dorsal height 1% to 21/3 in head, second dorsal height 11/2 to 1% ; A. 18 or 19, fin height 1% to 21/8 ; caudal 1 to li/s, convex behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2i/4 to 2%; ventral 11/2 to 1%; pectoral 31/2 to 4 in combined head and body to caudal base. Back and upper surfaces brown, with six transverse obsolete darker broad bands on trunk and tail, each emphasized as two still dark or as pair of darker bands within. Front of head and cheeks varie- gated with pale or creamy vermiculate lines, variably broken as spots, arcs, or bars. At upper lips they resolve into narrow borders for five transverse dark bars, which extend down on lower surface of H.W.fT FiGDBB S.^Salarias niuafoouensia, new species. U.S.N.M. No. 91932 (type) head. From each side of median one on upper lip dark bands meet and form a Y on chin, each side of which three others extend on lower side of head. Black oblique bar rather close behind eye. Along upper surface of back some obscure or faint orange spots. Also few pale spots at pectoral base and before. Spinous dorsal with obsolete dark blotches in about three irregular series. Second dorsal with oblique dusky to blackish bands. Caudal also with dark trans- verse bands, most distinct on fin rays. Anal neutral black termi- nally. Pectoral with dark median diffuse basal spot. Tj/pe.—V.S.l^M. No. 91932, from Niuafoou. September 17, 1930. Length, 101 mm. Also paratype with same data, 87 mm. Diagnosis. — Apparently related to Salarias poptde Fowler, but that species is without the nuchal tentacle and the dark bands on each side of the head extending down to throat. ART. 8 FISHES FROM NIUAFOOU ISLAND FOWLER 9 SALARIAS L.INEATUS Val; nciennes Four. August 26, 77 to 91 mm; 1, August 27, 80 to 82 mm; 2, September 3, 71 to 86 mm ; 4, September 7, 78 to 83 uiui ; 3, September 13, 44 t-o 50 mm : 1, September 14, 78 mm ; 2, September 19, 67 to 69 mm; 1, September 24, 93 mm; 1, Sei)tember 20, 72 mui; 2, October 5, 66 to 81 mm; 1, October- 12, 90 mm ; and 3, Vvithout date of capture, 72 to 82 mm. SALARIAS CAESirS S«ale Two, August 23, 55 to 74 mm; 4, August 27, 49 to 68 mm; 7, September 1, 48 to 64 mm; 3, Seiitember 3, 48 to 68 mm; 8, Septem- ber 6, 16 to 35 mm; 1, September 7, 71 mm; 1, September 13, 67 mm; 2, September 17, 52 to 57 mm ; 2. September 14, 58 to 60 mm ; 3, September 19, 54 to 57 mm; 1, September 24, 58 mm; 1, October 4, 70 mm; 1, October 5, 65 mm; 2, October 12, 53 to 67 mm; 1, October 26, 55 mm; and 1, Avithout date of capture, 62 mm. Family BALISTIDAE BALISTES VIDUA Kichsrdson One, October 22, 218 nnn. Much darker than Baldwin's paint- ing as published by Jordan and Evermann in 1905. Whole body, except second dorsal, anal, and caudal, uniform black; also borders of second dorsal and anal black, while first dorsal is also black. BALJSTAPUS UNDULATUS (Park) One, October 22, 158 mm. Agiees with Bleeker's figure of Baliatcs {Ballsiapus) lineatus. U.S.OOVfRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE- IS22 NEW DIPTERA, OR TWO-WINGED FLIES, FROM AMER- ICA, ASIA, AND JAVA, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES By J. M. Aldricii Associate Curator, Division of Injects, United States National Museu?n This paper contains descriptions of 4 new genera, 13 new species, and 1 new variety of Diptera, together witli some miscellaneous notes. It constitutes a report, which for various reasons it seems desirable to publish, on an accumulation of specimens collected from many parts of the world. All the species are represented in the United States National Museum collections by type or paratype specimens. Family CYRTIDAE Genus OCNAEA Erichson Eriosoma Macquakt (preoccupied), Dipteres exotiques, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 288 (Sep. p. 172), 1839. Ocnaea Erichson, Eutomographieu, vol. 1, p. 155, 1840. — Cole, Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 45, p. 23, 1919. Exetasis Walker, lusecta Saundersiana, p. 203, 1S52. Two species were originally included in Ocnaea^ both new, micans from Mexico and longlcornis from Brazil; the second was figured. Coquillett ^ designated Ocnaea tnicans as the type species. Mac- quart designated Acrocera calida Wiedemann as type of his Erio- soma. Exetasis contained originally but one species, tumens, new, which is therefore the type ; Loew - placed the genus as a synonym of Ocnaea. The genus has very striking characters. The proboscis is very short; the densely hairy eyes are contiguous from the mouth almost to the vertex ; there is a short frontal triangle bearing the antennae ; the anterior ocellus is absent; the antennae have a greatly elon- gated third antennal joint, curving downward, not bearing a style or arista. The venation is complete and in general not unlike that of Tdbanus^ except in a few variable details and in the regular oc- currence of a cross vein in the first posterior cell at or beyond the iProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 577, 1010. " Wiener Ent. Monatsschr., a'oI. 1, p. 34, 1856. No. 2932.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 81, Art. 9. 110571—32 1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 tip of the discal. The third vein is not always forked near the tip. but this fork occurs in the genotype (mentioned in the note after the description of longicomis, which lacks it) ; it does not occur in the genotype of Exetasis. There is a marked tendency toward the devel- opment of adventitious cross veins, which apparently have very slight taxonomic value. Considerable variation exists in the apical part of the first posterior cell, which may be petiolate or closed in the margin, or partially coalesced with the second posterior by the disappearance of the last part of the fourth vein, or widely open. In drawing up a key largely from figures and descriptions, I had made considerable use of these differences, until I observed that my new species differed in the two wings of the single specimen and would run to what I had supposed were two groups of species. This discrepancy compelled me to view these differences with more caution. The nearest related genus is Apelleia Bellardi.^ The only species included was mttata, new, from Mexico; it has bare eyes, and this was put forward as the main difference from Ocnaea. Osten Sacken described in Ocnaea a species {grossa) with bare eyes, indicating that the character is not of generic value; but it seems so to me, and I therefore transfer grossa to Apelleia. I recognize the fact that great caution should be exercised in proposing new genera in the family, where great plasticity seems to exist in characters which would elsewhere be of generic or even familj^ rank. The problem is to find constant characters, and this implies the examination of considerable series in many species — a requirement which can hardly as yet be met in any collection. It may be that Exetasis will ul- timately be restored to rank on the absence of the fork of the third vein; it would include tu7nens Walker (genotype), calida Wiede- mann, and longicomis Erichson. In preparing the following key, I have been able to examine only schwarzi^ gig as, falcifer, flavipes, and trivittata (all in type mate- rial) ; Cole's figures and those of Wiedemann, Erichson, Walker, and Osten Sacken have been of great assistance, and I have studied the descriptions closely. Nevertheless it must be considered as a pre- liminary effort. Cole has given a key to the five species from North America, which he had seen, in the reference cited above. I still have misgivings as to the distinctness of m}^ gigas and falcifer, which may be a single unusually variable species. In response to a request from me. Dr. G. Enderlein very kindly sent me notes on the types of three species in the Berlin Museum (micans, longicomis, and luguhris), together with excellent figures of the venation in each case. « Mem. Acad. Sci. Torino, vol. 21, p. 214, 1861 (or " Saggio di Ditt. Mess.," appendix, p. 17). ART. 9 DIPTERA FEOM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 6 KEY TO SPECIES OF OCNAEA 1. Third antennal joint clavate 2 Third antennal joint of uniform width, slightly tapering 3 2. Legs brown, knees yellow (Mexico) micans Erichson Legs yellow (Texas) loewi Cole 3. Third antennal joint with scattered hairs on upper edge (Panama) trichocera Osten Sacken Third antennal joint bare 4 4. Third vein not forked 5 Third vein with widely divergent anterior fork near tip, about as in Tabanus 7 5. Mesonotum luteous, legs brown (Brazil) calida Wiedemann Mesonotum black on disk, legs yellow 6 6. Scutellum yellow, third antennal joint comparatively short, less than height of eye (Brazil) tumens Walker Scutellum black, third antennal joint very long, exceeding height of eye (Brazil) longicornis Erichson 7. Femora yellow 8 Femora more or less infuscated 11 8. Mesonotum yellow (Texas) auripilosa Johnson Mesonotum black, or with distinct dark area 9 9. Second, third, and fourth abdominal segments reddish yellow with a decreasing row of black spots in middle (Honduras). flavipes Aldrich Second, third, and fourth abdominal segments with basal trans- verse black bands 10 10. First posterior cell petiolate by the union of the third and fourth veins before margin ; adventitious cross veins present in marginal, and first and fourth posterior cells (Texas). helluo Osten Sacken First posterior cell united with second near tip by the disap- I)earance of the fourth vein near base of second cell ; no ad- ventitious cross veins (the one dividing the first posterior is not here regarded as adventitious) (Cuba) schwarzi Cole 11. Mesonotum yellow with three broad black stripes confluent behind, the outer much abbreviated in front ; scutellum dark yellow (Honduras) trivittata, new species Mesonotum wholly black or blue except more or less of lateral margins ; scutellum concolorous 12 12. Abdomen metallic blue with narrow interrupted apical yellow cross bands on second, third, and fourth segments (Texas) —coerulea Cole Abdomen brown, hind edges of same segments indistinctly paler (Brazil) lugubris Gerstaecker Abdomen without cross bands, except a broad one on second segment 13 13. Blackish in color, with reddish third antennal joint (Ecuador). falcifer Aldrich Brown in color, third antennal joint almost black (Ecuador) — gigas Aldrich 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 OCNAEA TRIVITTATA, new species Third vein forked at apex; on one side the fourth vein is incom- plete, on the other it joins the third just beyond the middle of its last section, making the first posterior cell petiolate. Coxae brownish, femora irregularly brownish, .not very dark ; tibiae and tarsi yel- low, apical half of last tarsal joint and the claws black; pulvilli yellow. Male. — Head rather large, eyes with dense yellow pile; palpi and proboscis very minute, not visible; antennae reddish brown, first joint black above, third slender, longer than height of head, and longer than front tibia. Thorax and abdomen with dense erect yellow pile, venter bare; mesonotum yellow with three broad black stripes confluent behind, rounded in front, the outer much abbreviated anteriorly; pleurae brown, both spiracles white; scutellum brownish yellow; calypters roughened, margin brownish yellow with pale fringe. Abdomen shining blackish brown, first four segments with whit- ish hind margin of uniform width, that on first segment narrow, on the following ones conspicuous, not widening laterally except at extreme edge, where they include half the segment; they extend across venter at the width which they assume at the edge. Fifth segment with narrow pale hind border, sixth with only a lateral pale spot. Wings small ; the cross vein in the first posterior cell is more than its length beyond the discal; no indications of other unusual cross veins. Length, 9.5 mm. Type.—MQl^^ U.S.N.M. No. 43480, collected by Dr. J. Bequaert at Sangrelaya, Honduras, March 13, 1924, and presented by him to the National Museum. Remarks. — Described from one male, the type. This is the only species of Ocnaea with distinct thoracic stripes. Family DOLICHOPODIDAE COLLINELLULA, new genus Very minute. Posterior half of mesonotum depressed. Antemiae minute, third joint rounded, with af)ical bare arista; first antennal joint bare; head concave behind; proboscis and palpi small. Ocel- lars large, proclinate, divergent, situated high up ; one outer vertical, and one frontal near eye. Face narrow in female, the eyes almost touching near epistoma ; in male the ej^es are contiguous below the antennae to the mouth. Thorax with two rows of rather strong acrostichals ; two dorsocentrals on each side near scutellum, the row AHT. 9 DIPTERA FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 5 continuing forward as coarse setules, not much larger than the acro- stichals; scuteUuni with a single pair of bristles, far apart. No bristle on outer sioe of hind coxa. Male with globose and somewhat exserted hypopygium, the abdomen rather cylindrical. Wing of male (pi. 1, fig. 2) with distorted venation; in the female (pi. 1, fig. 3) the first vein is short, the second parallel with costa nearly to tip, third vein ending just at tip, fourth diverging moderately, end- ing as far from tip of third as the second does, or very little farther ; hind cross vein behind the center of the wing, a little shorter than last segment of fifth vein; basal cells and sixth vein absent. Related to Achalcus, but that has five pairs of acrostichals, two before the suture. In head structure the new genus is very much like Thrypticus^ but that has the venation quite different, the hind cross vein small and retracted, and the anterior part of the thorax is peculiarly bulging and prominent above. Thrypticus also has better developed dorsocentrals. Named in honor of J. E. Collin. Genotype. — CoUinellula magistri, new species. COLLINELLULA MAGISTRI, new species Plate 1, Figures 2-4 Male. — Ver}'^ minute; dark blue-green; legs, antennae, and palpi black. Venation as figured, which alone would make the species instantly recognizable. The groups of long hairs give under low power the effect of slight clouds in the wing. Front tarsi compli- cated in structure; the first joint rather thick and short, widened apically; the second shorter and paler, forming an irregular collar; third somewhat like the second but excised below, the excision partly closed by a transverse plate, and the upper side of the segment with a striking spine at apex; fourth segment very short and tapering; fifth segment as long as the preceding three, very narrow at base, rapidly widening into a triangular flat shape, with dense fine hair and the usual claws and pulvilli. The tarsus is described from a specimen mounted in balsam, its small size making the details prac- tically impossible to see otherwise. Abdomen deep green, the globose genitalia shown in posterior view and spread out (pi. 1, fig. 4), where the rest of the structures are shown in the side view, considerably pressed down. The two median ventral organs anterior to the hypo- pygium are especially noteworthy. Middle femora with a long bristle at base beloAv, Length, 1.2 mm. Female. — Like the male, but the wings and tarsi are normal, and the eyes do not come entirely together below the antennae, except just at the mouth. Length, 1.1 mm. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Paratypes.—M.2i\Q and female, U.S.N.M. No. 43658. i?6marZjs.— Described from 11 males and 9 females, all collected at Taughannock Falls, near Ithaca, N. Y., on August 19, 1928, by J. E. Collin, of Newmarket, England ; and 1 female collected by me at Washington, D. C, on July 1, 1920. In the specific name I mean to celebrate the ability of Mr. Collin as a coUector.^^ Four males and three females of the Ithaca material are retained in the National Museum, a gift from Mr. Collin; the rest of the series, including the type, is returned to him. A single female in the National Museum, collected by me at La Fayette, Ind., August 24, 1916, seems to belong to another species of this genus. Genus LEPTOCERA Olivier Leptocera Oliviee, Mem. Soc. Agr. Dept. Seine, vol. 16, p. 16, 1813. — CoQuiLLmT. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 559, 1910. LEPTOCERA (LIMOSINA) OPACA, new species Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Front opaque, two-thirds the width of head, with two pairs of convergent bristles back of vertex (one outside the other) ; a small divergent pair just behind ocelli; outer verticals reclinate, inner large and convergent but not decus- sate; ocellars proclinate and divergent; two divergent orbitals each side; three pairs convergent bordering middle region, lowest just above suture. Antennae black, decidedly divergent, separated by the triangular lunule ; arista long and slender, pubescent. Face shining black, concave, epistoma protruding, narrow, prelabrum visible but not prominent ; a large bristle laterally below end of sirture at edge of mouth, directed forward. Cheek at narrowest hardly one-half the eye height, bare except a few hairs below. Mouth large. Meso- notum opaque, nearly circular, with 14 regular rows of hairs ; suture not distinguishable. Thoracic bristles as follows: Dorsocentral, 1; prescutellar, 1 small; humeral, 1; notopleural, 1; presutural, 1; postalar, 1; mesopleural, 0; sternopleural, 1; scutellum flat, moder- ately long, bare, with two pairs of marginals. Halteres brownish yellow. Abdomen opaque black. Legs black. Coxae and trochan- ters yellow, the former more brownish; tarsi brownish, middle and hind often yellowish. Mid tibia of female with one smallish ventral bristle on middle and large apical on same side (both lacking in male), also two widely spaced bristles in both sexes on anterior dor- sal surface and two beyond middle and nearly side by side on pos- terodorsal. Wings with slight infuscation, moderately rounded; costa without striking bristles, the segment between tips of first and second veins equal to the following; cross veins strikingly approx- »• Dr. G. Enderlein, of Berlin, Germany, also distinguished himself as a collector by capturing both sexes of the same fly on the same occasion, as I learned from a letter received after the galley proofs of the present paper had been corrected. ART. 9 DIPTERA FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 7 imated, their distance apart on fourth vein generally less than half the length of hind cross vein ; third vein almost imperceptibly curved forward toward tip, ending only a little before tip of wing; costa extending distinctly beyond it, fourth and fifth evanescent from slightly beyond hind cross vein. Length, 1.5-1.6 mm, Type.—M.^\Q, U. S. N. M. No. 42847. Remarks. — Described from 16 mounted and 14 alcoholic specimens, collected February 2, 1930, in a dahlia cellar at Fort Collins, Colo- rado, and sent to the Museum by Sam C. McCampbell, Deputy State Entomologist. The species is exceedingly like heteroneura Haliday of Europe, which I have not seen. Duda's full description of heteroneura * seems to leave few differences to note. It has the second abdominal segment in the male much elongated, but ours has it hardly any longer than the third or fourth. In the European species the face is dirty yellow; in ours it is black. These are the chief differences I see. The wing of opaca agrees with Duda's figure. This species would go in the subgenus Scotophilella Duda.^ This subgenus, however, is a synonym of Lhnosina Macquart,® as already pointed out by Richards.'^ Family OTITIDAE (Ortalidae of authors) The generic name Ortalis being preoccupied in birds, and in fact in common use there, the family should be based upon the still older genus Otites Latreille^ (type Musca formosa Panzer). This genus belongs to the subfamily Ortalinae of authors, hence the change to Otitinae does not affect the other subfamilies, DYSCRASIS, new genus Belongs in subfamily Pterocallinae, but is widely different from any known genus. The presence of five pairs of well-developed dorsocentrals, and of the same number of equally large acrostichals, one pair of each being before the suture, separates the genus from all known to me. Numerous venational peculiarities, which are impressively shown in Plate 1, Figure 1, also emphasize the distinct- ness of this form, I was at a loss to place it in any subfamily, and referred a specimen to Professor Hendel, whose extensive publica- *Abh. K. K. Ges. Wlen, toI. 10, no. 1, p. 188, 1918. «Abh. zool.-bot. Ges., vol. 10, p. 34, 1918. • Histoire naturelle des insectes, Diptferes, vol. 2, p. 271, 1835. ' Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1930, p. 291. ' Histoire naturelle, g6n6rale et particuli&re des crustac^s et des insectes, vol. 14, p. 383, 1805. 8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 81 tions in the group are well known; he places it as a peculiar form of the above subfamily. Head broad and short (flattened from before) ; frons wider than one eye, with parallel sides, flat; face receding below antennae, slightly protruding at epistoma, without antennal grooves ; antennae with both basal joints very short, third oval, shorter than face, with arista microscopically pubescent. Proboscis short, palpi of ordinary size, flat. Cheek a little more than half the eye height. Postvertical bristles divergent ; other head bristles are inner and outer verticals ; two fronto-orbitals, reclinate, the anterior halfway between inner vertical and lunule; and the usual ocellars, which are of good size. Ocellar triangle small. Thorax narrower anteriorly than the head, almost bare of small hair, with the following bristles: Acrostichal, 1,4; dorsocentral, 1,4; prothoracic, ; humeral, 1 ; notopleural, 2 ; supraalar, 2 ; intraalar, ; postalar, 2 (the outer might be taken for a low supraalar, and the inner for a high one) ; mesopleural, 2 small on hind edge; sterno- pleural, 1 ; scutellars, 2 pairs. Scutellum swollen, polished. Abdomen broader than thorax, sixth joint in female (base of ovi- positor) broad, flat, shining. Legs not elongated, without noticeable bristles, except a double posterodorsal and a single longer posteroventral row on anterior femora, and a row of small ones on middle of anterior side of mid femora. Wings (pi. 1, fig. 1) with striking pattern somewhat resembling that of the trypetid Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. Costa without a break ; costal cell very wide, the auxiliary vein sinuous, ending far before tip of first vein; first vein long, hairy above on apical half; second and third veins converging beyond small cross vein, then diverging; anal cell with a long acute extension reaching two-thirds of the way to the wing margin, and narrowed at its base. Genotype. — Dyscrasis hendeli,) new species. DYSCKASIS HENDELI, new species Male. — Frons gray pollinose, its lower half or less shining brown ; ocellar triangle also pollinose. Face except immediately below the antennae white in ground color with very thin white pollen; cheeks and lower back of head the same but not quite so white. Thorax with two pairs of large polished black spots, above the notopleural area and wing, one before and the other behind the suture; these spots show a little velvety in some lights on their outer edge. Scu- tellum swollen and polished black. Kemainder of dorsal region with thin gray pollen, except a small, opaque, black semicircle just before the scutellum and traces of dark spots at the bases of the ART. 9 DIPTERA FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA AliDRICH 9 bristles. Upper half of pleura and notopleural region with white pollen forming a sharply limited band, which passes around the metanotum below the small inf rascutellum ; lower half or a little less of the pleura brown. Abdomen shining black, the dorsum of the second segment, however, white pollinose, and a band of white pollen on hind edge of third and fourth segments, widest on middle of third segment. Legs brownish yellow, the femora nearly black and tarsi yellow, except near tips, where they become brownish. Wings as shown in figure and as described under the genus ; the color pattern is brown, but yellow in a considerable area around the an- terior cross vein. Length, 3.5-3.7 mm. Female. — Like the male, but the fifth segment is white pollinose dorsally for about two-thirds of its length from the base. Length, 4.2 to 5 mm. ry^e.— Male, U.S.N.M. No. 43575. Remarks. — Described from 17 specimens of both sexes: Eight specimens, including type and allotype, are from Dallas, Tex., col- lected by F. C. Bishopp, the dates being March 29, 1907 ; March 17 and 20, 1908; and May 30, 1908; one male, Uvalde, Tex., in trap, November 16, 1915 (Bishopp No. 5672) ; one male and three females, Matamoras, Mexico, in traps (T. R. Stephens) ; one male, Mercedes, Tex., in trap, August 26, 1931 (W. R. Heard) ; one male, San Benito, Tex., on office window. May 26, 1930 (L. F, Greer) ; one female, Allen, Tex., August 14, 1931 (F. O. Swan) ; one female, Texas, no other data. Family RHOPAEOMERIDAE This family has been revised by Professor Lindner in Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1930, pp. 122-137. Genus KROBERIA Lindner Kroieria Lindnee, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1930, p. 127. The only species known is fuliginosa Lindner from southern Brazil, described in the same place. The arista is bare, the scutellum not prolonged into a blunt, shining, knoblike tip, but rounded, flat above; front flat, not concave, covered with hairs except on the ocellar triangle, which extends narrowly forward to the lunule; one or two small orbitals present; anterior edge of front somewhat overhanging the antennae in a transverse rim. Auxiliary vein well developed; fourth vein ending just before tip of wing, rather close to third. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 KROBERIA FLORIDENSIS, new species Dark brown, legs yellowish brown, basal and apical third of tibiae and tarsi from tip of first joint blackish. Differs from fuliginosa in having the scutellum opaque brown with pale pollinose border ; the hind femora only moderately thickened, with only a few bristles above ; and the hind tibiae only slightly flattened. Male. — Front black in ground color, with thin pale pollen, ocellar triangle more densely pollinose ; a silvery pollinose spot between eye and third antennal joint; face dark yellow, the protuberance some- times blackened, the epistoma below it transversely wrinkled ; cheek brown, wrinkled, nearly as high as the eye, with pale hair. Mesono- tum black, with five distinct pale pollinose stripes ending at scutellum; mesopleurae with pale pollen, covered with small dark dots where the hairs arise, but these do not extend upon the portion below the spiracle. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, 1 (prescutellar) ; dorsocentral, 1 or 2 (far back); humeral, 1; notopleural, 2; pre- sutural, 1; supraalar, 1; postalar, 2; intraalar, 1 (before the inner postalar) ; scutellar, 2 pairs (a third in one male and an odd one in a female) ; mesopleural, 2 or 3 ; sternopleural, 1. Most of these bristles are quite small. Abdomen blackish, dorsum opaque, second and following segments with interrupted band of pale pollen on posterior half or more, widening toward sides to include whole length of segment, most distinct from behind. Legs as described; hind femur with anterodorsal row of bristles from base nearly to tip, and two short rows near tip, none of striking size. Wings rather uniformly pale brownish. Knob of halteres very pale yellow. Length, 6-6.6 mm. Female. — Abdomen with pale pollinose stripe on each side, central region opaque dark brown; sixth and seventh segments shining black, the latter becoming dark yellow toward tip. Length, 7 to 8 mm. Type.—KslQ, U.S.N.M. No. 43761. ReTYiarks. — Described from two males and four females, reared from rotten wood of Sabal palmetto in Putnam County, Fla., by Mark Dodd, February 21, 1931; and one female reared by D. J. Nicholson from a larva found in deca3'^ed wood of Sahal minor^ 6 inches under water, l^/^ miles east of Fort Christmas, Fla., emerged March 25, 1931. The discovery of this species in northern Florida, only about 70 miles from the Georgia line, extends the known range of the family in a remarkable way. Lindner recognizes about 13 species in 6 genera. All these are distinctly tropical, and nearly all range southward from the northern limits of South America to Paraguay ART. 9 DIPTEEA FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 11 and northern Argentina. None have been reported from the West Indies, nor from the United States. All the references to occurrence from Panama north are the fol- lowing : Rhinotora diversa Giglio-Tos was described from Tuxpango, Mexico. Rhopalouiera wanthops Williston was described from Yucatan; the collector being Gaumer, the species was probably taken near Merida. Rhopalotnera femorata Fabricius, described from South America, is reported by Lindner from Guatemala and Mexico. WiUistoniella pleuropunctata Wiedemann, described from South America, is reported from Playa Vicente, Mexico, by Giglio-Tos; from the Volcano Colima, Mexico, by Lindner; and I have identi- fied it from Corozal, Canal Zone, where Mr. Zetek bred it from trunk of coconut palm. Genus SCATOPHAGA Meigen Scatophaga Meigen, Illiger's Mag. fiir Insekt., vol. 2, p. 277, 1803. SCATOPHAGA GIGANTEA, new species A very large species, the male with dense long fulvous hair on abdomen, legs, and pleurae ; hair on mosonotum black. Male. — Front prominent, angular at antennae; eye oblique; cheek high, especially behind, about equal to height of eye; back of head very bulging; palpi a little shorter than proboscis. Front broad, with a narrow black orbit covered with yellow pollen ; frontal stripe almost half the width of the head, deep red, the middle portion blackish and having a bluish reflection; parafacial and anterior half of cheek red with bluish reflections ; antennae black, third joint hardly twice the second and reaching five-sixths of the way to prin- cipal vibrissae; arista pubescent; palpi reddish yellow, with long black hairs below from near base to tip ; proboscis black, its princi- pal segment shorter than height of head. Back of head with black hair on upper half or about to lower edge of eye, the rest covered with the same long fulvous pile as the pleurae and femora. Inner vertical bristles long, oeellars slightly shorter, the row of frontals still shorter, all slender. About a dozen slender bristles in a row from epistoma to and a little above the main vibrissa. Thorax black with dense fulvous pollen above and on the scutel- lum and pleurae ; mesonotum with erect long delicate black hair and a few bristles; the most distinct bristles are the posterior notopleu- ral; three supraalar; on intraalar, far back; two postalar; and 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 the posterior pair of dorsocentral, far apart. Scutellum with three pairs. Sternopleural with one posterior. The long fulvous pile covers the mesopleura, propleura, and sternopleura, leaving the pteropleura and all behind it bare. Calypters with fulvous rim and marginal hairs, which are very long on the fold. Abdomen black in ground color, with very striking long dense fulvous hair, which seems even more brightly fulvous than that of the sides of the body and the femora. This dense covering extends over the sides of the abdomen and even somewhat underneath, so that no bare area below is visible. Legs reddish yellow, the coxae and basal three-fourths or more of femora black. Coxae with dense long fulvous pile to the outer hind side of the middle ones, this area and all the outer side of the hind ones bare; femora and tibiae with the same pile as the pleurae, but it is mainly black close to the apices of the femora, and considerably mixed with black on the extensor side of all the tibiae. Tarsi with comparatively short black hair above, about as long as the depth of the segment. Pulvilli brown, claws black. The middle tibia has two spines on the anterodorsal side, three or four on the postero- dorsal, two on the posteroventral, and one on the anteroventral, not including the apicals. The hind tibiae have three spines on the anterodorsal and two on the posterodorsal. None of the femora have spines. The wings are distinctly yellow, more intense near base. Length, 12-15 mm. FeTnale. — The characteristic red color of front, parafacials, and cheek as in male ; the pile, which is so striking in the male, is reduced to insignificant size, though present. The mesonotum is deep ful- vous, with the following chaetotaxy : Acrostichal, 4 delicate rows of hairs ; dorsocentral, 2, 3 ; humeral, 2 ; presutural, 1 ; notopleural, 2 ; supraalar, 2; intraalar, 1 far back; postalar, 2; sternopleural, 0, 1; scutellum, with 2 pairs marginal. Abdomen depressed, with dense gray pollen, seventh segment wholly shining, except hind edge, which is notched in the middle above. Legs reddish yellow, only the front femora a little black above. No bristles on front femora; middles ones with two on front side beyond middle and two near together near tip on hind side; hind femora with irregular row of about six small on anterodorsal side. Front tibiae with two bristles on front side; middle tibiae with two anterodorsal, two postero- dorsal, and one anteroventral; hind tibiae with three anterodorsal and posterodorsal. Length, 9 mm. Type.—M^\Q, U.S.N.M. No. 43G92, from Yu Long Gong, Tibet, August 1, 1923. Allotype from same lot. ART. DIPTEEA FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 13 Remark's. — Described from 63 males and 22 females, all collected by Dr. D. C. Graham, in the high conntry of western China along the Tibet border and in the edge of Tibet. Ten males and one female were collected August 1, 1923, at Yu Long Gong, Tibet, near Tatsienlu, altitude 12,000 feet; 13 males and 3 females at the same place, August 12, 1930; 12 males 9 miles south of Tatsienlu, June 26 and 27, 1923, altitude 8,500 to 13,000 feet ; 12 males and 1 female at Yu Long Si, July 26-28, 1930, altitude 14,000 to 15,900 feet; 9 males and 1 female in Yu Long Si Gorge, 13,000 to 15,000 feet, no date ; and 7 males and 16 females near Wa Hu Pass, Tibet, August 6 and 7, 1930, altitude 14,000 to 16,000 feet. In chaetotaxy the species resembles Scatophaga vulpiiia Coquil- lett, from Point Barrow, Alaska. It is the largest species of the genus as far as I know. The lot first cited was labeled, '* Fond of cowdung." SCATOPHAGA GIGANTEA OBSCURA, new variety A series of males differ from typical gigantea in being smaller, the pollen of the dorsum dull brown, pile of pleurae and abdomen shorter and darker, that of the femora and tibiae almost wholly black, and shorter than in the typical form. The appearance is so different that it is hard to believe the relationship so close as it appears on closer study. The head structure is the same, with the characteristic deep red color of front and face, but the pale pile of the back of the cheek is much less conspicuous. I am not able to recognize a corresponding series of females, as these males approach the typical females in their appearance, except for having in general a darker color of the thoracic pollen. ry^?e.— Male, IT.S.N.M. No. 43693, from Yu Long Gong, Tibet. Length, 8 to 9 mm. Remarks. — Described from 14 males collected with typical gigantea as above cited. Ten are from Yu Long Gong, three from Wa Hu Pass, and one from Yu Long Si. SCATOPHAGA AMPLIPENNIS Portschinsky Scatophaffa ampliijcnnis Portschinsky, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 21, p. 199, 1887. Portschinsky's description is so brief that it seems worth while to give a fuller one, as a long series is available from Doctor Graham's collecting-. A slender blackish species with inconspicuous pile, but with very long and broad wings, which are uniformly dark brown in color. It agrees with Scatophaga scyhalaria Linnaeus in having the attach- 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 ment of the abdomen distinctly elevated above the hind coxae, so that the sclerites above the latter (metathoracic epimerit of Hendel) are completely united on the middle line, not separated by a mem- branous portion as in other species. It differs from scyhalarixi in. having the arista pubescent, not pilose, in much darker color, and in other respects. Male.—Bliick in ground color, including femora; tibiae reddish yellow, tarsi brownish yellow; palpi yellow with brownish apices; frontal stripe very dark red with a glaucous reflection. Head dark brown above, the frontal stripe narrowed upward, the parafrontal portions wide, elevated in middle, with dense long slender bristles, of which about half a dozen of the upper series turn out over the eye, the lower ones being mesially directed. Parafacials reddish on upper half along facial ridges, elsewhere with brown pollen. Vibris- sal region with dense row of bristles. Antennae wholly black, third joint less than twice the second, arista black, densely pubescent. Cheek two-thirds as high as eye, which has a somewhat diagonal position, the cheek with upturned slender hairs below, its posterior half with long and mostly yellow hairs. Palpi infuscated and with many black hairs beyond the middle, just before the middle the hairs are yellow. Thorax with dark pollen and a median glaucous stripe reaching the scutellum, on each side of this a partly double blackish, subshining stripe ; scutellum glaucous on middle, connecting with the thoracic stripe. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal, only fine, erect hairs all the way; dorsocentral, 2 hairlike anteriorly, about 3 bristles pos- teriorly, the hindmost gradually larger; notopleural, 2; presutural, 1; supraalar, 2; postalar, 2; intraalar, 0; sternopleural, 0, 1; scutel- lum, with 2 lateral pairs and an equally long apical pair close to- gether. Pleurae with rather dense but slender long brownish hair, Calypters brown, smallish, with fringe of dark yellow hair. Ptero- pleural and all behind the sternopleura bare. Halteres with brown loiob. Abdomen narrow, not much deflexed, shining brownish black, cov- ered above and on sides with dense, erect, but rather short yellow pile, which is more or less mixed with black close to tip; this pile seems to cover the under side also. Legs with erect but not very long pile, which varies on the femora from black to brown and a considerable admixture of yellow; front tibiae with long black pile on outer side, middle and hind ones with the same standing out all round; front tarsi with the three inter- mediate joints short, of equal length; pulvilli blackish, claws black; middle tibia with two anterodorsal spines beyond middle, two posterodorsal, one flexor far down toward tip ; hind tibia with three anterodorsal, three posterodorsal (one near base). ART. 9 DIPTERA FEOM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 15 Wings strikingly long and wide, and of uniform dark brown color, only the anterior part near base gradually a little yellowish. In a male measuring 9.5 mm, the wings measured 12.5 long and 5 wide at middle. First posterior cell not narrowed at tip, hind cross vein bisinuate. Length, 7.5-10 mm. Fetnale. — Wing not so strikingly enlarged; in a specimen 8 mm long the wing measured 8 mm long and 2.5 mm wide; wing color a little paler than in male ; abdomen depressed as in most species and much wider across middle than in the male. Front tibia with two hairlike extensor bristles ; middle tibia with two anterodorsal spines ; three posterodorsal ; one flexor; hind tibia with three anterodorsal; three posterodorsal. Length, 6.4-8 mm. Remarks. — Redescribed from 35 males and 13 females, collected by Dr. David C. Graham in the high altitudes along the Tibet-China boundary. Four males were collected in Yellow Dragon Gorge near Song-Pan, altitude 12,000 to 14,000 feet, in the summer of 1924; all the others were collected at Yu Long Si, near Tatsienlu, July 26-28, 1930. altitude 14,000 to 15,900 feet. Genus SARCOPHAGA Meigen Sarcophaffa Meigen, Systeinatische Besclireibung, vol. 5, p. 14, 1826. SARCOPHAGA (BLAESOXIPHA) VALANGAE. new species Figure 1 Male. — First vein bare, posterior dorsocentrals generally three, but a small or even a normal additional one may occur as the second behind the suture ; without villous hairs on inner side of hind tibia ; genital segments dull black or dark brown. Front 0.18 of head width, at narrowest, above middle (four meas- ured 0.18, 0.18, 0.19, 0.18) ; ocellars normal, proclinate ; outer vertical not differentiated; two upper frontals reclinate but the second pair partly convergent; eight other frontals in row, which extends to near tip of second antennal joint and diverges toward eye; para- frontals narrow, brownish above, subsilvery below; frontal stripe brown; parafacials subsilvery, a changeable dark spot in the pollen at lowest frontals, the parafacial hairs rather numerous and bristly below; facial ridges broadly curved outward in middle of the face, converging markedly below, with small irregular setules extending halfway up ; middle of face blackish ; cheek two-fifths of eye height, with black hair except on hind edge ; back of head with black hair, only a little pale about neck and below. Palpi black, proboscis or- dinary. Antennae black; third joint one and one-half times the 110571—32 2 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. SI second; arista with rather short plumosity for less than half its length. Thorax gray, with three black stripes and a partial one above the wing extending a little before the suture, the median stripe extend- ing nearly to tip of scutelluni ; at least three pairs of large and some- what irregular anterior and four pairs posterior acrostichals ; sterno- pleural 3; scutellum with three pairs lateral, one discal, the apical pair quite large, subdepressed, decussate. Hind calypter distinctly brownish. Abdomen gray with medium black stripe becoming slender on fourth segment, and one less distinct lateral black stripe each side, changeable on third segment and ending at middle of fourth ; a pair of median marginals on second segment, marginal row on third and fourth. Genital segments brownish, small; genitalia as in Figure 1. Forceps flattened be- hind, brown basally; outer for- ceps (accessory plate of Parker) rather large for a Sarcophaga. brown basally ; penis verj^ small. In the iigure the anterior and posterior claspers change places, crossing each other at base. Fifth sternite deeply cleft, with- out striking characters. Legs black, front tibia with one bristle on hind side; middle tibia with one on outer front. Wings subhyaline, costal segment before first vein equal to the one beyond second ; third vein with bristles extending more than half- way to anterior cross vein. Length, 7 mm. Female. — Much grayer, the black thoracic stripes narrower and the median one hardly visible on scutellum. Front near vertex 0.29 of head width (four measured 0.29, 0.3, 0.28, 0.28) ; parafacials with fewer setules: abdomen more tessellated, median stripe much less distinct, the lateral hardly noticeable. Second segment without median marginals, at most with depressed bristly hairs. Terminal ventral sclerite yellowish, a little elongated, tapering, slightly curved downward. Posterior dorsocentrals uniformly three. Length, 6 mm. Ty^e.— Male, U.S.N.M. No. 43689. Figure 1. — Saroophaga {Blacsoxipha) va- laiigac, new species. Side view of male genitalia with forceps from behind. (Drn^vn by David G. Hall) AET. 9 DIPTERA FEOM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA AL.DRICH 17 Remarks. — Described from five males and 15 females, reared from the locust Valanga nigricornis Burmeister, at Gedangan, central Java, by F. Verbeek, December, 1929, and sent to the National Mu- seum by Dr. S. Leefmans, of Buitenzorg, to whom a pair of para- types are returned. The species is very similar to those that in Europe have been re- garded as belonging to the genus Blaesoxipha. The male is readily distinguishable from all European forms known to me, in having the forceps much broader toward the base and the anterior claspers with a lobe on the front near the middle. Genus LESKIOMIMA Brauer and Bergenstamm Leskiomima Braueb and Bergenstamm. Zweifliigler des kaiserl. Museums zu Wien, pt. 5, p. 372, 1891 (Deukschr. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., vol. 58). LESKIOMIMA JAYNESI, new species A slender yellowish fly, differing from the type species tenera in having only one to three coarse hairs at middle of first vein instead of a full series on all its length becoming more densely placed near tip. Palpi of ordinary size ; proboscis (last joint) long and slender (one and one-third times the head height), curved downward, with small labella. Eyes bare. Face slightly receding, epistoma not prominent. Ocellars present, proclinate and divergent ; a single pair of large verticals ; two upper f rontals reclinate, the uppermost, how- ever, very small, the lowest at middle of second antennal joint ; para- facial about as wide as third antennal joint. Cheek two-fifths the oye height. Front in both sexes wide, about 0.35 of head width, and with proclinate orbitals in both; pollen of head mostly white, but not silvery. Antennae red, third joint blackened on apical two- thirds; second joint about half the third. Arista black, strongly pubescent. Mesonotum mostly black in ground color, with j^ellowish pollen, forming indistinct stripes. Acrostichal, 2, 1 (none just be- fore suture) ; dorsocentral, 2, 3; humeral, 2; posthumeral, 1; presu- tural, 1; notopleural, 2; supraalar, 2 (hind small) ; intraalar, 2; post- alar, 2 ; sternopleural. 2, 1 ; scutellum, with 1 lateral and 1 long, depressed, parallel apical. Pleurae yellow in ground color. Abdo- men yellow, shining, with distinct narrow basal band of pale pollen on segments 2 to 4; no median marginals on first segment, a pair on second, marginal row on third and fourth ; no discals even on fourth. Legs yellow, tarsi black. Wings with yellowish tinge, not at all elongated; fourth vein with rounded oblique bend ending not very far before tip. Costal segment before tip of first vein, considerably shorter than that between tips of second and third; hind cross vein straight and suberect. 18 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Male with small claws and pulvilli; genitalia yellow; a small blackish spot at hind edge of third and fourth abdominal segments. Length of male, 5.5 mm ; of female, 5.6-7 mm. Ty^e.— Male, U.S.N.M. No. 43062. Remarks. — Described from 3 males and 10 females, all but one of which were reared from the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius, at Tucuman, Argentina. Eleven were reared by H. A. Jaynes and one by H. E. Box. The other specimen was collected by H. H. Smith at " Piedras B.," Brazil, in April ; it belongs to the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, to which it is returned. SCHISTOCHILUS, new genua Runs to Atractochaeta Brauer and Bergenstamm in Stein's 1924 " Key to the Central European Tachinidae," ^ but differs in numer- ous characters. Eyes bare, head in profile almost triangular, the length at vibrissae being less than one-half of that at antennae. Front long, almost horizontal, in male a little more than one-third the head width; face much receding, longer than front; third an- tennal joint elongated, four times the second, its upper edge straight, lower rounded forward at the apex, the sharp tip in line with upper edge. Parafacial bare, as wide as third antennal joint; facial ridges bristly on lower third. Clypeus deeply depressed, forming a single groove for the reception of the antennae, which are out of sight in profile when depressed; the groove continues to the mouth through epistoma. Arista bare, shorter than the third antennal joint, very thick and blunt, the terminal joint shorter than the preceding one. Proboscis short and small, palpi rather small. Cheek two-fifths of eye height. Outer vertical small, inner large, not decussate. Ocellars of ordinary size, proclinate and diverging. Frontals in a single row, one upper reclinate, the lowest at about the middle of the second antennal joint. One proclinate orbital in male. Proster- num with a row of black setules on each side, propleura bare. Scu- tellum with two pairs of laterals, the apicals small, depressed, not decussate; postscutellum well developed, but joined rather closely to the scutellum so that the transverse groove below it is much deeper than the one above. Abdomen of ordinary length, wider beyond the middle than the thorax, no discal bristles. First vein of wing bare, third with a single bristle at base. First basal cell narrow, the anterior cross vein short ; apical cell widening uniformly to bend, which is rectangular and slightly rounded ; apical cross vein erect, joining third vein before the tip, the petiole more than one- third as long as the cross vein and ending far before wing tip. Squamae bare, rounded, not very large. Genotype. — Schistochilus aristatum., new species.^" •Arch, fiir Naturg., vol. 90A, p. 19, 1924. "The genus is of neuter gender, derived from the Greek oheiloa (lip). ART. 9 DIPTERA FEOM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 19 SCHISTOCHILUS ARISTATUM, new species Color black, mostly gray-pollinose. Male. — Frontal stripe brownish toward arista and the same color extending vaguely down along the edge of the luniile. Pollen of parafrontals and parafacials and posterior orbit dull gray. Palpi and basal joints of antennae dark yellow. Thorax black, with gray pollen, leaving two slender submedian stripes interrupted at the suture, an indistinct wider interrupted outer stripe. Chaetotaxy Acrostichal, 2, 4; dorsocentral, 3, 4 (the posterior may be only 3) humeral, 2; notopleural, 2; posthumeral, 1 (inner); presutural, 1 supraalar, 2; intraalar, apparently 0; postalar, 2; sternopleural, 1, 1 pteropleural small. Scutellum black at base and margin. Abdomen shining black, with basal gray-pollinose bands on second to fourth segments, narrowed in middle on the first and covering about one- third of the segment except on the fourth where in certain lights the pollen extends almost to the tip ; first and second segments with- out median marginals; third with a depressed pair; fourth with a row at apex of varying sizes. Genitalia small, of ordinary structure, the outer forceps almost as long as the inner. Wing quite distinctly infuscated, the color following the veins broadly, leaving a sub- hyaline spot in the middle of the apical cell and the margin irregu- larly of the same color. Base of wing distinctly paler. Squama white. Costal spine small but distinct. The costal segment before tip of second vein about one and one-third times as long as the one beyond it. Hind cross vein concave outward, joining fourth vein barely beyond middle between small cross vein and bend. Legs black; claws and pulvilli not at all elongated; middle tibia with a single bristle on anterodorsal side and one on ventral ; hind tibia with a single sparse row of bristles of varying size on anterodorsal side. Length, 5.8 mm. Ty^pe.— Male, U. S. N. M. No. 43690. Remarhs. — Described from three males, reared from Diatraea striatalis Snellen, at Pasoeroean, Java, April, 1931, by Dr. P. C. Hart, received from Dr. S. Leefmans, to whom one paratype is returned. I am unable to find a genus more nearly related to this than Atractochaeta., from which it differs markedly in having the deep facial groove for the antennae, the face more receding, apical cross vein more erect, and first vein bare and third with only a single setule, as well as in minor characters. Genus ZENILLIA Robineau-Desvoidy Zenillia Robineau-Dbsvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 152, 1830. — Aldbich and Webbee, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 7, 1924. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 81 ZENILLIA PALPALIS, new species Figure 2 Black with ochraceous pollen on the head, thorax, and abdomen. Female. — Head 0.27 to 0.31 of the head width ; the frontal stripe velvet brown, as wide as one parafrontal; parafrontal, parafacial, and posterior orbit with almost golden yellow pollen, that of the face and cheek gray, with a slight tinge of yellow ; front somewhat promi- nent at the insertion of the antennae, forming a slightly oblique angle with the face, the frontal profile and the facial of about the same length. Parafacial at middle as wide as third antennal joint, facial ridges with only three or four hairs above the vibrissae, which are far apart at the oral margin. Cheek one-fifth the eye height. Antennae black, tip of second joint reddish, third joint long and slender, fully four times the second, rounded at tip, reaching almost to vibrissae. Arista rather long and slender, slightly thickened on basal third. Palpi (fig. 2) considerably swollen, with a very distinct and striking pocketlike depression or hole on the outer side just before the tip, which is the same in _ all the specimens. Inner verticals large, FiGDKB 2. — Zendlldu palpalis, ^ , . new species. Palpus of outer much smaller; ocellars of good size; female, outer side. (Drawn (^^.^ upper froiitals recliuate. the remaining by C. T. Greene) . ^^ • ' i , , in a Single row diverging below toward orbit, reaching to the base of third joint; the usual two proclinate orbitals; parafrontal with only inconspicuous hairs besides the bristles. Mesonotum covered with yellowish pollen, which forms principally three stripes on the sides and middle, leaving a rather heavy black stripe on each side, which is divided anteriorly, the inner and narrower portion extending to the neck, Scutellum with yellow pollen. Thoracic bristles rather stout. Chaetotaxy as follows: Acrostichal, 4, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 4; humeral, 4; noto- pleural, 2; posthumeral, 3; presutural, 2 (the inner large) ; supraalar, 3; intraalar, 3; postalar, 3 (the middle one large, the others small) ; sternopleural, 2, 1; pteropleural small. Scutellum with 3 pairs lateral, 1 discal, the apicals slender and upturned, rather long. Propleura bare, prosternum setose, postalar declivity bare, no infra- squamal setules. Scutellum densely covered with coarse erect rather short hairs. Abdomen largely shining black, the yellow pollen forming basal bands on the second and third segments, which are wide at the side and prolonged posteriorly in a blunt point in the middle, leaving considerably more than half the surface shining; fourth segment with yellow pollen except an oval median spot above, which covers the apical two-thirds, but does not extend on the sides. ART. 9 DIPTERA FEOM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA AL.DRICH 21 First and second abdominal segments each bearing one pair of median marginals ; second and third with one pair of smallish discals, which are quite far forward on the yellow pollinose portion; third with a marginal row, the middle pair very large and stout; fourth segment with irregular bristles extending forward nearly to the base, no distinct row on posterior margin. The terminal ventral seg- ment when exposed appears as a cylindrical tubular structure, not very long, bearing at its apex a minute, shining black prolongation, grooved above, bearing microscopic hairs. Legs black, middle tibia with one bristle on the outer front side and one flexor; hind tibia with an inconspicuous row of small bristles and two larger ones rather far apart almost dividing the length into thirds. Wings a little brownish ; third vein with two to four bristles at base ; fourth vein with a round oblique curve, the apical cross vein more slender, straight for two-thirds of its length and almost parallel with the margin, then gradually curved toward the tip, joining the costa quite close to the tip a little distance from the third ; hind cross vein suberect, joining fourth at two-thirds of the distance from the small cross vein to the bend. Hind calypter light brownish with pale margin ; the front one white and subtransparent. Length, 8-9 mm. Male. — Front at level of anterior ocellus 0.27 of head width; no orbitals, third antennal joint a little broader than in female, of the same length; palpi distinctly flattened and a little widened at tip, but lacking the pore which is so striking in the female; eyes with same pilosity as in female. Genitalia small, black, the inner forceps straight, slender and close together, the outer slender and almost as long; penis black, slender, with a delicate white flap on front at tip. Claws and pulvilli moderately long. Paratypes.—F^m^lQ, U.S.N.M. No. 43691. Remarks. — Described from five females and one male, reared at Wanaina, Northwest District, British Guiana, March, 1931, by J. G. Myers, from Castnia Ucoides Boisduval. The specimens were re- ceived from the Imperial Institute of Entomology, to which the type female, allotype male, and two paratype females are returned. The peculiar depression, or perhaps a sensory pit, in the palpus does not occur in any other tachinid known to me. It occurs only in the female. The species is distinguished by rather stout bristles throughout. I have compared the type series carefully with Zenillia lihatrix Panzer (det. Bezzi) and find it agrees well except in having a single bristle on the anteroventral side of the middle tibia. No fine hairlike bristles extending up facial ridges, and in the visible structures at the tip of the abdomen in the female; in libatnx the terminal organs are concealed in our specimens by closure of the fourth abdominal segment in a longitudinal slit. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 TROPHOPS, new genus Somewhat allied to Pexomyia {ruhrifrons Perris, the genotype), but differing in having the vibrissae distinctly above oral margin, no costal spine nor infrasquamal setules. Hypopleural bristles and postscutellum present; eyes and arista bare ; palpi and proboscis of ordinary form ; paraf rontals and para- facials broad, especially the latter, which are bare and about half as wide as clypeal depression; facial ridges bare, low, vibrissae far apart and much above the epistoma, only a little below the lowest curve of the eye; cheeks broad and bulging, almost half the eye height. Third antennal joint nearly three times the second, rather slender and tapering, not quite reaching vibrissae. Length of head at antennae slightly greater than at vibrissae ; frontal profile a little greater than facial ; clypeus flat, moderately broad. Scutellum with three lateral pairs of bristles, the apical pair al- most equally large, decussate or not, depressed. No discal abdominal bristles on second and third segments. First vein bare, third with one or two bristles at base, fourth with bend slightly rounded, thence a little concave, ending distinctly, yet not very far before apex of wing. Hind cross vein concave and a little oblique, joining fourth vein at three-fifths of the distance from anterior cross vein to bend. Genotype. — Trophops clauseni, new species. TROPHOPS CLAUSENI, new species Black with yellowish pollen on head and thorax. Abdomen shin- ing black with broad bands of gray pollen on the second, third, and fourth segments. Male. — Front 0.31 of the head width. Head with somewhat silvery pollen except on front and upper orbits where it is distinctly yellow. Frontal stripe wider than one paraf acial. Verticals one pair; ocel- lars of normal size and proclinate; two upper orbitals reclinate, strong, the others rather weak, the lowest at middle of second antennal joint. Antennae black, tip of second joint and basal third of third joint reddish; third joint decidedly slender and tapering, a little more than twice the second, not reaching to vibrissae. Cheek covered with fine dark hair. Palpi brown. Thorax with a pair of very slender stripes outside the acrostichals, much enlarged behind the suture; an outer stripe is broadly divided into two spots, the hindmost elongated. Pleurae black with thin gray pollen. Chae- totaxy : Acrostichal, 3, 3 ; dorsocentral, 3, 4 ; humeral, 2 ; posthumeral, 2; notopleural, 2 ; presutural, 2 (the inner rather large) ; supraalar, 3; intraalar, 3 ; postalar, 2 ; sternopleural, 2, 1 ; pteropleural small. No ART. 9 DIPTERA FEOM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDEICH 23 infrasquamal setules. Propleura and prosternum bare. Abdomen mostly shining black, basal two-thirds of second segment, one-half of third segment, and two-thirds of fourth segment with gray pollen. A delicate median black line on these segments. No marginals on first segment, those of second depressed and inconspicuous, third with a median pair and two lateral, fourth with a marginal row and a single subdiscal pair far back. Genitalia black. Legs black (only hind ones present) ; hind tibiae with rather dense fringe of uniform bristles on anterodorsal side. Hind pulvilli and claws elongated. Wing considerably brownish except along the veins. Costal seg- ment beyond the first vein only slightly longer than the one before it. Calypters white; margin narrow, brownish yellow. Length, 7.4 mm. Female. — Front 0.37 of head width (the same in two) ; usual two pairs of orbital bristles, below the lowest frontals a distinct pollinose dark band extends from the eye to the suture (faintly indicated in male). Hindmost sclerite of venter broadly rounded. Middle tibia with two bristles on anterodorsal side. Claws and pulvilli small. Length, 5.7-7.7 mm. Type.— Male, IT. S. N. M. No. 43695. Remai'ks. — Described from one male and three females (one of the latter considerably broken), reared from Popillia japonica Newman; male and two females at Toyona, Japan, July 9, 1930, by T. R. Gard- ner; the other female, which is broken, at Takarozawa, Japan, by C. P. Clausen, July, 1928. The species is named in honor of C. P. Clausen, who has made an extensive study of the Japanese beetle parasites in Japan and adjacent regions. Genus EXORISTOIDES Coquillett Exoristoides Coquillett, Eevisiou of the Tachiuidae of America north of Mex- ico, p. 90, 1897.— Walton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 17, p. 98, 1915.— AxDEiCH and Webber. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 17, p. 10, 1924. — CuKEAN, Can. Ent., vol. 58, p. 85, 1926. Exoristopsis Townsend. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 426, 1915. The genotype of Exoristoides, designated by Coquillett in 1897, is johnsoni Coquillett; that of Exoristopsis, designated by Townsend in 1915, is setifera Townsend. The genus has the general characters of ExoHsta of authors {Zenillia sens. lat. of Aldrich and Webber, 1924), with the addition of a large pteropleural bristle and almost invariably some setules on the first vein. Curran suggests that Lypha is a near relative, which is true. Townsend placed one of our species {slossonae) in Lydina {Polidea of authors), in the National Museum collection some years ago, and this also expressed a true relation. Lypha may be distin- 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 guished by the frontal bristles, which extend remarkably far down on the paraf acials ; and both genera differ from Exoristoides in hav- ing the eyes smaller and cheek wider, as well as in lacking any hairs on the first vein. In the single known specimen of Exoristopsis both pteropleurals are broken off, but the large scars are present. Three species were originally included, johnso7ii, slossonae, and harringtoni, of which the last has been removed as type species of the genus Homalactia Townsend. KEY TO SPECIES OF EXORISTOIDES MALES 1. Third antennal joint very wide, two-thirds as wide as long, with obliquely truncate apex (North Carolina to Louisiana and California) johnsoni Coquillett Third antennal joint less than half as wide as long 2 2. First vein with few setules, rarely none ; fourth abdominal seg- ment wholly black (New Hampshire to Alabama) slossonae Coquillett First vein with complete series of setules from near humeral cross vein (Trinidad, West Indies) uricM, new species FEMALES 1. First vein setulose from near humeral cross vein to tip 2 First vein with only a few setules, at most on basal half 3 2. Third antennal joint concave on front edge, widened at tip. urichi, new species Third antennal joint straight, not widened apically (Peru). setifera Townsend 3. Sternopleurals two ; fourth abdominal segment red jolinsoni Coquillett Sternopleurals three ; fourth abdominal segment wholly black. slossonae Coquillett EXORISTOIDES JOHNSONI Coquillett Exoristoides johnsoni Coqihixett, Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of Mexico, p. 91, 1897. — Walton, Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington, vol. 17, p. 97, 1915.— Bbimlet, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 22, 1922. The material in the National Museum at present referred to this species is the following: Holotype, female, Hertford County, N. C. (collection Coquillett) ; one female, Raleigh, N. C. (Brimley) ; one female, Palo Alto, Calif. (W. F. Derby coll., through the Aldrich col- lection) ; one female, Opelousas, La. (Pilate) ; one female, Lindsey, Calif. (McGregor) ; one dwarf male, reared at Capa, S. Dak., from Gryllus abhreviatus Serville, by Prof. H. C. Severin, emerged Sep- tember 12, 1919; two males and one female, reared at Sacramento, Calif., from Gryllus assim'dis Fabricius, by C. C. Wilson, emerged March 27, 1930; and one female, reared at Winters, Calif., by the same entomologist from the same host, emerged April 10, 1931. Thus there are three different rearing records from Gryllus^ and these are the only ones yet known. AET. 9 DIPTERA FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDRICH 25 EXORISTOIDES SLOSSONAE CoqniUett Ex&ristoides slossonae Coqitillett, Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of Mexico, p. 91, 1807.— Johnson, Catalogue of the insects of New Jersey, p. 671, 1899, and p. 779, 1910.— Banks, Ent. News, vol. 23, p. 110, 1912.— Walton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 17, p. 97, 1915. — Britton, Check- list of the insects of Connecticut, p. 192, 1920.— Bbimley, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 22, 1922.— Johnson, List of the Dipteva of New England, p. 199, 1925. — West, A list of the insects of New York (Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 101), p. 815, 1928. — Axlen, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol. 22, p. 687, 1929.— CuRr.AN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 61, p. 106, 1930. Exorisia spinipennis Coquillett, Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of Mexico, p. 95, 1897. — Johnson, Ent. News, vol. 15, p. 157, 1904; Cata- logue of insects of New Jersey, p. 780, 1910. — Smith, Psyche, vol. 24, p. 58, 1917 (syn.).— Gibson. Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, p. 119, 1918.— AxDBiCH and Webber, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 63, art. 17, p. 10, 1924. The material in the National Museum referred to slossonae is as follows : Four types of slossonae^ both sexes, from Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson), Eastport, Me. (coll. C. V. Riley), and Westville, N. J. (Johnson) ; the female type of spinipennis Coquillett, from Tif- ton, Ga. (Pilate) ; a female from Franconia, N. H. (Townsend) ; a male from Chevy Chase Lake, Md. (Townsend) ; a female from Potomac Run, Va. (McAtee) ; two males from College Park, Md. (Walton) ; a male from La Fayette, Ind. (Aldrich) ; and a male from Birmingham, Ala., reared by H. L. Weatherbee from EpiJachna corrupta Mulsant, the Mexican bean beetle. The last emerged on August 3, 1922, and this is the only rearing record. EXORISTOIDES SETIFERA Townsend Exoristopsis setifera Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 426, 1915. The only specimen in the National Museum is the type, a female from Peru. The characters given for the genus Exoristopsis by Townsend seem mostlj^ specific, especially when considered in relation to the other species than johnsoni, which I here include. Perhaps the most impor- tant is the small size of the ocellars, which is shared by urichi, new species. No mention is made of the pteropleurals, which are broken off, but the scars are distinct. EXORISTOIDES URICHI. new species Black with silvery-gray pollen. Fourth abdominal segment red or reddish in ground color with yellow pollen. Male. — Front 0.27 of head width, pollen of the head silvery gray, the posterior orbit and upper part of front slightly yellow. Ocellars hairlike, proclinate, two upper frontals reclinate, six others, the lowest at the level of the base of third antennal joint. Antennae 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 mostly black; tip of second and base of third antennal joints reddish, this color extending to the middle of the third on inner side ; third antennal joint three times the second, rather wide, at its middle almost twice as wide as the paraf acial, somewhat prominent at base and tip on the front side, leaving a distinct concavity between, the apex truncate, reaching nearly to vibrissae. Arista with penultimate joint a little elongate, barely twice as long as thick, the apical joint rather short, thickened nearly to the middle. Eyes with long pile. Cheek a little more than one-fourth the eye height. Palpi slender, yellow apically, dark brown on basal half; outer verticals distinct, three-fourths as long as the inner. Mesonotum with rather thin silvery-gray pollen, leaving four longitudinal shining black stripes, the inner narrow and reaching halfway from the suture to the scutel- lum; an elongate median spot before the scutellum. Acrostichal 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 3; sternopleural, 2, 1. Scutellum, with 3 lateral bristles, a small erect nondecussate hairlike apical pair. Propleura and prosternum bare. Second and third segments of abdomen of same color as thorax, in some lights showing pollen to the apices of the segments ; fourth segment with more yellowish pollen, the ground color rather dark red ; first segment with no median marginals, second with one pair, third with a median pair and two or three at the margin; second and third segments with a single pair of discals much smaller than marginals; fourth segment with a median row of six large bristles and a marginal row of the same number con- siderably smaller. Genitalia red, small, very similar to those of the other species ; the inner forceps blackish, being united into a beaklike process curved upward and acute at tip; outer forceps slender, curved like the inner with a minute tooth at apex. Legs black, all the tarsi rather short and decreasing in width. All the claws and pulvilli very small. Front tibiae with two bristles near middle on postero ventral side; middle tibiae with four bristles on anterodorsal side, the two middle ones quite long, and with one ventral; hind tibiae with an uneven sparse row on anterodorsal side. Wings hya- line, the first vein hairy to tip from humeral cross vein; third vein with coarse hairs nearly to cross vein; fourth vein with rounded almost rectangular bend, then concave, reaching costa only a little before apex. The first posterior cell open. Hind cross vein straight, somewhat oblique, joining fourth vein considerably beyond middle of the distance between anterior cross vein and bend. Calyp- ters white, the hind ones subtransparent ; inf rasquamal setules present but delicate. Length, 6. 5 mm. Female. — Front at vertex 0.27 of the head width. The pollen on upper two-thirds much more distinctly yellow than in the male. Third antennal joint more than twice the second, distinctly wider AET. 9 DIPTERA FROM AMEEICA, ASIA, AND JAVA ALDEICH 27 than the parafacial, its tip widened about as in the male but the basal part not protruding noticeably in the vicinity of the arista. Palpi as in the male. Fourth abdominal segment distinctly red in ground color, shining in some lights over most of its surface. Gen- italia simple. Front tarsi a little widened from the second joint, the claws and pulvilli very small. Length, 6.2 mm. Type. — In the British Museum of Natural Histor3\ Remarhs. — Described from one male and one female, reared in Trinidad, West Indies, by F. W. Urich, from pupae of Calyodes ethlius Cramer. The specimens were received from Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, director of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, in London, to whom they are returned for ultimate deposit in the British Museum. Genus ACHAETONEURA Brauer and Bergenstamm Achaetoneura Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweifliigler des kaiserl. Museums zu Wien, pt. 5, p. 334, 1891 (Denkschr. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., vol. 58). — Webbeb, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 78, art. 10, p. 1, 1930. ACHAETONEURA NIGRIPALPIS, new 8P«cies Entirely black, including antennae, palpi, and scutellum. Female. — Front at vertex 0.3, 0.31 (in the two specimens) of the head height. Head with silvery pollen tinged with light yellow on the front; third antennal joint two and one-half times the second. Arista slender, bare, third joint very slightly thickened basally. Parafacial a little wider than third antennal joint. Facial ridges with rather small bristles extending to middle of third antennal joint. Cheek one-fourth eye height. Thorax gray pollinose with four black stripes, the inner pair abbreviated behind and the outer interrupted at suture. Scutellum subshining black at base. Acro- stichal, 3, 3; dorsocentral, 3, 4; scutellum, with 3 lateral pairs of bristles, the apicals rather strong, decussate, depressed; sterno- pleural, 2, 2, the anterior of the hindmost somewhat hairlike; pro- jjleura bare. First abdominal segment black, the second and third black on apical two-fifths, their bases with smooth gray pollen which is sharply defined behind; fourth segment wholly pollinose with a slight yellow tinge. No discals on second and third segments, a pair of marginals on first and second, marginal row of six on the third ; fourth with a row of bristles in the middle, the marginals small and inconspicuous. Venter with a somewhat reddish tinge. Legs black ; anterior tibiae with two posteroventral bristles; middle tibiae with two large anterodorsal, two small posterodorsal and one ventral; hind tibiae with a complete row of small bristles on posterodorsal side, one in middle slightly larger. Anterior tarsi with third and 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 : akt. 9 fourth joints slightly flattened; claws and pulvilli small. Wings subhyaline with the usual venation for the genus; third vein with three setules at base. Calypters white. Length, 7.6-8.5 mm. Paratype.— Female, U. S. N. M. No. 43694. Remarks. — Described from two females reared by F. W. Urich, in Trinidad, from pupae of Calf odes ethlius Cramer. The speci- mens were received from Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, and the type is returned to him for ulti- mate deposit in the British Museum. Compared with the females of the genotype A. frenchii Williston, the head appears a little rounder, the eye longer vertically, the third antennal joint shorter and the bristles of the facial ridges do not extend so high. In chaetotaxy and other generic characters it agrees very well. o U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81 . ART. 9 PL 1 DYSCRASIS AND COLLI NELLULA. NEW GENERA 1, Dyscrasis hendeli, new species: Wing. (Enlarged 16 dianietens.) 2-4, Cntlinellula magistri, new .species: 2, Wing of male; '-i, wing of female; 4, abdomen of male, side view, flattened, with genitalia twisted to show dorsal view. ( Enlarged CO diameters.) \ 11 photographed from micro.scopic slide.s. A CACHE OF BASKET MAKER BASKETS FROM NEW MEXICO By Walter Hough Head Curator, Departm<'nt of Anthropoloyy, United States National Museum The joint expedition of the Smithsonian Institution and the Pea- body Museum of Yale University worked during 1929 in a cave in Dona Ana County, N. Mex., which was thought to contain the re- mains of a sloth. A specimen of this animal was taken from an adjoining cave by a previous expedition of the Peabody Museum in 1928, and this has been described by Dr. R. S. LuU.^ In neither of these caves were observed artifacts or other remains of man, but in a crevice adjoining, though not connecting with, the second cave, Norman Boss, of the United States National Museum, discovered a cache of baskets of particular interest. These are described below. With the baskets were found a slender rod of dressed wood trun- cated at the ends, a fragment of gourd, and a lenticular mass of whitish clay with numerous finger impressions. Evidently the soft clay had been pressed into a vessel with concave surface, probably to stop a crack (pi. 1, fig. 1) . With the baskets was a very little debris, consisting of dust containing skulls of mice and fruits and thorns of desert plants. OVAL BOWL The sides of this specimen have been eroded away, and at present the basket is an oval tray with upcurved ends. The construction of a basket of this shape undoubtedly presented unusual difficulties to the weaver. The oval section of 14 coils proceeded regularly, com- prising the bottom field of the basket. The formation of the sides of an oval basket necessitated the insertion of numerous rods. These splicings or injunctions appear on the inner axis of the oval. The fifteenth coil is inserted about an inch to the right of the minor axis ; the sixteenth an inch to the right ; the seventeenth the same distance to the right ; and the eighteenth the same distance to the right of the last. These four coils run around to the left and terminate in a similar way oppositely at the foot of the basket wall on the margin 1 Lull, Richard Swann, A renrarkable ground sloth. Mem. Peabody Mus., Yale Univ., Tol. 3, pt. 2, 1929. No. 2933.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 81. Art. 10 111315 — 32 1 L PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 of the fourteenth coil. When these insertions were put in, the coil could run twice continuously around, when new insertions were nec- essary. A cross section shows 23 coils, but this appears not to be the whole number. The insertions were 12 in number, all lying in the minor axis, or to the right. The end sections of the basket required no insertions, the wall being built as if it were the process of the customary round basket. The pattern consists of pairs of zigzags w^orked in black, probably devils-claw arranged axially, except the upper zigzag, which has three arms (see pi. 2, fig. 2). This pattern would be called a light- ning design of the four points of the compass. The lightning ele- ments broaden toward the rim. Diameter, 17% inches by 16^/4 inches; height, 53^ inches (U.S.N.M. No. 245916). This basket is an example of the devices used to work out eccentric shapes as in the Klikitat and some northern baskets described bv Boas and others.^ It is apparently the earliest specimen showing this technique. LARGE BASKET BOWL Regularly s6wed, over a rather large coil. The rim coil shows at only one place, five coils having been worn away. From the caked debris on parts of the basket it is inferred that it was used for mor- tuary purposes. From the tenth coil arise stepped figures in black extending over 16 coils and rising three steps. On the walls of the basket are at wide intervals small sections vertical and horizontal in black, the vertical extending down from the rim. The figures are obscured by fading and can be traced only on the bottom of the basket. There are 50 coils in the basket. The material is willow, the method two rod and splint. The design appears to be in Martynia (devils-claw, or unicorn plant). Diameter, distorted, 191/^ inches by 16 inches; height, approximately 614 inches. (PI. 3, fig. 2.) CARRYING BASKET Widely flaring, ovate basket in fragmentary condition. Much of the stitching has been worn away, especially where the basket came in contact with the body. Repairs of extremely crude stitching with yucca have been made, and several sections of coil have broken away on one side. The bottom of this basket is flat. The foundation coils are long-oval, and the oval shape is built up the walls to the top, giving a basket of long-ovate outline suitable for carrying a load adjusted to the back. There are no traces of design. The rods = Haeberlin, H. K., Teit, JaniPS A., and Roberts, Helen H., under the direction of Franz Boas, Coiled basketry in British Columbia and surrounding region. 41st Ann. Rep. Bur. ^mer. Bthnol., for 1919-1924, pp. 119-626, 1928. ART. 10 BASKET MAKER BASKETS FROM NEW MEXICO — HOUGH 3 and sewing are willow, and the splint is of yucca. No remains of the attachment of the carrying straps are to be seen on this basket. This specimen is to be compared with carrying baskets of similar shape discovered by Guernsey in Basket Maker sites in northeastern Arizona and described as Pueblo I.^ Diameter of bottom, 8 inches by 6 inches ; height, 131/2 inches. (PI. 3, fig. 1.) BOWL Shallow with flat bottom and rather steep sides. Sewing of narrow willow splints not closely applied, leaving interspaces on the rods. Willow, two-rod foundation, and splint after the earliest coil and sewing method. Twenty-seven coils compose the basket, and the edges are finished off by sewing in the splints. The specimen is distorted by pressure, which gives additional flatness to the bottom. Some mending shows on the bottom coils. The specimen has been taken from cave debris, some of which still adheres. Diameter, 91/2 inches; height, 31/2 inches. (PI. 1, fig. 2.) The baskets are in rather good condition of preservation, showing previous wear and repair, and but little affected by their long burial. Two of the baskets show repairs, which have been made with strips of yucca crudely sewed in, merely to hold the edges of the breaks together. Many other instances of repair with yucca are seen in Basket Maker specimens found in other localities. The presence of this cache of baskets in Dona Ana County fur- nished good data on the diffusion of Basket Maker culture. The cache has not yet been correlated with a site of these Indians in the neighborhood. There is evidence that future work will extend greatly the range of the southern Basket Makers. 3 Guernsey, Samuel J., Explorations in northeastern Arizona. Papers Peabody Mus. Amer. Archeol. Harvard Univ., vol. 12, no 1., pi. 13 (p. 95 for description), 1931. Several baskets of this type have been found in northeastern Arizona, notably by Dr. Byrou Cummings. U. S.SOVERNMENT PaiHTINS OFFICK:l»tl U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL 81. ART. 10 PL 1 1, Clay with finger Impressions (p. d: 2. coiled Bowl (P. 3) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART 10 PL. 2 1. Oval Bowl (Side View); 2, Decorative Design on Oval Bowl (p. i; U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81. ART. 10 PL. 3 .■^^» 1, CARRYING BASKET; 2, LARGE COILED BOWL (P. 2) THE FORMS OF THE COMMON OLD WORLD SWALLOAV- TAIL BUTTERFLY (PAPILIO MACHAON) IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SUB- SPECIES By Austin H. Clark Curator, Division of Echinoderms, United States National Museum The common Old World swallowtail, Papilio 77iachaon, is found in North America from western Alaska south of Cape Prince of Wales to Yukon and southward to the extreme northwestern por- tion of British Columbia, and also from the southeastern extremity of James Bay to the Nelson River on the western shore of Hudson Bay and southward to Lake Superior. Although it is locally common in many places in both the western and eastern portion of its range, its habitat is so remote and inac- cessible that it is a rare insect in collections. Indeed, only seven specimens are known from eastern North America. In the present paper the status of the American forms of this species is reviewed, and three subspecies are recognized: Papilio muchaon aJiaska Scudder, which is found throughout the western portion of the range; P. m. hiidsoniainis, new subspecies, occurring in the eastern portion of the range; and P. vi. petersU. new sub- species, from central Alaska, where it occurs with P. in. aliaska, of which possibly it is an extreme form. Papilio machaon was first discovered in North America by Con- stantin Drexler during an exploration that he made in 1860 in the region of James Bay under the direction of the Smithsonian Insti- tution. Thanks to the facilities afforded him by the Hudson's Bay Co., he was enabled to collect a large quantity of valuable material, which was sent from Moose Factory to London by the company at their expense and later brought to New York free of charge by the Cunard Steamship Co. At that time the Smithsonian Institution did not maintain a col- lection of insects, and the four specimens of Papilio machaon that he collected were sent to William Henry Edwards. Edwards re- ceived from Drexler many other butterflies, among them one of the specimens upon which the description of Hesperia ivyandot was based, and one of those from which Pampli'ila verna was described, both from Washington, D. C. No. 2934.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 81, Art. 1 1. •111168—32 1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.81 From 1865 to 1868 Lieut. William Healy Dall was engaged in work in Alaska under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. He made extensive zoological collections, including large numbers of insects. Among the insects were numerous examples of Papilio tnachaon^ which on their arrival in Washington were sent to Samuel Hubbard Scudder at Cambridge, Mass. In 1863, J. William Weidemeyer in listing Papilio zolicaon gave as the habitat " Labrador ; United States." It is probable that the mention of Labrador was based upon the specimens collected by Drexler and subsequently sent to Edwards, though there is no proof of this. At that time Edwards had not described oregonia, and as zelicaon Lucas { = zolicaon Boisduval) was the only yellow repre- sentative of the Machaon group known from North America, any 3^ellow form in that group would have been referred to it. The first definite record of Papilio 7iiachaon in America was pub- lished by Edwards, who wrote in 1868 that some years before he had received several specimens that had been taken by Drexler at Rupert House, Hudson Bay. Scudder, in 1869, described Papilio aliaska, which was based upon 16 specimens collected by Lieutenant Dall, most of them at Nulato (or Nualto), May 20-24, but others on June 5, 6, and 14 at a short distance below the Ramparts (on the Yukon River in central Alaska) and also just above them. Scudder said that Edwards had sent him a specimen from the east coast of Hudson Bay. This was one of the specimens collected by Drexler. Scudder wrote that his new Papilio aliaska was of the same size and facies as P. zolicaon. This makes it clear that his description was based upon one or all of the specimens collected by Lieutenant Dall, as the Alaskan form of P. machaon is very dark and is in general much like P. zelicaon. In 1882, Edwards said that the specimens from Rupert House had been collected in 1860 by C. Drexler when traveling under the aus- pices of the Smithsonian Institution. They were picked off the gooseberry bushes early in the morning while stiffened with cold. The species was abundant there. He noted that Lieutenant Dall took his examples at Nulato, and that Lucien M. Turner and E. W. Nelson had found the species common at St. Michael. He remarked that there was great uniformity between all the American specimens he had — four from Hudson Bay and eight from Alaska. Having assembled a series of the various forms of Papilio machaon., he had found that the American form is more melanic than the Old World forms with the exception of that from the Himalayas, iind he said that if Menetries had not limited his asiaticiis to the ex- amples that have a straight edge to the inner side of the marginal border of the hind wings his name probably should cover the Ameri- AUT. 11 COMMON OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY CLARK 3 can form. The American examples, he said, come nearest — and in- deed are very near — to the variety from the Himalaj-as. In 1883, Edwards said that the Himalayan and the American forms should be united under one name, unless, when more is known of the latter, greater differences appear than we now discover. In " The Butterfly Book," published in 1898, Dr. W. J. Holland, under Papilio aliaska, wrote that " thus far this insect has been re- ceived only from Alaska." Under the name of Papilio vmchaon var. aliaska he figured, without comment, a specimen that did not come from Alaska at all, but was the one collected by Drexler at Rupert House that Scudder in 1869 said had been sent him by Edwards. He later returned it to Edwards, and it came into the possession of Doctor Holland through his acquisition of the Edwards collection. In 1905, M. Roger Verity placed P. m. kamtschadalus Alpheraky in the synonymy of P. aliaska Scudder, and said that aliaska is found in the peninsula of Kamchatka and in Alaska. He gave a colored figure of a specimen from Kamchatka identified as aliaska^ which, except for the narrower black border of the hind wings, very closely resembles Holland's figure of Papilio machaon var. aliaska. Verity cited Holland's figure, which he evidently considered as rep- resenting true aliaska Scudder. In 1906, Wright, in his " Butterflies of the West Coast," recorded Papilio zolicaon from Port Wrangel, Alaska, on the southern side of the base of the Alaska peninsula. This is far beyond the range of that species, and the record must have been based upon a specimen of P. m. aliaska. In their revision of the American swallowtails published in 1906, Lord Rothschild and Dr. Karl Jordan gave a synonymy of Papilio '/nachaon aliaska^ which included notices of individuals from the Hudson Bay region as well as from Alaska and Yukon. The range of the subspecies as given by them — Alaska ; Oregon ; Hudson Bay — in the west broadly overlaps the ranges of P. sdicaon and of the yellow form {oregonia) of P. l)air(Li. The inclusion of Oregon was based upon the mention by W. H. Edwards in 1882 of a specimen of aliaska from The Dalles on the Columbia River in Wasco County, Oreg., which was probably in reality zelicaon., though possibly P. hairdi form oregonia. Whatever it was it was certainly not aliaska. In their synonymy they designated as false the statement made by Edwards that Papilio machaon aliaska is the Himalayan form of the species, and they do not question the correctness of the identification of the figure published by Doctor Holland. In the key to the Ameri- can species of the Machaon group, aliaska was paired with Papilio hairdi form oregonia., from which it was differentiated by the ab- sence of a black pupil from the anal ocellus. In the text it was com- pared only with the very different P. m. kamtschadalus, evidently on 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 the basis of Holland's figure, as is shown by the mention of a black admarginal spot at the distal side of the anal ocellus. Such a spot is conspicuous in specimens from the Hudson Bay region (pi. 3, figs. 1, 2), but there is very seldom any trace of such a spot in Alaskan examples (pi. 2, figs. 1, 2). They listed one bad male in the Tring Museum, but did not give any locality for it. They gave the range of Pajrllio zelicaon as extending from Alaska, British Columbia, and Alberta southward to Arizona and Colorado. Alaska was included on the strength of Wright's record, which was undoubtedly based upon a specimen of aliaska. In 1907, Verity under the name of joannisi described an arctic form of P. 77iachaon from Alaska, which is the true aliaska of Scudder, as is clearly shown by his photograph. Although Verity made the error of assuming that Holland's figure represents Scudder's aliaska and was thereby led to rename the true aliaska^ he deserves the credit for being the first to point out the fact that Papilio machaon occurs in North America in two distinct forms. In his account of swallowtails of the Machaon group occurring in America, published toward the end of 1907 in Seitz's " Macrolepi- doptera of the World," Dr. Karl Jordan said that Papilio tnacliaon is represented in America by the subspecies aliaska Scudder {= joannisi Verity) in which the black band on the hind wing is broader than it is in the geographically nearest subspecies kamtschadalus. He said that aliaska is rather common in July and August at the mouth of the Yukon and other rivers, as well as in the neighborhood of lakes — probably everywhere in the lowlands where Umbelliferae grow. He added that eastward aliaska, occurs as far as Hudson Bay. The figure he gave represents a typical example of the Hudson Bay form and appears to have been taken from Holland. Doctor Jordan said that kamtschadalus Alpheraky is not identical with aliaska Scudder. In 1910, Verity described and figured a new form, which he called oHentis, from the eastern part of southern Siberia. In 1916, Francis Kermode recorded Papilio macliaon var. aliaska from Atlin, in the extreme northwest of the Province of British Columbia, northeast of Skagway, Alaska, and just south of the Yukon border, where it had been collected by E. M. Anderson, and figured a typical specimen from that locality. In 1916, William Barnes and J. McDunnough published a photo- graph of a male specimen of Pajnlio aliaska from Eampart House, Alaska, resembling the specimen shown on Plate 2, and said that there is no doubt that the form to which Scudder applied the name aliaska is the form that Verity redescribed under the name of joannisi. They added that the few specimens from Alaska that they personally had seen had all been of the form aliaska. They said further ART. 11 COMMOX OLD WORLD b vVALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY CLARK 5 that whether the specimen figured by HoHaiid really came fi'om Alaska or not is an interesting point for collectors to clear up; if it be correct, then there would be two distinct forms of iiiachaon in our northern fauna differing in the relative width of the black submarginal band on the secondaries. In the second edition of " The Butterfly Book." published in 1931. Doctor Holland republished the figure giyen in 1898, designating it as " type " of Papilio aliaska. In the text he said that it is one of the '' types " determined by Scudder, and that it was taken at Rupert House on Hudson Bay. It is, therefore, the specimen that Scudder said had been sent him by Edwards. It can not be regarded as the type specimen of nliasl-a, since in the first place the oi-iginal description fits only the specimens from Nulato and the Ramparts, and in the second place it was only incidentally mentioned by Scudder. Doctor Holland said that he has another " type " from Scudder's original material labeled as from " Alaska," which exactly agrees with Verity's figure of his joannisi. He remarked that the Carnegie Museum has a specimen taken on the peninsula of Labrador, on the eastern shore of Hudson Ba5^ which is the same. He added that the Carnegie Museum has a long series of specimens from " all parts of Alaska," whicli are " unmistakably the same thing." These specimens, he said, had been carefully compared with specimens from northeastern Siberia labeled orientls by Verity, and they were indistinguishable from the latter. He remarked that in the long suite of specimens that he h;id critically examined the only dilfer- ence is an almost inappreciable variation in the width of the black outer margin of the fore wings, which is only individual, and reveals itself both in American and in Asiatic specimens. He said that the insect, as the figure shows, resembles P. ni. macliaon of Europe, but the yellow areas of the wings are not so wide as in the latter. For some time Foster H. Benjamin had been aware of the very considerable differences between Alaskan and Hudsonian speci- mens of Papilio macliaon^ and he recently v/as so kind as to suggest that I look into the matter on the basis of the material in the Nat- ional Museum, including the Barnes collection. From the available material Papilio machaon appears to be repre- sented in North America by three different forms : One in the region between southwestern Hudson and James Bays and Lake Superior; a second — Scudder's aliaska — in Alaska and the adjacent portions of Yukon and Mackenzie; and a third, closely resembling the first, also occurring in Alaska. The eastern form and the very similar form from Alaska are described below. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.81 PAPILIO MACHAON HUDSONIANUS, new subspecies Plate 3, Figures 1, 2 Papilio zoUcaon Weidemeyer, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 148, 1863 (in part; Labrador). Papilio machaon W. H. Edwards, Can. Ent., vol. 1, p. 22, 1868 (Rupert House). Papilio aliaska (in part) Scudder, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, p. 407, 1869 (east coast of Hudson Bay [refers to Rupert House] ; the specimens from Nulato and the Ramparts, on which the description is based, repre- sent P. m. aliaska). — Holland, Butterfly book, 2d ed., p. 314, 1931 ("type" from Rupert House and specimen from Labrador). Papilio machaon var. aliaska W. H. Edwards, Papilio, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 74-75y May, 1882 (Rupert House; particulars of capture; 8 Alaskan specimens are P. m. aliaska; comparison with Asiatic forms) ; vol. 3, no. 3, p. 60, Mar., 1883 (= Himalayan form). — Holland, Butterfly book, pi, 41, fig. 1, 1898 (but not Papilio aliaska, p. 312, no. 9 = P. m. aliaska). — Holland, Buttei-fly book, 2d ed., pi. 41, fig. 1, 1931. Papilio machaon a. aliaska Wilson, 34th Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1903, p. 90, 1904 (Hudson Bay slope; Forget Portage, Nagagami River, 63 miles northward of Montizambert Station, Canadian Pacific Railway, and 22 miles north of height of land, measured along the canoe routes, lat. 49° 12' 47" N.). Papilio machaon aliaska Verity, Rhopalocera Palaearctica, p. 15, 1905 (in- cludes P. m. kamtschadalus ; found in Alaska and Kamchatka ; his idea of the subspecies based on Holland's figure). — Rothschild and Jordan, Nov. Zool., vol. 13, no. 3, p. 553, no. 65fl, Aug. 30, 1906 (in part; Hudson Bay, but not other localities). — Jordan, in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the world, vol. 5, p. 24 (in part; Hudson Bay) ; pi. 8, line b, aliaska, male, 1907 (apparently copied from Holland). Papilio aliaska Barnes and McDunnough, Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 54, Dec. 5, 1916 (questions the identity of Holland's figure). Description. — Larger than P. in. aliaska Scudder (the fore wing 40 mm long), with the outer border of the fore wings slightly, though distinctly, convex instead of straight, and the tails on the hind wings shorter, although the hind wings do not differ in shape. On the upper side the black base of the fore wings is much less heavily speckled with olive scales than is the case in P. m. aliaska; the black outer border is more nearly of uniform width, not becom- ing so much broadened posteriorly; the black band across the mid- dle of the outer half of the cell has converging instead of parallel sides, so that the costal end is much broader than the end lying on the lower border of the cell ; the veins are rather less heavily black ; and the black spot in the yellow triangle between veins SC4 and SC5 is smaller and is completely isolated from the black above and below it. On the hind wings the inner edge of the dark border is more regularly and strongly curved, so that the end of the cell is distant from the dark border about the width of the cell instead of almost touching it as in the case of P. m. aliaska; and the black line on the AET. 11 COMMOKT OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY — CLARK 7 lower border of the orange anal spot is thicker, encroaching more on the spot itself. On the wider side the submarginal yellow spots of the fore wings are rather small, well rounded, and entirely separated from each other by black veins, the row of spots occupying less than half the width of the black border itself, whereas in P. m. aliaska this row of spots is represented by a broad yellow band, quite continuous or with indicated interruptions at the veins, which occupies more than half the width of the black border. On the hind wings the inner margin of the dark border is more regularly curved, the black lines forming this margin being only slightly discontinuous between veins K, and R3 and R3 and Mi, whereas in P. m. aliaska the black lines in these interspaces are very widely separated from the corresponding lines above; the dark border is less heavilv washed with blue and olive scales: the sub- marginal lunules are smaller; the black border of the orange anal ocellus is very narrow laterally, sometimes even almost completely interrupted, but posteriorly is broadened into a conspicuous black oval spot deeply excavating the posterior portion of the ocellus; and there is no orange scaling between the cell and the dark border between veins R2 and R3, and R3 and Mi, or above the orange anal spot. The black border of the anal ocellus above is narrow, as in P. m. macliaon^ and beneath it is a narrow crescent of blue scales. The dark markings above are dark brown, not intense black as in P. m. aliaska^ giving the insect a rather washed-out appearance. Type specimen. — U.S.N.M. No. 34478, female, from Kettle Rapids,. Nelson River, Manitoba, on the Hudson Bay Railway, July 8, 1914 (William Barnes collection). Other specimens examaned. — One female from the type locality, and one male from Hymers, Ontario (on the northwestern shore of Lake Superior southwest of Fort William and near the Minnesota boundary), July 8, 1915 (Barnes collection). Other records. — Rupert House, on the southeastern shore of James Bay (Edwards, 1868, 1882, 1883; Scudder, 1869; Holland, 1931); Labrador (Weidemeyer, 1863 ; possibly based on the specimens from Rupert House) ; peninsula of Labrador, on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay (Holland, 1931 ; possibly one of the specimens recorded by Edwards from Rupert House) ; Nagagami River, north of Lake Superior (Wilson, 1904). Range. — From Kettle Rapids, near Port Nelson, at the mouth of the Nelson River on the western shore of Hudson Bay, to Rupert House at the southeastern extremity of James Bay, and Hymers, Ontario, on the western shore of Lake Superior a few miles north of the Minnesota boundary. This form inhabits low and largely forested country. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Season. — July and August. Co77iparisons. — Papilio machaon hudsonianus is very closely related to typical P. in. machaon of western Europe, from which it differs in the slight, but characteristic, convexity of the outer margin of the fore wings, in the shorter tails, in the generally duller color, in the excavation of the orange anal ocellus by the thickening of its black posterior border, and in the small size and isolation of the black spot on the fore wing in the yellow triangle between veins SC4 and SC5. Among its American relatives it is perhaps most easily confused with Papilio halrdi form oregonia. But the convexity of the outer border of the fore wings, the short tails, the deeper color, the small size of the black spot connected with the orange anal ocellus, which lies on its lower border instead of being more or less completely within it, the narrower dark border of the hind wings, and the usvially greater extent of the broad dark abdominal border of the hind wings serve to distinguish it. PAPILIO MACHAON PETERSII, new subspecies Plate 4 ; Plate 5, Fiqube 3 ; Plate 6, Figure 3 Description. — Closely related to P. m. hudsonianus., with the same wing shape and the same short tails, but somewhat smaller (the fore wing 37 mm long) and darker yellow. On the upper side the fore wings have the dark border very slightly narrower, and there are almost no olive scales in the black basal 23ortion. On the hind wings the orange anal ocellus is circular and is bor- dered, except for a short sector one end of which adjoins the outer half of the lower end of the dark margin, by a narrow black ring, which is about twice as broad above the ocellus as elsewhere. On the under side the yellow is deeper than in P. in. hudsonianus., especially on the hind wings. On the fore wings the submarginal spots are united into a broad band with straight borders crossed by hairlike black veins, and the dark border is narrower than on the upper surface. The yellowish scaling on the black basal portion of the wing is confined to the cell, where it is less extensive than it is in P. m. hudsonianus. On the hind wings the submarginal lunules are larger and the dark border is slightly narrower, the inner ends of the lunules lying about midway between the edge of the wing and the inner edge of the dark border instead of nearer the former as in P. m. hudsonianus. Type specimen. — ^U.S.N.M. No. 34479, male (pi. 4), from the Koyukuk River, central Alaska (lat. 67°-69° N., long. 151° W.), captured in the summer of 1901 by Capt. W. J. Peters, now of ART. 11 COMMON OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY — CLARK 9 the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington. The preceding information was taken from the label accompany- ing the specimen. Captain Peters writes me that the collection of insects that included this specimen, and also several examples of P. m. aliaska. was made by Tom Hunt, one of his field men, between the middle of June and August 10, 1901, along the western slope of the valley of the Totsenbetna River, and from the headwaters of the Anaktuvuk River down this river to the Arctic Ocean. Additional sfecimen. — A male from the Ramparts, on the middle Yukon, taken at an altitude of 1,000 to 3,000 feet in June, 1922, of which Dr. Karl Jordan was so very kind as to send me photographs of both surfaces (pi. 5, fig. 3; pi. 6, fig. 3; see page 13) is very close to the type, which was captured about 75 miles to the north. The light dusting on the dark base of the fore wings above, and on the dark outer border just within the row of yellow spots, is as heavy as in most specimens of P. in. aliaska — heavier than in some. On the hind Mnngs the blue spots on the dark margin between the lunules and the inner border are prominent, though rather small as in the type. On the under side the light scaling on the black band following the submarginal yeSlow band on the fore wings is well developed, forming a narrow median line, and the light dusting be- tween the submarginal lunnles and the inner edge of the dark border on the hind wings is heavy. These features are probably due to the fact that this is a fresh specimen, while the type is rather worn. The wing shape of this specimen is identical with that of the type, as is shown by superposition of photographs before a strong light. On the upper surface the band across the outer half of the cell of the fore wing is narrower than in the type, and the inner margin of the dark outer border of the hind wing is somewhat more evenly curved. On the under side of the fore wing the band across the middle of the cell and that across the end of the cell are slightly narrower than in the type. NoU. — Papilio machaon petersii bears much the same I'elation to P. m. hudsonianus that PapiJio glaucus arcticus l^ears to P. g. glaucus and P. marcellus marcellus bears to P. m. lecontei. It appears to be a dwarf form living under rigorous conditions. The present subspecies differs from P. machaon hudsonianus in the direction of P, m. kamfschadalus, which is a small deeply colored form with the outer border of the wings convex, short tails, a sub- marginal band on the under side of the fore wings, and enlarged submarginal lunules on the hind wings. Indeed, both P. m. fetersii and P. m. hudsonianus might be considered, especially on the basis of the wing shape and the color, to be more closely related to P. m. kamtschadalus than to any other subspecies of P. machaon. Verity 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 was to a large extent justified in regarding kamtschadalus as a syno- nym of aliaska^ interpreted on the basis of Doctor Holland's figure. In P. 711. kamtschadalus, however, the black markings are more re- stricted than they are in the corresponding American forms, the dark border on the hind wings in particular being very narrow, that por- tion within the row of submarginal lunules being not so broad as the lunules themselves. PAPIUO MACHAON ALIASKA Scndder Plate 2, Figuees 1, 2; Plate 5, Figures 1, 2, 4-G ; Plate 6, Figubes 1, 2, 4-6; Plates 7, 8 Papilio aliaska Scudder, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, p. 407, 1869 (de- scription ; Alaska, Nulato and a short distance below the Ramparts, and also just above them; specimen from Hudson Bay is hudsonianus) . — Hol- land, Butterfly book, p. 312, 1898 (Alaska; not pi. 41, fig. 1, which is 7ii.(?- sonianus). — Baknes and McDunnough, Contributions to the natural his- tory of the Lepidoptera of North America, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 54, pi. 4, fig. 2, Dec. 5, 1916 (Rampart House; joannisi Verity a synonym of aliaska). — Holland, Butterfly book, 2d ed., p. 314, 1931 (Alaska; includes joannisi Verity; specimens from Rupert House and Labrador are hudsonianus). Papilio machaon var. aliaska W. H. Edwards, Papilio, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 74-75, May, 1882 (St. Michael; comparison with Old World forms; specimens from Rupert House are hudsoniamis) ; vol. 3, no. 3, p. 60, Mar., 1883 (same as the Himalayan form). — Lyman, Can. Ent., vol. 32, no. 4, p. 119, Apr., 1900 (Dawson, Yukon). Papilio machaon a. aliaska Keele, 35th Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1904, p. 61, 1905 (quite common along the shores of Mayo Lake and valley of Mayo River, Yukon, during July and August). Papilio zolicaon Wright, Butterflies of the West Coast, p. 86, 1906 (in part; Port Wrangel, Alaska). Papilio zelicaon Rothschild and Jordan, Nov. Zool., vol. 13, no. 3, p. 550, Aug. 30, 1906 (Alaska ; based on Wright's record). Papilio machaon aliaska Rothschild and Jordan, Nov. Zool., vol. 13, no. 3, p. 553, no. 65a, Aug. 30, 1906 (synonymy; Alaska, but not Oregon or Hudson Bay).— Jordan, in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the world, vol. 5, p. 24, 1907 (Alaska; Hudson Bay refers to hudsoniamis, which is the form figured; includes joannisi Verity). — Kermode, Rep. Provincial Mus. Nat. Hist. (Brit- ish Columbia) for the year 1915, p. N 16, pi. 8, fig. 1, 1916 (Atlin, British Columbia). Papilio machaon joannisi Verity, Rhopalocera Palaearctica, p. 12, pi. 10, fig. 16, 1907 (Alaska). — Jordan, in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the world, vol. 5, p. 24, 1907 (synonym of aliaska). — Barnes and McDunnough, Contribu- tions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 54, Dec. 5, 1916 (synonym of aliaska). — Holland, Butterfly book, 2d ed., p. 314, 1931 (synonym of aliaska). Note on the type specimen. — Prof. Nathan Banks, of Harvard Uni- versity, has been so kind as to write me that there is in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College a speci- ART. 11 COMMON OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY CLARK 11 men bearing the label '' aUaska, male, type, S. H. S." in Scudder's handwriting. It also carries a museum type label placed with it by Samuel Henshaw. Professor Banks was good enough to compare this type specimen with prints of the photographs shown as Figure 1 on Plate 2, and Figure 1 on Plate 3. He writes that the type specimen agrees with the specimen shown as Figure 1 on Plate 2 in having the first broad pale band crossing the cell of the primaries with parallel sides and not widened posteriorly, as well as in the other points about which I inquired. On the back of the photograph reproduced as Figure 1 on Plate 2 he wrote " type like this." The specimen shown on Plate 2 may therefore be regarded as typi- cal of P. ni. aliaska. Specimens examined. — Seventeen, with the following data: Nushagak, Alaska (eastern end of Bristol Bay, at the base of the Alaska Peninsula), July 5, 1881; St. Michael, Alaska (on the 5-outh- ern shore of Norton Sound) ; Big Hurrah Creek, 40 miles northeast of Nome, on the northern shore of Norton Sound ; Rampart (on the Yukon in central Alaska), June 22; Koyukuk River, central Alaska (lat. 67°-69° N., long. 151° W.), summer of 1901, Capt. A¥. J. Peters; Alaska, vicinity of the Porcupine River on the Alaska- Yukon bound- ary (lat. 67° 25' and 66° 31' N., long. 141° W.), June 12, 1912; Yukon, Canada, July 18, 1916; Nahanni Mountains, Mackenzie, at an altitude of 2,500 feet, July 16, 1903. In addition to these specimens I have been able, thanks to the generosity of Dr. Karl Jordan, to study most excellent full-size photographs of both surfaces of 12 specimens from the Ramparts on the middle Yukon taken at an altitude of 1,000 to 3.000 feet m June, 1922, which are in the collection of the Zoological Museum at Tring, Hertfordshire, England (pis. 5-8). Range. — From Bristol Bay (Nushagak River) north to Cape Prince of Wales (Big Hurrah Creek) and eastward, extending north of the Arctic Circle on the Koyukuk River in central Alaska and on the Canadian border, as far as Mayo Lake, Yukon, the Nahanni Mountains, Mackenzie, on the Yukon-Mackenzie boundary just north of British Columbia (lat. 60° 48' N., long. 122° 40' W.), at an alti- tude of 2,500 feet, and Atlin, in the extreme northwest of British Columbia. This form inliabits mountainous or rugged country, where it is found near woods or patches of trees or in sparsely wooded areas. Season. — From the third Aveek in May to August ; most of the rec- ords are in June and early July. Variation. — Papilio maeihaon aliaska is a very variable form, at least in certain localities. Although the specimens figured by Verity, 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Barnes and McDunnough, and Kermode are strikingly similar and most of those that I liave seen resemble them closely, the series from the Koyukuk River and those in Lord Rothschild's collection from the Ramparts about 75 miles to the southward (pis. 5-8) are so very variable that scarcely any two are alike. The fore toivg varies greatly in shape. The outer border may be nearly at right angles to the lower border, as in the specimen figured (pi. 7, fig. 3) , or it may make as large an angle wdth the lower border (pi. 7, fig. 6) as in the Chinese specimen figured (pi. 1) or in P. m. hudsoniamis (pi. 3). The outer border may be straight (pi. 7, fig. 6), as in the specimen figured (pi. 2), or slightly, or even rather strongly (pi. 7, fig. 5) convex, the submarginal spots in the last case lying in a broad curve; it may be evenly curved (pi. 7, fig. 1), or straight in the anterior half and curving broadly inw^ard in the posterior half (pi. 7, fig. 3) so that the lower angle of the wing is very broadly rounded. The apex is commonly more broadly rounded than in the specimen figured (pi. 2), though it may be more acute (pi. 5, fig. 5). The dusting of light scales over the dark base of the fore wing is usually about the same as in the specimen figured, but is often less heavy, and the black outer margin of the dark base is usually broader within the cell, and often also beneath the cell (pi. 5, fig. 4). The submarginal yellow spots vary greatly in size, in some being larger (pi. 7, fig. 5) and in others smaller (pi. 5, fig. 3) than in the specimen figured. The black border is usually broader posteriorly than an- teriorly, but in one specimen (])1. 7, fig. 5) its inner edge is parallel with the outer edge of the wing. It is usually about as in the speci- men figured (pi. 2), but it may be broader (pi. 5, fig. 2; pi. 7, fig. 2), though not so broad as in the Chinese specimen shown (pi. 1.). The band across the middle of the outer half of the cell is often less regu- lar (pi. 7, figs. 1, 4, 5) than in the specimens figured (pi. 2). It may be wedge-shaped with the lower end less than half as broad as the costal end or even narrower (pi. 7, fig. 1) ; the distal (adapical) border is commonly rathe? broadly excavated at about the middle (pi. 5, fig. 1), wdiile there may be a smaller and more angular inden- tation on the proximal border near the lower end (pi. 7, figs. 3, 4). If both of these indentations are developed (pi. 7, fig. 5) the lower half of the band becomes chevron-shaped with the angle directed apically and the lower end very narrow. On the under side the fore wing is in all cases essentially as in the specimen figured (pi. 2, fig. 2) ; the marginal light band is some- times narrower (pi. 6, fig. 3), or even slightly broader (pi. 8, fig. 5), and the dark band just within it varies considerably in relative width (compare figs. 2 and 6, pi. 8). ART. 11 COMMON OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY — CLARK 13 The hind whig is always narrow, though sometimes a little broader than in the specimen figured. The indentations along the outer border are usually less deep than in the specimen figured, and are often slight (pi. 7, fig. 6). The tails vary greatly in length. They are seldom so long as in the specimen figured (pi. 2), in which the distance from the tip of the tail to the deepest portion of the scallop just above its base is nearly one-third greater than the distance be- tween the tips of the veins on either side of the tail. In a few specimens the distance from the tip of the tail to the deepest part of the scallop just above the base is considerably less than the distance between the tips of the veins on either side of the tail (pi. 7, fig. 2), and rarely the base of the tail is broadened (pi. 7, fig. 1) so that it resembles the tail of P. 7n. hudsonianus as figured by Holland. The dark outer border of the wing sometimes touches the end of the cell at the lower radial vein (pi. 5, fig. 6), and the section of the lower radial between the end of the cell and the dark border is in all the specimens except one from the Ramparts (pi. 5, fig. 3; re- ferable to petersii; see beyond) markedly shorter than the dark bar at the end of the cell between the lower and upper radials; in this specimen it is only very slighth'^ shorter. The inner edge of the dark border may be broadly and fairly evenly curved, as in the specimen from the Ramparts just mentioned, or it may be only slightly curved (pi. 5, fig. 1), or it may be broadly bowed in the middle (pi. 7, fig. 6), or just below the middle (pi. 7, fig. 4), becom- ing straighter at the two ends. In some specimens the inner edge of the border is much more convex in the interspaces than it is in others. The blue spots are usually somev/hat larger than in the specimen figured, and may be considerably larger, almost touching the lunules (pi. 5, fig. 1) ; they are usually well defined and rather dense, but occasionally are poorly defined and obscure (pi. 7, fig. 1). The submarginal lunules vary considerably in size ; they are usually larger than in the specimen figured (pi. 2), sometimes much larger (pi. 7, fig. 5) with broadly truncated ends. The dark abdominal border is very extensive; the yellow triangle at its lower end with its base resting on the black border of the ocellus is usually about as long as the diameter of the ocellus, though it may be shorter (pi. 5, fig. 2), and is often somewhat longer, rarely twice as long (pi. 7, fig. 4), so that its apex is not far below the origin of vein Mi. The anal ocellus is always light in color, with a blue metallic crescent, usually rather narrow though sometimes broad as in the specimen figured, separating it from the uniform and rather narrow black band just above. In some specimens the crescent is indefinitely edged beneath in its outer half with dark scales (pi. 5, fig. 6), and rarely this indefinite edging is more or less complete, suggesting a 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.81 distant approach to the condition found in Asiatic specimens (pi. 1, fig. 1). In one specimen (pi. 5, fig. 1), the lateroposterior narrow black edging of the orange spot is abruptly expanded at the end, the swollen end lying almost entirely within the lower portion of the ocellus as in P. m. hudsoniaivus (pi. 3). On the under side of the hind wings the marginal lunules are very variable in size, and in most of the sj)ecimens are larger than in the one figured (pi. 2, fig. 2). In the specimen (pi. 5, fig. 3; pi. 6, fig. 3) with the dark border narrowest on the upper surface (referred above to petersii) the inner margin of the dark border below is similar to that in the type specimens of petersii and of hudsonianus. In the other specimens it varies from the condition seen in the type specimen of petersii to the condition seen in the specimen of aliaska figured (pi. 2, fig. 2), being in most cases about halfway between the two. Comparisons. — As is evident from the figures, P. m. aliasha re- sembles P. m. sikkimensis more closely than it does P. m. hudsonianus. As was pointed out by Edwards in 1882, both aliaska and sikkimensis are strongly melanic. Both have the dark border of the hind wings above broad, nearly reaching the cell, but narrow below, where the inner border is formed of widely discontinuous black lines, and both have a broad submarginal band instead of a row of isolated spots on the under side of the fore wings. Specimens from the mountains of western China (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2) are more or less intermediate be- tween the two, and Doctor Holland is probably correct in reporting aliaska from northeastern Asia. As it occurs in Tibet and western China, sikkimensis is always readily distinguishable from aliaska by having the orange anal ocellus edged above with a broad black border including a thin blue crescent. In aliaska the blue crescent usually lies partly on the lower half of the rather broad black border and partly on the upper portion of the ocellus itself; but it may lie entirely on the black border, or it may have a poorly defined proximal border, scattered blue scales occurring over the upper half of the ocellus. SUMMARY In northern North America Papilio machaon is represented in the region between Hudson and James Bays and Lake Superior by a relatively large short-tailed form, P. m. hudsonianus^ much like typical P. m. machaon from northern Europe, which appears to show but little variation. In Alaska, Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, and northwestern British Columbia there is a second form, P. m. aliaska^ most closely related to a group of Asiatic forms of which P. m. sikkimensis may be taken as an example. Judged from the meager information avail- ART. 11 COMMOX OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY — CLARK 15 able, this form apjjears to be well defined and stable throughout the greater i^art of its range ; but in central Alaska it becomes very vari- able, and with it is found a third form, P. m. j)etersii^ which ap- proaches the Kamchatkan P. m. kamtschadahis, being intermediate between P. m. hudsonianus and P. m. kamtschadalus. Although P. 711. petersii is very different from typical P. in. alio^ka^ the two seem to intergrade in the region in whicli both occur. KEY TO THE AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF PAPLLIO MACHAON a'. Dark border of hind wings broad, the distance from the inner loargin of the border to the black bar at the end of the cell less than the length of the bar; dark border of hind wings beneath narrower than above, the black lines in the inter- spaces delimiting the dark border interiorly widely discon- tinuous except for the two uppermost; tails of hind wings moderate in length or rather long, the distance from the tip of the tail to the deepest portion of the scallop just above its base being greater than the distance between the tips of the veins on either side of the tail ; outer border of fore wings approximately straight ; dark markings above black ; Plate 2 (Alaska and adjacent portions of Yukon and Mackenzie) aliaska. a-. Dark border of hind wings narrower, the distance from the inner margin of the border to the black bar at the end of the cell greater than the length of the bar ; dark border of hind wings beneath not narrower than above, the black lines in the interspaces delimiting the dark border interiorly almost continuous; tails of hind wings short, their length from the tip to the deepest portion of the scallop just above their base being considerably less than the distance between the tips of the veins on either side of the tail; outer border of fore wings distinctly convex; dark markings above brown. V. Larger, the fore wing about 40 mm long; submarginal spots on lower surface of fore wing rounded and entirely dis- tinct from each other ; submarginal lunules on under side of hind wings of moderate size, the inner edge of the second and third from the costal border lying much less than halfway from the outer edge of the interspace to the inner margin of the dark border; posterior portion of the black margin of the orange anal ocellus expanded into a broad oval patch deeply encroaching on the ocellus ; Plate 3 (Hudson Bay to Lake Superior) hudsonianus. 1-. Smaller, the fore wing about 37 mm long; fore wings below with a broad light submarginal band crossed by dark hair lines at the veins; submarginal lunules on lower side of hind wings large, the inner edge of the second and third from the costal border lying halfway between the outer edge of the interspace and the inner margin of the dark border; lateral and posterior narrow black edging of the orange anal ocellus of uniform width, the ocellus being circular; Plate 4 (central Alaska) petersii. U. $. EOVERNUENT PRINTINC OFFICE: 1932 U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 11 PL. 1 ^^ 1 ^^n vEl|^vv w i^l PAPILIO MACHAON SIKKIMENSIS 1, 2. Tapper (1) and under (2) sides of a s|)ec-iinen, male, from 'I'atsienlii, Province of Szechwan, western China (lat. 30° N.), taken by native collectors in 1910. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 11 PL. 2 PAPILIO MACHAON ALIASKA 1, 2. Upper (1) arnl under (2) sides of a specimen, male, from Alaska, taken on June 29, 1921 (Barnes collection). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81. ART. 11 PL. 3 PAPILIO MACHAON HUDSONIANUS 1, 2. Upper (Ij and under (2) sides of the type specimen, female, from Kettle Rapids, Nelson River, Manitoba, taken on July 8, 1914 (Barnes collection; U.S.N.M. Xo. .34478). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81, ART. 11 PL. 4 PAPILIO MACHAON PETERSII 1, 2. Upper (1) and lower (2) sides of the type specimen, male, from the Koyukuk River, Alaska (lat. 67°-69° N., long. 151° W.), W. J. Peters, 1901 (U.S.N,M. No. 34479). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81. ART. 11 PL. 5 PAPILIO MACHAON ALIASKA AND P. M. PETERSIl 1 2 4-6 Papilio machaon atiaska, males, from the Ramparts, on tlie middle Yukon, .Maska, taken 'at an altitude of 1,000 to 3,000 feet in ,lune, 19'22. 3, P. m. pehrm, male, from the same locality. Slightly reduced, (^ourtesv of the Zoological Museum, Tring, England, through Dr. Karl Jordan. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81. ART. 11 PL. 6 UNDERSIDES OF SPECIMENS SHOWN ON PLATE 5. RESPECTIVELY U. S- NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81, ART. 11 PL. 7 PAPILIO MACHAON ALIASKA 1-f). Males from the'same locality as those shown on Plate 5. SliKhlly rediiceci. Coiirfesy of the Zoological Museum, Triiig, Kngland, through Dr. Karl .Ionian. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL 8L ART 11 PL 8 Undersides of Specimens Shown on Plate i. Respectively KEPORT ON THE HEXACTINELLID SPONGES COL- LECTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISHERIES STEAM- ER "ALBATROSS " IN THE NORTHAVESTERN PACIFIC DURING THE SUMMER OF 1906 By Yaichiro Okada Zoological Institute, Tokyo University of Science and Arts, Tokyo, Japan The large number of hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross during her cruise in the north- western Pacific Ocean in 1906 were originally assigned for study and report to the late Professor Ijima by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Two years before his death, in March, 1920, the specimens were placed in my hands for joint report with Doctor Ijima, at which time the material had been practically untouched. "With the permission of the Bureau of Fisheries, I have worked up this valuable collection and prepared this report upon it. To that bureau I tender my best thanks. I also extend my thanks to the late Professors Ijima and Watase and to Professor Yatsu, who have kindly given me a table in the Zoological Institute ; to Dr. S. Hozawa for his many valuable suggestions; and to two American colleagues, Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, of the United States National Museum, and Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, of the University of Michigan, for assistance in seeing the manuscript through the press. The specimens are referable to 42 species and 7 subspecies be- Jonging to 17 genera and 3 subgenera. Owing to the imperfectness of the specimens the following material, mentioned elsewhere herein, could not be specifically determined : Hyalonematids, Farrca sp., Aphrocallistes sp., Bathydorus species? a and fi. Twenty-nine species and subspecies, as follows, are new to science : Pheronetna globosum kagoshimensis, Hyalonema (CyUconeina) hosawai, page 6. page 22. Pheronema ijimai, page 8. Hyalonema (Coscinonema) kirkpat- Phcroncma siinigcnsis, page 13. ricki glohosmn, page 2G. Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertum Hyalonema (Cosciimuema) ovatum, solidum, page 21. page 2G. No. 2935 -Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 81, Art. 12. 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Farrea kurilensis, page 30. Farrea ivatasei, page 34. F ar re a sollasii yakusJiimensis, page 38. Farrea heringiana, page 39. Eurete nipponica, page 43. Eurete sacculiformis, page 45. Eurete irregularis, page 48. Aphrocallistes intermedia, page 52. Aphrocallistes yatsul, page 56. Aphrocallistes aleutiana, page 58. Hyalascus attenuatus, page 69. Aulosaccus flssuratus, page 73. Aulosaccus flssuratus shimushirensis, page 77. Aiilosaeeus albotrossi, page 78. Aulosaccus tuberculatus, page 83. AttZosaccMS solaster, page 85. Aulosaccus pinularis, page 88. Acanthascus pachydenna, page 94. Staurocalyptus rugocruciatus, page 99, Rhabdocalyptus borealis, page 103. Rhabdocah/ptus Ixetcraster, page 108. Rhahdocahiptus hideiitatus, page 113. The stations where the hexactinellids reported upon were obtained are listed in Table 1 : ART. 1: HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA ■^ u 5. CO 5q m < Species collected Indeterminable Farrea. Aulosaccus tuberculatus, A. fissuratus, Rhabdo- calyptus borealis, Bathydorus p sp. Rhabdocalyptus heteraster, Bathydorus /3 sp. Staurocalyptus rugocruciatus. Rhabdocalyptus australis, R. borealis. Aulosaccus fissuratus. Aphrocallistes aleutiana. Aphrocallistes yatsui, Aulosaccus fissuratus, Rhab- docalyptus unguiculatus. Farrea beringiana, Hyalascus attenuatus, Aulosac- cus pinularis. Farrea watasei, Aulosaccus albatrossi. Aphrocallistes intermedia, Aulosaccus schulzei, A. fissuratus shimushirensis, Acanthascus pachy- derma. Farrea kurilensis, Aphrocallistes intermedia, Aulo- saccus solaster, Hyalascus attenuatus. Euplectella oweni. Do. Eurete farreopsis, E. sacculiformis, .\phrocalIistes beatrix orientalis. Pheronema ijimai, Eurete nipponica. a o "o a> 3 M Greenish-brown mud, fine black sand. Gray sand, green mud.. Broken shells Greenish brown sand Green mud, black specks, foraminifera. Graymud, sand, pebbles. Fine gray sand, pebbles. Pebbles Green mud, coarse black sand, broken shells. Coarse pebbles, black sand. do Fine gray sand, broken shells. do Rocks ray sand, broken shells, pebbles. Tem- pera- ture "F. 36.5 38.5 38.1 35.9 38.6 41 36.6 35.9 35.9 62. 1 52.3 55.9 J3 a Fathoms. 764 244 247 426 344 584 1,046 482 64 682 229 229 59 59 135 106 -3 3 *^ 'ui _s m 3 1— 1 54° 20' 30" N., 179° 09' 30" E. (ap- prox.). 54° 30' 40" N., 179° 14' E. (approx.). 54° 31' N., 179° 15' E. (approx.) 54° 30' N., 179° 17' E 54° 30' 30" N., 179° 14' E... 54° 33' 30" N., 179° 44' E 52°01'N., 174° 39' E.... 52° 14'30"N., 174° 13' E 54° 38' 45" N., 167° 11' 45" E 52° 37' 30" N., 158° 50' E-.-. 46° 42' N., 151° 44' E 46° 42' N., 151° 47' E 34° 20' N., 130° 10' E 34° 18' 30" N., 130° 14' 30" E 32° 26' 30" N., 128° 36' 30" E 32° 32' N., 128° 32' 50" E a O a _o 2 1 p ' ' Bowers Bank^ " Bering Sea. do do- do do- do Near western extremity of Aleutian Islands. do.... Near Bering Islands, Bering Sea. Near Petropavlovsk, Sta- ritschkof Island. SE. of Shimushir Island, Kuriles. do Eastern channel of Korea Strait, vicinity of Oki Islands. do 10 to 20 miles S\V. of Goto Islands, Osezaki. do s a 1906 June 3 ...do-... ...do..... Juno 4 — do—.. ...do June 7 ...do June 14 June 20 June 24 ...do Aug. 2 ...do—. Aug. 9 ...do-..- sta- tion No. 4768 4769 4770 4771 4772 4775 4780 4781 4790 4797 4803 4804 4876 4878 4890 4893 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 -a a G O O s 00 s H ■a o CO 1-5 pa ■< I 03 O o 3 a 03 a a s 3 a .a a o ■4^ a 2 1 a* a "oS o "3 .4-1 a a P P o 3 o "o Cj R o XJ o u X3 .s '5b o c3 Si o ft 0^ a "3 a ''I M K CO K CO fxi Pi Ph E u CO 3 C3 o a CO >. C3 l-t CO c a CO CO Ol 03* > 03 ■o" 3 >> « 'co P J3 Li n d ■a C3 d 73 f-4 d c 2 o d to o o 11 oa CO CO o o CO a 03 ? Xi to 'a b£ 03 a ^ ta a o O O o 5 K n « « CO P E££ Is i o C5 cc c» 00 00 cc « (u 3 oi ic -J<' to ■*' CM t^ H ft- O 1 >o ■^ ■^ Tt* >o I^ lO to CO J3 2 -o to Cl Oi ^_, t^ ^_, § o 05 ■^ CM CO CO 00 VO a> CO CO o Co to o ira CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o -< c3 a 5 CO 3 ca CO o bo 03 w it; 5 ■3 _a "co bO a 3 a i-a c; w t/i M 3 ^72 03 "o 03 CO »>-i o ea oT o o. s o p d d d e o c^ 1— 1 d g o C3 s S d CO CO o CO 3 03 CO 13 d d a 3 be ca bo s ca "o .4^ a 03 a m 53 P i < c t— t -a •a T3 o ■O 3 o X3 C3 C3 CO 3 •O H 03 a C3 03 CO 3 13 w- 1 73 W a « "3 a c c < M 00 o HH W o o C<) CO J TT lO O ; ,_ CO © ' — 1 '—1 t ^^ t— 1 ^1 ' C^l CM ■^^ 0! ti d bi d si d fci o d bjb bil be d bi be Q ■13 3 ■o 3 -o 3 ■o T3 3 3 3 o ■a 73 3 3 <^ < < < 1 ■< o t^ OS o -t* cjl CO -^ o i^ oO to Oi 05 o o (M ri Cl CO CO CO CO >S> to cq:^.^ CO « a> C3 Ci C: Oi as OJ r~j o Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl 01 ■>f< ■^ -* ■rf -<*< ^ -* -■S^ •* If "Cf ■^ f TT 'T ■"I" ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA "o - bo o ,^ — ui 3 B 2 "o rn & fe a k4 a o E 3 '3 n y -1^ w rn -J- is o 03 is o T* E a; C o c 03 a 3 C O o a o a >> o a o a o p o o ■— ' O u ri w a C3 C3 rt P3 a c a o o o a; Ol a . a a n S ° f-> >t a 3 « C3 >> K^ M >> -o >» s .a 3 P4 a CO 03 o tjU l-< i>i bH m a o 3 01 ._; a> s 3 1- ■c n o a E 3 A- a Ui a n m u 0) iH o 83 5 (S a o a o o B a o "3 >-. a a u o 3 t-r S 03 C3 o O o " a .a 03 <; K ffi H- 1 ^ w ■a O 3 c := 3 -3 5 i^ a =3 -S u ^ — 2 4) -- aj a 03 be O Ih ^ « Ph 5 3 2 *j a 03 3 > 03 o ja O E 5 E£i H W CO CC CO H K w w w -^ '^ OD c^ :^i CO o o o (M W lO CO CO cn o >i ■. > ^ ^ 2;:z; 'z N CO lO h O CO CM CQ CC (M § O o 03 i« I W £ a ta a ta A1 ?? 1 3 i S a o 3 a a CO 03 OS •o CO a h/1 3 E o3 3 o •a 3 B a o 3 o o a is ■c o o 13 bu a a .o a a a o ■a 3 0) a o 1 o *J xi a 03 ^ « 03 ' ^ i-i § u. i~< t-, 4) t-i o i ^ n F^ O o O Pm O u 30 « 1 1^ rf< oo o ^ oo » •o X CO CO oo or: o 1 CO »o >o 1^ rr^ o r^ r-: r^ r-.; t^ CO ':J< 1 r^ 0^ >o "^ oo oo oo oo ■^ •* ■^ o r^ O ' ic o ^_^ 'nr. -t< rr C) -rt' ■.-^ o r^ o oo O o 1^1 ^i CO o t-- Ti< TP o « 00 o CV o O ro C-) w w ^ i-H O <3 •3 i a a o is o J3 a a "3 M be CO TO 03 to 0? "o >> ■ 03 3 a CO ce to a CO 03 a 3 CO 03 "o ! 03 03 a C3 o a . t-i i i o <^'> y 03 ] M ^^ a> a S ^ C3 J o CJ O) o o 4.S •— »-. C3 ^' o E C3 o '3 o o a o O © T3 ■D 3 3 p^ ^ -o a -o T? u> Ji; ■o ■c e J ^ o K a O lO O ; CjO C3 CO a O o ; CQ < W oo 1 w J 1 o 03 m n ; oo lO CO J ; CO C^ CJ 1 C-J CM CM o ■a 3 o 3 a s> 03 o o u o 13 o o ■3 o •3 o 1 ; ; < O o ; O o O t^ 00 o 00 00 05 o o o iO lO o o o 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Suborder AMPHIDISCOPHORA F. E. Schulze, 1899 Family PHERONEMATIDAE J. E. Gray, 1870 Genus PHERONEMA Leidy, 1868 PHERONEMA GIGANTEUM F. E. Schulze Pheronema giganteum F. E. Schui^ze, Rep. Vuy. Challenger, vol. 21, pp. 250-254, pi. 45, figs. 1-11, pi. 46, figs. 1-11, 1887 ; Sitzber. kon. preuss. Akad. AViss. Berlin, 1893, p. 5G3. — Ijima, ;Si&o^a-Expeditie, vol. 6, pp. 10-17, pi. 5, figs. 1-7, 1927. Two specimens of this species were obtained from the same station. No. 4933, off Kagoshima Gulf, at a depth of 152 fathoms. Of these, one is of a complete, large globular form and is beset with numerous prominently protruded bundles of cuspidates, which attain a length of 45 mm beyond the sponge dermal surface. The sponge body meas- ures 80 mm in height and 68 mm in maximum diameter. The external surface of the skin, as seen between the laterally projecting tufts of spicules, appears to the naked eye very uniform and even. The osculum is nearly circular and measures 9 mm in diameter; its margin is not raised and it is entirely free from such marginalia as seen in the C hallenger specimen. The gastral cavity, which at- tains a depth of 30 mm, is narrow, nearly smooth, and even on the surface. The smaller specimen is incomplete, the ujDper half or more having entirely fallen off. The barrel-shaped mesamphidisk, as observed in the specimen of Challenger collection, seems to be entirely absent over the body of the sponge in hand. A cuspidate, larger than any described for this species by previous authors, occurs more rarely, intermixed with the other cuspidates. It measures 2 mm long or more and 40;li to 50|U, broad at the middle, attenuating gradually toward the distal end protruding from the sponge body. The surface of the spicule is covered with prominent short spines projected directly toward both lateral sides. Their sizes increase toward the distal end of the spicule, which is beset with two prominent distally directed spines on each side, and diminish toward the proximal end, imbedded in the spongy body. In most particulars of the spiculation, the present specimens are quite similar to those of the Sihoga expedition and show features somewhat different from the Challenger specimen. PHERONEMA GLOBOSUM KAGOSHIMENSIS, new subspecies Plate 1, Figxjee 4 A large complete specimen (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22026), for which I establish this new form, was collected from a spot off ABT. 12 HEXACTIXELLID SPONGES OKADA 7 Kagoshima Gulf, at a depth of 103 fathoms (Station 4936). It is closely allied to the type of the species in essential characters but differs from it chiefly by having an ovoid mesamphidisk and a dif- ferent kind of large uncinate. The sponge has the shape of a rad- ish, its maximum transverse diameter at the upper end much exceed- ing its height; it measures 51 mm, becoming somewhat attenuated below and measuring 33 mm at the base. The oscular margin is nearly circular, with an axis of 35 mm. The upper surface is occu- pied by a concave sieve plate, the margin of which forms a slightly raised and sharpened edge, from which the short and weak marginal cuspidates protrude in a single row. The lateral cuspidates, which project radially from several points on the sides of the sponge, form small bundles each of several spicules. Most of these are stout and, grouped together, form a small strand protruding several centime- ters from the body surface. The root tuft is about 35 mm long. The basalia composing it are an-anged in a large bundle 23 mm thick. The upper ends of these spicules, which are smooth and gradually drawn to a point, are imbedded in the sponge for a length of several centimeters. Their much longer free part extends more or less obliquely downward. The basalia have two teeth rising from the gently bow-shaped, rounded, and thickened terminal portion, and end in simple conical points. The distance between these two terminal points — that is, the total breadth of the anchor — is 0.35 mm to 5 mm. The shaft becomes gradually narrower to within a certain distance of the end of the anchor, and then increases in thickness on the anchor itself. In the present specimen the distal ray of the dermal pinules on the lateral side attains a length of 200/x, and that on the sieve plate, though similar to the dermal in shape, may be much longer than it. The four basal rays are longer than those of the type of the species, measuring lOO/n. On some parts of the oscular sieve plate much shorter pinules, measuring 85/x, are found. In these the distal un- paired pinular ray is covered with moderately stout, conically pointed, and widely diverging spines, 52/i in breadth. The basal rays, "which form a rectangular cross, are much longer, measuring 180/x to 200/J,. They are stout and straight, and are often nearly covered distally with short spines. A slight curvature of the basal rays may sometimes appear on these pinules. The proximal ray is represented by a vestige in the form of a terminally pointed short tubercle. As to the amphidisk, I have found moderately broad, nearly ovoid mesamphidisks, which are sparsely developed among the hypoder- malia and parenchymalia. Among the latter they occur much more abundantly than among the former. Each spicule usually measures 80/* to 120/A in length and bears on each end 12 sharply pointed 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 umbel rays forming a distinct broad bell-shaped terminal disk, almost meeting the opposite one and attaining a breadth of 40/a to 56/^. The shaft is 4ju, to 6/a thick and fairly rich in rounded tubercles on all surfaces. Macramphidisks sometimes attain a length of 190/x in the present specimen and have a bell-shaped terminal disk 45/x long and 56)u, broad. The large uncinates in the type of the species are not abundant; besides these, there is another form of large uncinates, similar to those seen in many members of Dictyonina. On these the spines are short, straight, and very oblique, nearly parallel, and closely applied to the shaft. Table 2. — Comparison of Pheronema globosum Schulze and P. g. kagoshimensis, new subspecies Pinnies on der- mal lateral wall Pinules on sieve plate Distal ray Basal ray Distal ray Basal ray Pheronema globosum (type) Little Kii Islands by Challenger on Kagoshima Gulf, 103 fathoms, by Length in n 150 ifin-2nn Length in n 60 60-100 Length in /i Length in M P. g. kagoshimensis.^ (1) (2) Albatross. Form Collected Macramphi- disk Mesamphi- disk Uncinates Length in n Width in/i Length in^ Width in/i Large Small Pheronema globosum (type).. Little Kii Islands by Chal- lenger. oil TCae-oshiinn (liilf. IflS 60 160-185 40 55-65 120 P. g. kagoshimensis 80-120 40 120-280 fat homs, by Albatross. ' Mostly 180-240, infrequently 85. 2 Mostly 80-100, infrequently 200. PHERONEMA IJIMAI, new species Figure 1 ; Plate 2, Figure 1 The four complete specimens for wdiich I establish this new species are nearly allied in outer configuration. The largest one, which I shall designate with the letter A (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22027), was collected from a spot 10 to 20 miles southwest of the Goto Islands, at a depth of 106 fathoms (Station 4893). The remaining three specimens (B-D) w^ere found off Kagoshima Gulf at 103 fath- oms (Station 4934). Specimen A is a circular ball-like mass, abruptly narrowed terminally, 43 mm high, and 37 mm broad at the center. The nearly elliptical osculum measures 5 mm by 3.5 mm. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA The sieve plate is entirely lacking. The gastral chamber is very shallow and small, measuring only 8 mm in depth. The root tuft projecting from the basal surface is curled. The prostal marginalia Figure 1. — Pheronema ijimai, new species: a. Parenchymal hexactin, X 125; b, hypodermal pentactin, X 125 ; c, dermal pentactinic pinule, X 250 ; d, dermal i)entactinic pinule, X 250 ; e, young pentactinic pinule, X 250 ; • f. sastral pentactinic pinule, X 250 ; g, gastral pentactinic pinule, X 250 ; h, mesampbidisk, X 250; i, micramphidisk, X 250; j, macramphidisk, X 250 ; k, mesampbidisk, X 250 ; I, cuspidate, X 250 ; m, basalia, X 250 ; n, macrouncinate, X 250 are very inconspicuous. Specimen B, the smallest of all, has a nearly egglike form and is 26 mm in breadth and 16.5 mm in height. The circular osculum measures 2 mm in diameter. Specimen C repre- sents an entire ball-like body, having at its apical end a nearly oval 10 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.81 osculum, measuring 3 mm in diameter. Specimen D is a com- pomid body potatolike in form and provided with three circular oscular apertures measuring 2 mm on the top, two of which open close together, while the third one is situated somewhat apart from the others. All the specimens labeled B to D have numerous weak, short, prostal lateralia protruding from the entire surface of the body, and the basal tuft is not prominently formed. The basal anchor spicules project separately from the basal surface. Spiculation. — The numerous radial cuspidates (fig. 1, Z), project- ing a very short distance beyond the surface of the sponge, are long spicules, thickly covered with pointed microspines on the proximal surface imbedded in the sponge wall and becoming gradually sparser and larger toward the apex. They occur on all surfaces, espe- cially at the basal regions of the body and are always radially dis- posed, so that the pointed ends of the bars are directed inward and the anterior point of the whole spicule outward. The distal end, somewhat expanded to a globular form, is provided laterally with two short spines projecting slightly outward. I have found only one specimen (D) in which these protruding spicules are much stouter, longer, and arranged in a bundle; they usually project singly. The root spicules (fig. 1, m) do not form a tuft; they protrude singly from the basal surface of the sponge body, infrequently making a small curled bundle. These long, strongly developed spicules end internally in the body in a simple point ; while, toward the lower and outer end, they first decrease gradually in thickness and then finall}'^ form a double-toothed, gently curved anchor. Two anchorlike teeth stand out almost at right angles from the shaft; are only slightly bent, and end in a somewhat blunt point. In specimens B to D, 25-37 mm in diameter, the basalia project singly; and, as the sponge grows, the spicules composing the basal tuft increase in number and in size. The hypodermalia (fig. 1, 6) are composed of the large pentactins supporting the dermal membrane; the four paratangentials lie mostl}^ in a plane and extend tangentially to the radially arranged rays of starlike texture on the dermal surface, measuring 320/x to 1,700/A in length. The spicules vary greatly in size ; the larger ones measure lOoju, to l,200ju, along the proximal ray and 320/a to l,TOO/x across the paratangential rays. The rays are quite smooth, and usually taper toward the sharp-pointed end, with a breadth of 16/^ to 160^ at the base. In certain parts of the dermal and gastral membranes, uncinates 1 mm to 3 mm or more in length and up to IG/x thick occur, some- AET. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 11 times forming a large bundle. These macrouncinates (fig. 1, n) are covered with spines, which protrude very obliquely and extend nearly parallel close to the surface of the shaft of spicules. Pinnies are found on the dermal and gastral membranes, much more sparsely on the latter. They usually stand close together, their basal rays extending parallel for considerable distances and forming a very irregular network. The dermal pinnies (fig. 1, c, d) are 60/* to 80/a high, usually 65^. The four basal rays are nearly always quite straight and form a regular cross with beams inter- secting vertically. They vary from lOO/t to 200/x long, averaging 140/i, and are 4/* thick, proximally smooth for a very short distance, and distally covered sparsely or thickly with either vertical or oblique spines, which are sharply pointed. The distal ray is vertical to the plane of the basal rays and consists of a smooth proximal part, 6/Li thick and lOju, or more long, and a bushy, distal, nearly conical part covered with curved stout spines. This distal part is usually 50/A or more long and covered with stout, lateral spines, terminally only slightly curved and extended obliquely upward, proximally projecting almost transversely. Tiie gastral pinnies (fig. 1, /, g) are somewhat different from those on the dermalia. The basal rays, measuring ISOj^ on an average, are a little longer than the distal ray, which measures 120/i to 160jLt in length. Most of the pinnies have a prominent, stout, terminal spine and lateral spines obliquely extended upward on both sides, so that the distal yrj makes a distally expanded bushy tuft. Besides these pentactinic pinnies, there are infrequently hexactinic pinnies on the dermalia. They have a sparsely spined and some- what shorter distal pinular ray, which, as a whole, is narrow and feather-shaped, measuring 56^ on an average. The proximal ray is slightly shorter than the paratangential rays of the same pinule, measuring 68/* long and 4)U. thick at the base, with sharply pointed end. It is beset with small, generally erect prickles, sparingly present or entirely absent at the base but more numerous at the end. Among these pinnies there are found much more delicate pinnies, which may be younger or abnormal forms. These spicules may occur in ectosome and endosome as well as in choanosome ; in the hexactinic pinnies, the six rays are unequal, beset with several sharply pointed, echinated spines near the distal ends. The paratangentials are the longest of all, 100/a to 140ju in length, and 4/x thick at tlie base, grad- ually attenuating toward the sharply or conically pointed and some- what curved end. The distal ray is the shortest and is covered with weak lateral spines on the distal part. The pentactinic pinnies (fig. 1, e), which may occur together with the hexactinic ones, are nearly the same size. The distal unpaired ra}^ usually measures d^ix long 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 and is echinated prominently, while the paratangential rays are somewhat curved and spined only distally, measuring 100/a to 140/x in length. The distal ray is represented by a vestige in the form of very short, terminally pointed spines. Canalaria pinules are in this, as in other members of Pheronema, nearly entirely absent. Amphidisks of three kinds — macramphidisks, mesamphidisks, and micramphidisks — are found in the dermalia and in the parenchy- malia. The macramphidisks (fig. 1, ;/') are 160/a to 220jU, long and have bell- shaped terminal disks that attain a diameter of 68/* and a height of 63/x. The shaft is 8/x thick and roughened by a few round tuber- cles on the surface. Each disk has eight broad, spade-shaped, terminally slightly pointed marginal rays. The mesamphidisks (fig. 1, A, k) are mostly distributed sparsely in the parenchymalia, and are beset with 8 to 12 slender terminally pointed marginal rays on the broad bell-shaped terminal disk, which attains a length of 90/x, to 125/a and is 52/* in diameter. The shaft also has round tubercles on the surface and measures 8/* in breadth at the center. The numerous micramphidisks (fig. 1, i) occur everywhere, and are especially abundant in the gastralia. They are 20/t to 40/*, rarely as much as 48/*, long. Their terminal disks are bell-shaped, about lO/i long and 8/* broad, and have 8 to 12 marginal teeth, which sometimes are not easy to observe distinctly. The shaft is rough and is beset with numerous sharply pointed microspines. The microuncinates are very abundant in the parenchymalia and vary in length from 140/i to 230/i, becoming extremely attenuated toward the posterior end and covered with short stout spines, the basal part of which is nearly perpendicular to the shaft on the ante- rior part of the same spicule, and the distal part of which is strongly or weakly bent and hooklike in appearance. Besides this microuncinate, there occur the other small uncinates, which are entirely similar to the above-mentioned large uncinates in shape and which vary considerably in size. It is therefore evident that the large and small uncinates of these forms are connected by transitional forms and do not seem essentially different from one another. In the parenchymalia, the large robust hexactins and pentactins are found. The hexactinic parenchymalia (fig. 1, a) are seemingly of quite variable dimensions. Many rays are about 0.5 mm to 1.7 mm long and 80/i broad near the spicular center. They are usually smooth throughout the entire surface and taper gradually toward the sharj^ly pointed end. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 13 The pentactinic parenchjniialia play a comparatively less im- portant part in the composition of the parenchyme, as they are sparse. They occur mostly in loose strands running in company with the rays of hexactinic parenchymalia. They are also smooth on the surface and gradually or suddenly attenuated toward the sharply pointed end. Table 3. — Mcasineinoits of four sixcimciis of Pheronema ijiniui Specimen and condition Collected at— Dermal pinules G astral pinules Ma- cram- phi- disk Me- sam- phi- disk Mi- cram- plii- disk Uncinates Dis- tal ray Basal ray Dis- tal ray Basal ray Large Small A (large, com- plete). B (small, com- plete). C (small, com- Station 4893, off Goto Is- lands, 106 fathoms. Station 4934,o(T Kagoshima Gulf, 103 fathoms. . .. do At 60-80 60-70 60-80 60-80 A* 100-180 140-170 130-180 160-200 160 120 140 (?) 120-180 128-195 160-180 (?) 160-200 180-200 180-220 160-200 104 90-104 125 20-40 20-48 20-48 Mm 1. 3-2. 3 1. 4-2. 2 1. 3-2. 4 1.4-2.2 160-240 140-240 140-230 plete). D (small, com- plete). do (?) 20-46 (?) PHERONEMA SURUGENSIS, new species ■ Two large fragments (U.S.N.M. No. 22028), very badly macerated and injured, which may be two parts of a tolerably large sponge body, were collected at Station 5084, nearly south by southwest of Omai- zalri, Suruga Bay, at a depth of 918 fathoms. Spicidatlon. — The prostal marginalia protruding from the oscular margin, the large and tolerabl}^ small uncinates with oblique spines, and the oxypentactins, supporting the interior of the sponge body, are to be considered as macroscleres. The prostal marginalia, which are protruded from the oscular margin, are long cuspidates, straight or slightly curved, 10 mm to 20 mm or longer (protruding parts about 5 mm to 10 mm long), and 40/A thick at the center. Their distal parts, though most of them are broken off, are slenderer than the proximal parts and are covered with distinct spines. These spines are directed obliquely near the distal end of the spicule and gradually come to project perpendicu- larly to the shaft, near the base of the protruded parts of the same spicule. The proximal third, which is imbedded in the body of the sponge, has quite a smooth surface. The distal end is probably somewhat inflated, beset laterally with a ])air of pointed spines, since such cuspidates usually occur in members of this genus. The proximal end is simjily sharply pointed. The supporting spicules of the interior are exclusively stout oxy- pentactins. Their four paratangential rays are somewhat shorter 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 than the proximal unpaired ray, which measures 3 mm to 5 mm in length. Their raj^s are quite smooth and taper gradually toward the conically pointed end, measuring 30/ji to 50/^ thick at the base. In the parenchymalia and hypodermalia, there are greater or smaller numbers of macrouncinates, 6/x to 7 mm or more long and up to 10/x thick. They are quite similar to the macrouncinates occurring in species of Farrea and are covered with spines situated very ob- liquely and extending nearly parallel, close to the shaft of the spicule. They are arranged radially or irregularly, the thicker distal end lying in the outer surface of the sponge. Frequently the macrounci- nates show a heteropole form, having a sharply pointed distal end and a spherically expanded proximal end whose surface is nearly smooth or slightly rough. The entire surface of the spicule, except the proximal end, is also covered with obliquely directed spines. I will not describe the microscleres. Pinules are found in the dermal membranes, where they generally stand close together, form- ing a quadratic network because the basal rays extend side by side for considerable lengths, while in the gastral membrane they are sparsely distributed, not forming a network. The dermal pinules are somewhat smaller than the gastral ones. They are about 160/a to 230/a high; their basal rays, which form a rectangular cross, are about 180/i to 240/1, long, gradually attenuated toward the conically pointed end, and slightly spined on all parts, most distinctly so on the distal part. The unpaired distal rays have a prominent terminal spine and numerous long and somewhat stout lateral spines, terminally only slightly curved, extending obliquely upward. It consists of a smooth proximal part 8/^ to 12/i, thick and 12ju, or more long, and a somewhat bushy, conically shaped distal part 28/x in breadth, covered with obliquely curved spines proximal to it, with vertically directed spines. The gastral pinules have a considerably longer distal unpaired ray measuring 300/x to 360/a in length, with the basal rays 210,ti to 230/x long, but otherwise nearly similar to the dermal pinules. In these pinules, the distal ray shows a somewhat whiplike appearance, cov- ered with tolerably short spines, obliquely directed upward. I have not been able to find any macramphidisks. I do not wish to assert, however, that such spicules are entirely absent. Mesam- phidisks are very sparsely scattered in the parenchymalia. They measure about 125/x in length and have bell-shaped terminal disks 25/x high and 36//, broad, with 8 to 12 marginal teeth, pointed at the ends. Micramphidisks are of the usual shape, with hemispherical terminal disks 10/x broad and 12 to 18 marginal teeth. They measure about 28/1 in length. Microhexactins are numerous in the parenchyme of the entire sponge body. Their rays are frequently of a medium thickness of 6/i ART. 12 HEXACTIXELLID SPONGES OKADA 15 and sometimes much slenderer, and are covered with numerous micro- spines irregularly distributed on the surface. The microuncinates, which are nearly similar to those occurring in SeHcolophus re-jiexus Ijima, are fairly abundant, are 4/^, broad at the center, and are spindle-shaped, with both ends sharply pointed and the surface quite smooth. Genus SERICOLOPHUS Ijima, 1901 SERICOLOPHUS KEFLEXUS (Ijima) Hijalonenia reflex-um Ijima, Zool. Auz., vol. 17, p. 336. 1894. Sericolophus reflexus Ijima, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 15, p. 128, 1901 ; /gffeOfira-Expeditie, vol. 6, pp. 26-28, 1927. There are 13 specimens of S. i^eflexus in the collection. The differ- ence between the dermal and gastral pinnies is not only in the state of the spines on the distal ray, as described by Ijima from the speci- mens from Sagami Sea, but also from my observation it is found in the dimensions of corresponding parts of the spicules. The distal ray of the gastral pinule averages 160;^ to 260/i in length, 14/i, broad at its base, and the basal crossing rays attain a length of 240/x and are 8/^ broad at the base. The dermal pinules, though somewhat smaller than those of the tj^pe specimen, have a distal ray 120ju, to 160/i, in length and basal rays TO^u, to lOOyu. long. The hexactinic dermal pinules are infrequently found in the ectosome of several specimens. The paratangential ray is TO/a to 90/a long and terminally pointed. The proximal ray is 90/x long and the distal pinular ray 136;u long. The parenchymal microxyhexactins are much slenderer and their prickles are not so prominently developed as those of Siboga speci- mens of this species. From my observations of the preparations of the Sihoga specimens and those from the Sagami Sea it is evidently exhibited that the parenchymal oxyhexactins may vary considerably in size and shape. The Sihoga specimens have more robust and larger rays, beset with prominent prickles on the surface, while the present specimens have distinctly slenderer rays and very slightly developed prickles. The Sagami Sea specimens have the spicules intermediate in size. Besides the microxyhexacts, which occur abundantly in the type specimen as well as in the present ones, there exist other micropen- tacts, which are mostly distributed in the wall of the excurrent canals and in the parenchyme, intermixed with the microxyhexacts. The spicule is provided with an unpaired distal ray IOO/a to 180/x, long and with a paratangential basal ray 190/x to 320ja long, the surface of which is slightly roughened. Frequently the basal rays are curved to certain directions near the distal ends. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 An uncinate with one end thickened, 12^ in breadth, the other sharply pointed and with a wholly echinated surface, is frequently present in the dermal membrane. It measures 200/a to SlO^u, long and Q/x broad at the center. A monact measuring 300/i, in length and 25/a in breadth at the center, with conical ends, occurs infrequently in the parenclaj'^ma. This spicule somewhat resembles the microuncinate described by Ijima in Japanese specimens, though it has much larger dimensions in length and breadth; but it seems to me to show in shape and constitution some similarity to the microuncinate. Table 4. — Measurements of 13 specimens of Sericoloplius reflexus Collected at— i Body go Root-tuft en C3 *^ o T3ft a S2 Specimen to 5 J3 C3 £ P5 S3 a « Eh 2 A... --. Station 4917, off Kagoshima Gulf, 361 fathoms. Station 4919, off Kagoshima Gulf, 440 fathoms, do Mm 33 37 41 64 75 110 80 80? 103? 115 105 Mm 15 28 26 37 46? 40 45? 53 57 55 74 8 Mm 3.2 6 9 18 16 25 20 19? 25 33 28 40 3 Mm 31 70 60? 90 97 140 Mm 2 2 2 4 5 8 Mm 4 3 5 9 8.5 Mm 1 B.. - 1X2 c 1 D . do .- - - . 2-2.5 E do .... 1.5-3 F do o do 1X3-2. 5 H I do 1-2.5 I Station 4920, off Kagoshima Gulf do 3-2 J 3X5. 5-4 K do 3X4-3 L do 3X5.5 M Station 5083, ofl Onmaizaki, Suruga Bay. 21 30 1 1.5 2X3 1-1.8 1 Two other fragments not measured. Genus SEMPERELLA J. E. Gray, 1868 SEMPERELLA SCHULZEI Semper Semperella schulzei Semper, Verb, pliys. med. Ges. Wiirzburg, vol. 1, p. 272, 1868.— Marsh Ai,L, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. 25, suppl., p. 212, pi. 12, fig. E, 16, 17, 1875. — Marshall and Meyer, Mitth. Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. 2, p. 276, pis. 14, 15, figs. 18, 19, 1877.— F. E. Schulze, Abli. kiju. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1886, p. 67; Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 21, p. 261, pis. 51, 52, 1887. — Blackburn, Trans. Manchester Micr. Soc, 1896, pp. 57-61, pi. 1. I have examined eight specimens of this species (Table 5). The three complete and the two fragmental specimens exhibit nearly the same outer configuration, but specimen H shows a somewhat different outer appearance and mode of spiculation. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 17 Specimen A is a complete, medium-sized, and well-preserved speci- men, 71 mm high, and, exclusive of the basal tuft, 25 mm long. The broadest part of the body measures 16 mm. The distinct, beveled longitudinal edges, which form a regular hexagonal-shaped sponge body, are four in number. Specimen B shows a nearly complete body and appears to be the youngest specimen of all. It was super- ficially injured and considerably macerated on the dermal network, only the parenchymal supporting-skeleton and here and there small parts of the dermal membrane being preserved. Specimen C is a fragment of the superior regions of the sponge body. Table 5. — Measurements of 8 specimens of Semperella schulzei Collected at— Description ■3.S C3 Basal rays of lat- eral pentact pi- nules Pinules on ridges Macramphidisk 2 a a C3 « •3 Speei- meu ca (5 C9 a o A B Station 4900, 10 to 20 miles SW. of Goto Islands, 139 fathoms. . do Small, complete do 90-120 80-140 72-90 70-80 70-100 65-100 70-100 90-100 70-105 104 280 •? ? 240-360 240-300 240-360 230-300 240-300 M 72-80 •> 7 70-80 70-SO 70-80 70-80 70-85 220 180 180-220 230 230-320 210-340 230-300 240-280 80-110 100 SO 90 70-85 80-108 80-110 90-100 20 "0 c do Large fragments of su- perior parts of sponge body. Complete.- 80-120 90-120 90-120 80-100 90-120 96-120 20 D - Station 4903, 10 to 20 miles SW. of Goto Islands, 139 fathoms, do .. ?0 E Small fraginent ?0 F G Station 4934, off Kagoshi- ma Gulf, 103 fathoms. do Large fragment of su- perior regions. do 20 20 H .. do do lfi-?0 A beautiful specimen (D), 109 mm in length and 11 mm to 27 mm in thickness, was taken near the Goto Islands at Station 4903. An- other (E) has been well preserved and remains almo.st uninjured. The club-shaped body measures 74 mm in length, exclusive of the basal tuft. Inferiorly it has a cylindrical form, gradually widening upward and forming an irregular pentagonal prism with conically pointed ends. At its broadest part the body measures 27 mm and the lateral wall between the two projecting longitudinal ridges 10 to 12 mm. These ridges somewhat anastomose by means of cross processes. Specimens F and G are two similarly shaped large fragments of the superior regions of the sponge body but of much larger speci- mens. Their breadth is 35 mm to 39 mm at the broadest part. Among the other specimens from Station 4934 there was a nuich larger fragment (H), which agrees in many points with the present 118040—32 2 18 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 species, though it has a somewhat different appearance. It has a cucumber-shaped body, slightly curved at the middle, and beset with a slightly irregular truncate tip. In these points it somewhat re- sembles Semperella cucumis Schulze. There are indeed some dif- ferences as above mentioned, but these may be explained as individual variations. The specimen has a total length of 167 mm. The basal regions are much injured and have fallen off. In the specimens of this species hitherto known the diactinic marginalia, which project from near the peak of the sponge body, are not present, while in the present specimens (except H) they always show a distinct, short, brushlike appearance. These diacts are ar- ranged nearly in one series, projecting from the elevated ridges near the conically pointed tip of the sponge body. They measure 10 mm to 20 mm in length, projecting from the surface of the ridge about half or more of the entire length, and 8 mm to 12 mm in breadth at the center. Frequently among these diacts, there occur spicules beset with prickles, bent very slightly obliquelj^ upward and outward, and disposed in two opposite rows along the distal part of the external portion. This spicule slightly resembles that represented in the younger specimen of the Challenger collection but it is doubtful whether it represents the remains of those projecting from the top of the beveled longitudinal edges or whether it belongs entirely to a different category. In the large specimens from Station 4934 I find a larger isolated form of amphidisks about 280/x long, provided with 8 to 12 paddle- like and terminally slightly pointed or only rounded rays. Besides these, though nearly absent or very rarely present in the smaller specimens (A to E), I find a sparsely distributed, similar form of medium-sized amphidisks present in the larger specimens (F to H). The slender middle-sized amphidisk occurring in the Challe7iger specimens may be lacking in all the specimens of this species in the collection. Among the ectodermal pentact pinules, there occur also fairly abundant pinules that have big, long, straight paratangentials, meas- uring 12/i broad and lOSjn long and beset with prominent hooklike lateral spines. The heteropole uncinate, which is nearly allied to the uncinatum- like oxydiact in the Challenger specimen of this species, occurs rarely in the hypoderm of specimen H. The anchorlike spicule of the basal tuft frequently forms a strongly developed trif urcate anchor at its lower end, measuring 140jli in width. This spicule in large bundles is intermixed w^ith the ordinary basal spicule, which ends in an anchorlike structure, beset with two long recurved opposite teeth in the same plane. The shaft is biseriate with alternately disposed barbules. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 19 Family HYALONEMATIDAE J. E. Gray, 1857 Genus HYALONEMA J. E. Gray, 1832 HYALONEMA (CYLICONEMA) APERTUM F. E. Schulze Sti/Iocalyx apcrius F. E. Schulze, Abli. kou.preuss.Akad.Wiss. Berlin, 18S6,p- 59. Hyaloncma (Stylocali/x) apcrtitm F. E. Schulze, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 21, p. 214, pis. 37, 38, 1887; Abh. kon. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1894, p. 39, pi. 8, figs. 1-6. Hyaloncma a/fine Marshall, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. 25, siippl., p. 225, 1875. Hyalonema affine japonicum F. E. Schulze, Sitz-ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1899, pp. 112-129. Hyalonema affine reticulum F. E. Schulze, Sitz-ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1899, pp. 112-129. Hyalonema maehrenthelU F. E. Schulze, Abh. kiju. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1894, p. 41, pi. 8, figs. 7-11. From a depth of 472 fathoms in the vicinity of Koshiki Island, four specimens of Cylic(y)iema were dredged (Table 6). In all the body is still well preserved, though the basal tuft remains in only two. Specimens A to C show the cup -shaped sponge body, which is characteristic of this species in Japan, while specimen D exhibits a somewhat different outer configuration forming a transversely extended thick-walled calyx, the lower end of which is somewhat torn off but otherwise well preserved. The superior terminal surface is nearly flat, somewhat fallen in at the center, and forms a hori- zontally extending rim 50 mm broad, providing a sharp-angled pro- jecting marginal fringe, which thins out toward the margin and flares outward and backward. From the central sunken portion, a markedly pointed and fairly long cone projects. An irregularly formed large pore (incurrent canalar aperture) opens widely on one side of the cone at its base, while near the base several fairly large and nearly circular pores (incurrent canalar apertures) open. The whole lateral surface shows distinctly, even to the naked eye, the rectangular latticework of the dermal membrane. Table 6. — Measurements of 4 specimens of Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertum Microhexactin Collected at— Description Der- malia Gas- tralia Ma- eram- phidisk Me- sam- phidisk Mi- Speci- men Curved Straight cram- phidisk rays rays M M M ft M M M A Station 4915, Koshiki Is- land, 472 fathoms. Complete. -- 200-250 70-140 60-80 60-70 180-260 40-100 16-20 B do do 210-280 340-400 100-160 100-140 70-90 70-80 40-80 50-75 160-205 230-340 40-60 60-80 16-24 C do do - 16-20 D do do 180-250 120-160 80-100 60 180-360 60-100 12-16 It is doubtful whether a specimen (E) from Bungo Channel here assigned to //. {Cyliconema) apertum really represents this species or another. I consider it better for the present to place it with H. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 {Cyliconenm) apertwni than to make it a new species, even though it is distinguished from the type of the species by the quite different outer configuration. It is tulip-shaped, abruptly truncated terminally, 4 cm long, and 2.7 cm broad above. The gastral area is flatly exposed without being depressed, entirely lacking the central cone, which is usually present in the typical specimens, and somewhat flared out upward and outward as a free edge. The excurrent apertures open exter- nally directly on the gastral area and are fairly numerous and some- what circular, and 1 mm to 4 mm in diameter. The dermal, lateral, and gastral surfaces appear quite smooth and even. In this form the macramphidisks appear to be of two kinds. One is common on the dermal membrane, measuring 220/;i to 312//, in length and 108/a to 116/x. broad at the semicircular terminal disk, which may be quite similarly shaped to that of H. {Cyliconema) apertum solidum; while the other, in the parenchyma, usually ex- hibits a smaller size, 140ju, in length, with the shaft only particu- larly tuberculous in its central part, not over the entire part as in the dermal larger macramphidisk. Acanthophores of this specimen consist of fairly large stauractins, which exhibit a nearly straight and quite smooth surface except on the terminal ends, the surfaces of which are roughened and some- Avhat inflated. Table 7 may serve to show the relative proportions of various spicules represented by specimens A to D from Koshiki Island, and specimen E from Bungo Channel. Table 7. — Comparison- of specimens of Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertum from Koshikl Island and Bungo Channel Dermal Amphidisks pinule Macra- Mesa- Micra- A, B, C, D Station 491,5, Koshiki Island, 472 fathoms... Station 4959, entrance to Bungo Channel, 405 fathoms. 200-250 200-240 160-360 [ a-220- 312 b— 140 40-100 60-80 12-24 20-30 E Collected at— Microxyhexact Tignule Gastral surface Central Specimen Curved rays Straight rays gastral surface A,B,C,D... E Station 4915, Koshiki Island, 472 fathoms. Station 49.19. pntrnnofl to 60-100 85-100 40-80 80 3 mm-4 mm by 200/1. Depressed- pint Present. 1 C ^ungo Channel, 405 fath- )ms. by 1 50/1. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 21 HYALONEMA (CYLICONEMA) APERTUM SOLIDUM, new subspecies Plate 1, Figures 1, 2 In the collection are three specimens representing a new form*. They were found at three stations not far apart. Table 8. — Measurements of 3 specimens of Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertuin solidum Collected at— Description Der- malia Qas- tralia Microhexactin Specimen Curved rays Straight rays A Station 4957, Bungo channel, 437 fathoms. Station 4919, about 90 miles WSW. of Kagoshima Gulf. Station 4959, Bungo Channel, 405 fathoms. Complete, cuplike do 80-140 80-180 90-120 60-150 80-120 80-120 50-70 60-80 60-70 40-45 B 45-55 C- Complete, dishlike 45-05 Specimen Collected at— '■'■■ Ma- cram- phidisk Mesamphidisk Mi- cram- phidisk A B C ..: Station 4957, Bungo channel, 437 fathoms. Station 4919, about 90 miles WSW. of Kagoshima Gulf. Station 4959, Bungo Channel, 405 fathoms. 145-210 160-245 140-200 Very rare, 30fi-45^L Probably wanting. Very rare,36>i-40M 18-20 20-26 16-28 Specimens A (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22054) and B are tulip- shaped and have a deeply concave gastral cavity, the surface of which is perforated with few excurrent apertures ; while specimen C shows an entirely different outer configuration, forming a shallow transversely expanded body like the fruit of a lotus. The gastral surface is nearly flat, showing the irregular lozenge form with a thin- edged outer margin. The difference between the external appearances of these specimens originally induced me to contemplate the establishment of two dis- tinct species, but microscopic observation shows agreement in their spiculation to such an extent that I have decided to consider all one form. One of the chief characters separating II. {Cyliconema) afertum sollduiii from apertum proper is to be found in the shape of the ma- crami^hidisk, which presents a constant form as follows: The ter- minal disk of this amphidisk is somewhat semicircular, contracting inward on either side at the base, and curved inward at the ends, with the proportion of the breadth and the height in the marginal teeth nearly always 1 : 1.5. 22 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 The microxyhexactins of this subspecies have a much more robust appearance than those of the typical form but are otherwise very similar. Another difference between this and the typical form is in the length of the distal ray in the dermal pinules. In the present sub- species it averages lOOytt to 150/a in length, while that of the typical form is usually 200/* to 250/x. HYALONEMA (CYLICONEMA) HOZAWAI, new species Figure 2 ; Plate 1, Figures 3, 5 The two specimens (Table 9) for which I establish this species are entirely different in shape and of totally different size. The extreme differences between the two specimens originally led me to consider the establishment of two distinct species, but microscopic examination shows them to agree in the spiculation to such an extent that I have concluded to place both in one species. Specimen A is tulip-shaped, abruptly truncated terminally, 85 mm long and 62 mm broad above, 30 mm broad below. The oscular sieve plate is nearly circular, deeply concave, and raised toward the margin. The pores of the sieve plate are tolerably numerous, more or less circular, and vary in size from 3 mm to 5 mm. The sponge body in alcohol is light grayish. Specimen B (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22030) has a spindleliice form. The upper end is not transversely truncated, but extends to a somewhat pointed apex, in the form of a projecting fez, 35 mm in height, which part may constitute the gastral surface, being directed straight forward. The conelike gastral surface is even and smooth, the excurrent canalar apertures being concealed by the thickened gastral membrane. The basal tuft, except for an encrusta- tion near the loAver end, is free of Palythoa. It measures 70 cm in length. Table 9. — Record of specimens of Hyalonema (Cyliconema) hozawai Specimen Collected at— Description A Station 4956, off entrance of Bungo Channel, 720 fathoms. .- do. Complete, large. B Complete, small. Spiculation. — The most numerous parenchymal macroscleres are oxydiactins. Those of the common type are very slender and smooth over the entire surface, and make up a small, strongly curved strand. They vary from 1 mm to 2 mm in length and from 12ju to 16/a thick at the center. The other type, sparselj^ scattered in the ectosome and in the choanosome, is also smooth over the entire surface and straight. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 23 It frequently has a clearly defined central inflation, which usually bears two knobs arranged on each side. The size of the oxydiactin is fairly variable, generally 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm long and 20/a to 25/a thick. Oxyhexactins occur much less frequently. Their rays are nearly the same length, smooth, 30;^ thick, and gradually attenuated toward Figure 2. — Hyalonema (Cyliconema) hozawai, new species: a. Distal part of dlactinic marginalia ; b, proximal part of diactinic marginalia ; o, dermal pinule ; d, gastral pinule ; e, acanthophore ; f, acanthopliorc ; g, macramplii- disk ; h, mesamphidisli ; i, young macramphidislc in basal regions ; ;, micraui- phidisk ; h, microxyhexactin ; I, microstauractin ; m, micropentactin. All X 250 the pointed end. The paratangential rays are sometimes curved, measuring 50/* to 600/a long. The distal ray is 610/i, long and the proximal ray 680/i, and usually straight. In the subdermal oxypentactins, which form an important part of the supporting skeleton, the paratangential basal rays are con- 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yol. 81 siderably shorter than the radial ray, which measures 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm or more in length. All the rays are smooth over the entire surface and attenuated gradually toward the pointed ends. In both specimens the acanthophores (fig. 2, e, /) near the lower end of the body are clearly chiefly composed of cross-shaped tetrac- tins and large straight diactins. In specimen A, the diactinic acan- thophores are most numerous, with a few tetractinic ones mixed in; while in specimen B, the latter are the more numerous. All the superficial diactinic acanthophores are covered with uniformly de- veloped, robust, short spines and have the appearance of being cov- ered with crystallized sugar. The basal parts of the tetractinic acanthophore are mostly smooth, frequently straight, and bear spines on the somewhat inflated, terminal parts of the rays only. The diactinic marginalia (fig. 2, a, h) forming the fringe of the oscular margin and the margin of pores on the sieve plate are not more than GOO/x to 850fi long. The proximal ray of these spicules, which is imbedded in the body of the sponge, is perfectly smooth; the distal free ray, resembling a Lombardy poplar in shape, meas- ures SOfjL to 40/A broad, is covered with oblique spines, and has a dis- tinct distal spine. The center of the spicule bears four rounded pro- tuberances arranged crosswise and containing rudiments of axial canals. The dermal oxypentactinic pinules (fig. 2, c) sparsely cover the strands of the external network. Their four basal rays, which form a rectangular cross, are lOju in thickness, 35/;i to 50/x long, terminally pointed and finely granular. Their free radial ray varies from 240/^ to 280ix in length, is smooth on the proximal third, uniformly attenuated toward the sharp-pointed end, and covered with obliquely directed spines on the distal two-thirds. The spines attain the greatest length near the lower end of the distal spined part of the ray; upward they gradually decrease in size. The canal a r pinules are nearly similar, a little shorter, not more than 200/i long, and slenderer and covered with fewer spines. They occupy the walls of the larger incurrent canals but do not stand nearly so close together as the dermal pinules on the external surface. The pinules of the oscular sieve plate are a little shorter in the distal radial ray, measuring 200/x long and 20/a to 30/a broad ; they also resemble a Lombardy poplar. The basal cross measures 80ju, to llO^u, in length and is finely roughened by the presence of microspines. These spicules are distributed much more closely together. The dermal macramphidisks (fig. 2, g) vary in length from 200/^ to 320/j,. The shaft is 2/x to 20jli broad and usually bears rounded AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 25 tubercles sparsely and irregularly scattered over the surface. The rather flat terminal disks are 70/x to 125/x high, 104/la to 120,a broad, on an average, and have eight broad, spadelike marginal teeth. These amphidisks are scattered sparsely in the derm over the su- perior regions of specimen A, while on the inferior regions and on all parts of specimen B they are found abundantly. Ellipsoidal mesamphidisks (fig. 2, h) of varying size, GO|Li to 80)m long on an average, are abundant. The shaft is slender, 4ju. broad, and covered with numerous sharp spines. The high, bell-shaped terminal disks, 2-iju. in breadth, usually have 10 to 12 narrow mar- ginal teeth. On the basal regions of both specimens A and B there exist much larger mesamphidisks, which measure 10();u, to 145/x in length. These have also 10 to 12 marginal teeth, 48/i in length at the bell-shaped terminal disk, which measures 40/;i broad. The micramphidisks (fig. 2, j) are most numerous and lie scattered irregularly in the dermal and gastral membrane. In fewer numbers they are found in the parenchyme. They are IQjx to 20jm long and have hemispherical terminal disks with numerous marginal teeth. iSIicroxyhexactins (fig. 2, k) are abundant in the parenchjnne. Their rays are QOfi to SO/j. long, 4;u thick at the base, straight, and covered throughout witli small tubercles, making the surface appear rough. The curved, rayed microxyhexactins are totally absent. Occasionally similar-sized pentactins (fig. 2, '??i) and stau- ractins (fig. 2, /) are found. In the pentactins the distal unpaired ray is much shorter than the paratangential rays, measuring 40/x long. The present new species somewhat resembles H. indlcuni anda- mancnse F. E. Schulze, but differs from it by having differently shaped gastral pinnies and the poplar-tree-shaped diactinic mar- ginalia. HYALONEIMA (COSCINONEMA) KIRKPATRICKI GLOBOSUM, new subspecies Plate 2, FiGur.B 3 Stations 4956 and 4957, where the two specimens of this sub- species were captured, are not far apart. The best preserved speci- men (designated holotype, U.S.N.INI. No. 22031) has a nearly trun- cated cone and is 135 mm long. Its root tuft, however, has been entirely torn off. The broader upper end has a diameter of 85 nun. The lateral dermal surface of the sponge body is more or less crushed and injured, but in most of it the quadrate dermal lattice- work is well preserved. The sieve plate is deeply depressed in the center and raised toward the margin to form a low ring wall with a somewhat sharp edge. The surface is perforated by more or less circular, irregularly scattered apertures, 1 mm to 4 mm wide. The 26 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 openings of the other specimen, evidently a large fragment of the superior regions of the sponge body consisting of a strongly compressed lamella, are poorly preserved. (Table 10.) Table 10. — Record of specimens of Hyalonema (Coscinonema) kirkpatricki globosum Specimen CoUected at— Description A Station 4956, off entrance of Bungo Channel, 720 fathoms. Station 4957, off entrance of Bungo Channel, 437 fathoms Large, complete. Large fragment. B The chief differences between the typical form and the new sub- species are in the type of macramphidisk and in the much longer dermal pinules. In the present form, the macramphidisk seems somewhat smaller, measuring 200/x, to 260/a long, and bearing on its shaft numerous tubercles, not only on the shaft center, as in the typical form, but also on the entire surface. In this spicule, the comj)arative dimensions of the length and breadth of the terminal disks and the entire length of the spicule are somewhat different from those of the typical form. This fact may account for the complete dissimilitude of the configuration of the two. The distal ray of the pinules, varying from I8O/1, to 560/* in length, is longer than in typical kirkpatricki. Because of these differences, I consider the present specimens as representing a distinct form of H. {Coscinonema) kirkpatricki Ijima. HYALONEMA (COSCINONEMA) OVATUM, new species FiGUBE 3; Plate 2, Figure 2 The fairly large and completely preserved specimen of this new species (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22032) was taken from a depth of 918 fathom's, SSW. of Omaizaki (Station 5084). The body of the sponge is oval, 86 mm long, 45 mm broad, and dorsoventrally or posteroanteriorly slightly compressed. It is difficult to say whether this compression and rugosity were present in the living sponge or whether they were produced post mortem by pressure. The anterior oscular depression is very narrow and shallow, measur- ing about 30 mm in width. The root tuft where it arises from the lower end of the sponge body has entirely fallen off, but the point of attachment is indicated by the destruction of the dermal mem- brane. Through the compact and somewhat transparent quadratic dermal reticulation of the outer surface one can not see the sub- dermal cavities and the openings of the incurrent canals. Spiculation. — The important macrosclere parenchymalia are the oxydiactins. These are mostly isolated, more rarely aggregated in bundles, and appear abundantly throughout the interior. They are ABT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPOXGES — OKADA 27 slender, straight, or sometimes slightly curved, and 1.7 mm to 2.5 mm or more long, terminating with a somewhat expanded roughened point at either end. Beside these, are frequently found the shorter oxA^diactins, quite smooth on the surface, with two or four central well-defined jDrotuberances in the middle, and measuring 1.2 mm to 2 mm in length and 20fi broad at the center. Between these spicules, sparsely scattered smooth oxyhexactins of varying size, 1 mm to 1.2 mm in axial length, are found. The para- a c Figure 3. — Hyalonema (Coscinonema) ovatum, new species: a. Dermal pinule; 6, canalar pinule ; c, macramphidisk ; d, micramphidisk ; e, raesamphidisk ; f, oxyhexactin ; g, oxyhexactin. All X 300 tangential and distal rays are usually shorter than the proximal ray, and all the rays measure 28/a broad at the base, being gradually at- tenuated toward the pointed ends. The oxypentactins appear as regularly arranged hypodermalia, lying below the outer surface and supporting the dermal membrane. Under the gastral membrane there are probably no such spicules. In these spicules the paratangential rays are mostly shorter than the proximal unpaired ray, measuring 200/i to 850/t in length, while the 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 breadth at the base is nearly the same in all, 20^. to 40/;i. All the raj^s are smooth on the surface and gradually attenuated toward the coni- cally pointed end. Of the microsclere parenchymalia I shall first describe the oxy- hexactins (fig. 3, /, g) . These occur abundantly in varying numbers in different regions of the sponge and measure 120^ to 150ju in di- ameter. Their rays are fairly stout, quite smooth, sharply pointed, and extremely curved at the end. Of the curved tangential rays, I have found two kinds : Some are curved away from their fellow at the end, while others are directed toward one another on one side. I have found the former condition much commoner than the latter. In the subdermal regions, these oxyhexactins are fre- quently arranged in lines and groups of several. Other than in these regions, I found these spicules also in the subgastral region and in the parenchyme, as well as in the wall of the excurrent canals, where they were distributed both in groups and separately. Besides these oxyhexactins, oxypentactins of the same features are found in- frequently intermixing with the former. Oxypentactinic dermal pinnies (fig. 3, a) cover the external sur- face in great numbers. Their four basal raj^s, which form a rectan- gular cross, are of medium thickness and measure 6/x at the base and 45/x in length ; terminally they are pointed and irregularly roughened. The free radial ray is on the average 200;^ long, smooth in the proxi- mal third, uniformly attenuated toward the pointed end, and in the distal two-thirds irregularly covered with rather short, slightly di- vergent spines. The spines attain their greatest length at the middle or somewhat below the distal spined parts of the ray; above and below they gradually decrease in size. The canalar pinules (fig. 3, 5) are nearly similar; the distal ray being a little shorter than that of the dermal pinules, instead of having a longer paratangential ray, measuring 60|U, in length. They occup}^ the walls of the larger incurrent canals but do not stand nearly so close together as the dermal pinules on the external surface. The gastral pinules (fig. 3, a) are entirely similar to those of the derm. Macramphidisks (fig. 3, c) are found infrequently on the dermal membrane itself and are entirely absent in the hypodermalia and in the internal parenchyme. They attain a considerable size, 350/x or more in length. The shaft is either smooth or covered with a few irregularly distributed small tubercles, and measures 30/i, in width at the center. The terminal disks are lOOjit long and 160/x broad, nearly semicircular, and somewhat expanded proximally and nar- rowed distally at the flattened ends. They have 8 to 9 marginal teeth, 100|U, long, which terminate with somewhat lancet-shaped points. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 29 Mesamphidisks (fig. 3, e), which vary in size considerably and measure 30/i to 90/x long, occur chiefly on the walls of larger ex- current canals as a layer and are scattered in the parenchymalia. The narrower incurrent canals are destitute of such a layer or coating of mesamphidisks, being instead occupied by pentactinic pinules. The shaft is slender and covered with sharp spines. In the center there is a ring of longer spines. The high, bell-shaped terminal disks have 10 to 12 marginal teeth, usually narrow, measuring 20/j, to Wfi in lengtli and 20/a to 25/x broad. Micramphidisks (fig. 3. d), which are much fewer than the for- mer, lie scattered irregularly in the dermal and gastral membrane; still fewer are found in the choanosome. They are 15fi to 20/a long and have hemispherical terminal disks with several marginal teeth. Although I find the outer features of this sponge peculiar, the facts stated above enable me to place it systematically. At first doubting w^hether it should be placed in the present genus or in some otlier genus of the Hyalonematidae, or whether a new genus should be established for it, I have come to the conclusion that the entire spiculation, particularly the dermal pinules and the parenchymal oxyhexactins with their curved rays, is in complete accordance with what I find in the other representatives of Hyaloneina. HYALONEMA (CORYNONEMA) OWSTONI Ijima H ijalonenia owstoni Ijima, Zool. Anz., no. 450, p. .367, 18&4. Hijaloncma clathratum Ijima, Zool. Anz., no. 459, p. 368, 1894. In the collection I discovered a complete specimen and two frag- ments referable to the present species, obtained from Station 4958. The first, specimen A, represents a complete, tolerably large, slightly inflated cup. It is 46 mm high and has, at the upper free margin of the cup, where broadest, a transverse diameter of 55 mm. The outer dermal surface is composed of a fine and nearly uniform smooth and even network. The inner surface is perforated by numerous more or less circular ajDertures, 1 mm to 6 mm wide, which are the open- ings of the excurrent canals into the cup cavity, which is the gastral cavity of the sponge. These canal mouths are irregularly distributed and decrease in size toward the upper, free margin of the funnel wall. There is no trace of an oscular sieve plate. Table 11. — Record of specimens of Hyaloneina (Corynonema) owstoni Specimen Collected at— Description A... Station 4958, off entrance of Bungo Channel, 405 fathoms . . do Complete. B Large fragment. C Station 4976, SW. of Shiomisaki in Kii, 545 fathoms Do. 30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 The second specimen (B) is a fragment of large sponge body, hav- ing small parts of perforated gastral wall. Another tolerably large fragment (C) , which I am inclined to refer to the same species, has come under my observation. It was obtained from Station 4976 (southwest of Shiomisaki, Kii). It is a portion representing the greater part of the upper section of an individual probably similarly shaped, but somewhat smaller than the second specimen. The gastral cavity of the sponge has also, here and there, large openings of the excurrent canals, measuring 3 mm to 7 mm in diameter. The outer dermal surface seems much macerated and its mem- brane probably has fallen off. In the first and second specimens the barrel-shaped mesamphidisks are much more numerous than another kind that are present abun- dantly in the third specimen, in which the barrel-shaped ones are also sparingly represented. The essential difference between H. {C) owstoni and H. (C.) clathratum is the presence of the barrel-shaped mesamphidisk, but from the observation of the three specimens in question, such a spe- cific difference is perhaps unsatisfactory. Though owstoni may not prove specifically separable from clathratum^ it has a different gastral aspect. I have also found much larger dermal pentactinic pinules, which attain a length of 280/a and a breadth of 68/x in the distal ray. INDETERMINABLE HYALONEMATIDS The collection includes several fragmentary macerated specimens that are probably referable to Hyaloneina, but that can not be more definitely identified on account of their incomplete state : Station 4911 (10 to 20 miles southwest of Koshiki Islands) ; a macerated specimen with a very long, beautiful root tuft. Station 5069 (entrance to Enoura, Suruga Gulf) ; macerated frag- ments. Suborder HEXASTEROPHORA F. E. Scliulze, 1899 Tribe HEXACTINOSA Schrammen, 1910-12 Subtribe Clavularia F. E. Schulze, 1886 Family FARREIDAE F. E. Schulze, 1886 Genus FARREA Bowerbank, 1862 FARREA KURILENSIS, new species FiGUKE 4 ; Plate 3, Figure 2 This new species is represented by a large colony (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22034) attached to a plate of large cirripeds. It was ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 31 obtained from a depth of 229 fathoms, southeast of Shimushir Island, Kuriles, at Station 4804. The irregular, largely expanded colony at- tains a height of 18 mm ; its greatest width is about 75 mm. Unfortu- nately the outermost ends of the tubes are broken off for a greater or lesser distance. The diameter of imperfect tubes is usually 8 mm ; the outer margin seems somewhat flared outward and backward in form- ing an approximately circular oscular opening with a diameter of FiGcuE 4. — Farrea kurilensis, new species : a. Dermal pentactin ; b, circular um- bellate clavulae ; c, anchorate hooked clavulae (form A); d, anchorate hooked clavulae (form B) ; e, anchorate hooked clavulae (form A) ; f, anchorate hooked clavulae (form B) ; y, discohexaster ; h, discohexaster, i, oxyhexaster ; ;, oxyhexactin ; k, oxyhexactin. All X 250 about 10 mm. The entire extended colony was attached on a plate of cirripeds by the entire base and not predominantly erect nor at- tached by special short or long peduncles as are other members of this genus. Whether the dichotomous division of the single tubular ends takes place is doubtful, as the outer margins of the tubes are damaged and imperfectly preserved. The dichotomous ramification begins at a very early stage at irregular intervals, resulting not in a long straight main trunk, but in an irregular twisted system of tubes, spreading in all directions, especially transversely. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 Sficulation. — The dictyonal framework is supported by a single- layered network in most parts and occasionally by a two or more layered irregular network. The framework is always quadrangular in those portions near outer margins of the tubes and becomes irregu- lar in the lower portions. The beams of the framework are micro- tuberculated on the surface. From the center of the crossing point of the beams, a prominent, fairly long, rough-surfaced, and nearly conical boss projects. The dermal and gastral pentactins (fig. 4, a) of this species meas- ure commonly 430/* to 460/i, in length of the paratangential rays. The proximally directed, unpaired ray is usually the same as the paratangentials of the same spicule, except that they are slightly shorter. Near the center the rays are 12/a to 16/* thick. All the rays gradually attenuate toward the more or less conically pointed end. The surface is roughened except for a short distance near the center, the roughness becoming gradually more pronounced toward the ends. The clavulae are, broadly speaking, of two kinds, namely, circular umbellate clavulae and anchorate hooked clavulae. The circular umbellate clavulae (fig. 4, h) are fairly abundant here and there, penetrating vertically to the surface, and form small bundles around the unpaired proximal ray of the dermal pentactin. There is no swelling on the shaft, except just below tlie umbel, which measures about 16/1 in width and has 16 to 18 minute teeth on the periphery. The shaft is very slender and attenuated gradually to the pointed end, usually about 300/t long. The surface is sparsely roughened, the roughness being most pronounced on the swelling of the shaft, just below the umbel. Several variations of the anchorate hooked clavulae occur in dif- ferent regions of the same sponge. This variation is, on the one hand, associated with the shape of the terminal disk, and on the other, with its terminal spines. I distinguish two forms or varieties which are designated by the letters A and B. Form A (fig. 4, c, e) is represented chiefly in the dermal layer and is arranged vertically to the dermal surface. It is large and strong and is provided with long curved spines, 48/i to 95/i long, forming a disk 64/1 to 105/x broad across tips of spines, and 30/i to 40/x broad across the club-shaped basal swelling, which is externally roofed over by a hemispherically arched umbel, raised on the center into a pro- jecting boss, or infrequently Avith a nearly smooth convex umbel. The shaft is generally simple, straight, 590/i to 680/* long, 8/* to 12/i broad at the base, and gradually attenuated toward the conically pointed end and covered wdth sparsely scattered spines on the distal end, while the proximal end near the terminal disk is covered with numerous strong, long, curved spines, projecting obliquely from the shaft. ART. 1-' HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 33 Form B (fig. 4, <^, /) appears chiefly in the gastral Layer, occasion- ally intermixing with form A, arranged obliquely to the dermal sur- face. It is somewhat smaller and shorter, about 400/a to 450/a long. Its most striking characters are the shape of the terminal sj)ines pro- jecting from the periphery of the terminal disk and the shape of the lateral spines covering the proximal surface of the shaft. The ter- minal disk of this form is usually 2t)[x to SOfx broad, and its summit shows a generally hemispherically arched umbel, being raised in the center into a weak external projecting boss or rarely a simply smooth convexed surface. The spines on the periphery of the terminal disk are usually much shorter and nearly straight, not so curved as those of the preceding type. They are 30/* to 50/x. long and 36/x to 75/i broad at the distal extension. The lateral spines on the proximal surface of the shaft are also much shorter; projecting perpendicu- larly at first, they are distally curved downward, instead of simply projecting obliquely as those of form A. The uncinate is arranged perpendicularly or obliquely to the der- mal surface. It usually penetrates the whole thickness of the body wall. It is acerate and nearly straight; the outer half, nearer the dermal surface, is alwaj^s much thicker than the inner, narrowed and sharply jDointed end, and is spined at short intervals throughout. These spines, which are all bent backward, are very short, slender, and smooth. They are supported by small, weak, bracketlike proc- esses arranged around the shaft in a spiral. The uncinate measures about 1.3 mm long and exhibits some variability in length, though this depends to some extent on the age of the individual spicule and on the region of the sponge in which it occurs. Discohexasters of this species are probably found in two forms. The common one (fig. 4, A), present in large numbers everywhere in the sponge, is 60/a to SOju, in diameter and is provided with rather strong principals crossing one another at the center, measuring IG/x in length. From these arise 6 to 8 thin, nearly straight, and wealdy divergent terminals 20/*. long and terminating with pinheadlike disks at the ends. The other form (fig. 4:, g) may be present occasionally in the paren- chyme, intermingled with the former. It is somewhat smaller in size, measuring about 55/jl in diameter. Each short principal is sup- plied with a bell-shaped, outwardly extending tuft of four to six terminals, differentiating it from the preceding. These are somewhat stronger, thicker, and fewer than those of the former form, and each terminates in a small circular pinheadlike disk. The oxyhexaster (fig. 4, ^) occurs more frequently than the disco- hexaster above mentioned, appearing chiefly on the dermal membrane and sparsely in the parenchyme. It measures on the average about 118040—32 3 34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 90 fi ill diameter. Its short, smooth, principal ray (8/a long as meas- ured from the axial center) divides into 3 to 4 widely diverging, straight terminals, two or three times the length of the principal ray. These terminals have sharply pointed ends. Of the spicules irregu- larly scattered throughout the parenchyme, I will describe the oxy- hexactin (fig. 4, j) and oxypentactin in addition to the above-men- tioned spicules ; the former seems to be more numerous than the latter. They are very numerous everywhere, in the choanosome, ectosome, and in the endosome. The oxyhexactin measures 130/x, to 140/* in axial length and Qfx broad at the base. The rays are gradually attenuated to the sharply pointed ends, and the surface is sparsely roughened. The oxypentactin is of nearly the same size and has the same features as the former spicule. FARREA WATASEI, new species Figure 5 ; Plate 3, Figure 1 There is but a single specimen (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22035) of this new species. It is fairly large and was obtained from a depth of 682 fathoms near Petropavlovsk in Bering Sea (Station 4Y97). The sponge is of a somewhat large, thick-walled, irregular, tubular configuration measuring 2 mm to 3 mm in the middle and becoming gradually more or less thinner toward edges. The char- acteristic dictyonal framework, which appears commonly in all mem- bers of the genus Farrea, is distinctly present in this specimen and is densely filled up by microscleres. The incurrent and excur- rent canalar apertures are of nearly the same size and shape : mostly small and circular, 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm in diameter. Spiculation. — The dictyonal framework of F. watasei for the most part consists of two or more layers. Infrequently it is in one layer, as in many other species of Farfea. In the many-layered dictyonal framework, the radial beams extend between the layers, which lie irregularly or parallel to one another. These radial beams somewhat resemble tangential beams in their cylindrical shape, though they are frequently roughened on the surface. The promi- nences, which project from the outer and inner surface of the whole latticework, measure 500/i to 600/x. They are always tuberculous. The length of these freely projecting conical prominences varies as much as their form within fairly wide limits. They are generally straight or somewhat curved terminally, slender and shorter in the younger portions, and longer on the surface of the many-layered framework of the older regions. The breadth of the beams varies considerably, from 60|U. to 90/x. Of the spicules in the loose parenchyme, which lies between the dictyonal framework, the uncinate is first described. It exhibits an AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 35 extraordinary variability in length, but is usually 3.5 mm long and 12;ti broad at the middle. It is disposed obliquely or perpen- dicularly to the surface, traversing the wall of the tube in a radial direction, the proximal two-thirds imbedded in the body of the sponge. Though the tip does not usually penetrate the dermal mem- brane, it occasionally does for a third of its length. The inner weaker and pointed ends remain at some distance from the gastral membrane or reach it. The spines arranged around the shaft are very slender and short, supported on very weak bracketlike processes. Figure 5. — Farrea watasei, ntw species : a. Dermal pentactin ; b, hexactin ; c, discohexaster (form A) ; d, discohexaster (form B) ; e, oxyhexaster ; f, oxyhex- aster ; g, circular umbollate clavulae ; h, anchoratG hooked clavulae ; i, ancliorate hooked clavulae ; j, anchorate hooked clavulae. All X 250 Besides the uncinates, parenchymalia are represented by simple oxyhexasters (fig. 5, /) in abundance, though they frequently occur in subdermal or subgastral regions, intermingled with discoctasters. In these the principal rays, which are long, smooth, and some- what attenuated to the end, divide into two to three widely diverging, straight, short, smooth terminals, half as long as the principals. Terminals arising infrequently from the principals are reduced to only one in number (fig. 5, e). In certain cases one of the six rays 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 81 of the same spicule may be divided into two short terminals while the other principals are not divided at the end. From this form, I can ascertain that the oxyhexaster of the present species may be derived from the small hexactin, though the latter is not found in this sponge, Oxyhexasters measure 40/i. to YO/a in diameter; the terminals are 8fx to 12/j, long, and the principals are twice as long as the terminals. Besides the uncinates and the oxyhexasters, the parenchymalia of the present species contain many simple hexactins and pentactins of much larger size, though they occur abundantly on subdermal regions and are sometimes nearly absent in the parenchyme. Most of the hexactins (fig. 5, &) measure IGO/x to 240/x in axial length ; their rays are gradually attentuated to sharply pointed ends. The surface of the rays is slightly roughened. These spicules are sparsely distributed in the parenchyme, though much more abun- dantly in regions between the dermal pentactins. The pentactinic form appears rarely, intermingling with the former, and exhibits nearly the same structure as the hexactins. The dermal membrane is supported by the four rectangularly intersecting tangential rays of the pentactins (fig. 5, a), whose unpaired proximal ray penetrates into the parenchyme vertically. Though the proximal ray is always perfectly straight and gradu- ally narrowed into a conical form toward the pointed end, the four paratangential rays are frequently bent gently inward. Infre- quently they are straight and end in a conical point. All the sur- faces are roughened; and toward the ends of the rays the micro- spines increase in height and are more densely placed. The proximal ray usually does not exceed the tangential in length, measuring 200/x to 350/x in length and 30/* broad at the base. It is always cylindrical and somewhat smooth at a short distance from the base, with the exception of a strongly roughened end. The tangential rays are also cylindrical and usually somewhat longer, measuring 230/1 to 380/x in length. The roughness of the surface is quite similar to that of the proximal ray. The opposed tangential rays of these pentacts in the dermal mem- brane form a nearly quadratic framework. Frequently, also, they are irregularly arranged. The gastral pentactins agree essentially with the dermal; so that 1 may simply refer to the above description of the latter and note only that the principal deviations are a somewhat smaller size and a somewhat less regular arrangement. Discohexasters seem to be of two kinds, which are designated by the letters A and B. Form A (fig. 5, c) appears commonly in subdermal and in subgastral regions, and infrequently in the ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 37 parenchyme, while form B (fig. 5, d) is rarely found in siibclermal regions. Much preparation and special research will be necessary to find it. Form A measures 70/i, to 80^^ in diameter, and is provided with tolerably long, smooth principals, measuring about 20/^, which are divided into 2 to 3 short, straight, narrowly divergent terminals tipped with a small pinhead knob. Form B, which is found very rarely in subdermal regions, measures 90/x to 95/x in diameter and is characterized by fairly long S-shaped terminals, disposed in a perianthlike whorl tipped with a small knob. Clavulae are of two kinds, namely, circular umbellate and delicate anchorate hooked ; both occur in the dermal layer. The circular umbellate clavulae (fig. 5, g) represent a common type that appears in many members of this genus. They occur rarely on the surface of the dermal layer, penetrating perpendicularly to the surface, close to the unpaired proximal rays of the dermal pentactins. The umbel is provided with minute teeth on the margin and is 20,u, broad. The shaft is 200|U, long, somewhat broadened just below the umbel, and gradually attenuated toward the conically pointed end. The surface is sparsely roughened, the roughness being somewhat pronounced on the proximal parts of the shaft. Of the anchorate hooked clavulae two kinds of small forms are found. In one form (fig. 5, ?', j) the shaft shows toward its upper end at most a gentle thickening, which bears terminally 6 to 8 delicate, slender, markedly recurved hooks, or teeth, producing a certain resemblance to an anchor. The so-called head frequently shows an external slightly raised swelling at the center which occa- sionally is entirely absent, then being represented merely by a convex surface. The shaft is 200^^ long, and 3/* broad proximally. The head, at least, and the greater part of the shaft, are partly desti- tute of the roughness so frequent in the circular umbellate clavulae. In the other form (fig. 5, h) the end of the shaft makes a promi- nent conical swelling, from which 3 or 4 slender curved hooks project. This form occurs infrequently in the dermal layer, inter- mixed with the former, and measures 200jw in length. The shaft is entirely smooth and totally devoid of lateral spines. FARREA SOLLASII F. E. Schuize Farrea sollasii F. E. Schulze, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 21, p. 281, pi. 74, figs. 1-6, 1887. ^ There is a single specimen in the collection that may be identified as F. sollasii. It was collected from a depth of 197 fathoms at the entrance to Uraga Strait, between Jogashima and Okinose in Sagami Sea (Station 5091). I wish to call attention here to the numerous larvae of this species that were found in the maternal sponge body. 38 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Ijima in his Contribution III, page 42, speaks of the spherical larva of Leucopsacus orthodiom, and in his Contribution IV, page 46, of the spindle-shaped ones of VitroUula fertilis. The present larvae are also spindle shaped, and I consider them larvae in an early stage of development. Our spindle-shaped larvae measure 100/x, to 105/a in breadth and 220^ to 250/x in height. It was not possible to give a detailed account of them, as my preparations were not sectioned and the specimens were poorly preserved. The macrosclere, which first makes its ap- pearance in the larva, is a minute and delicate-rayed oxystauractin. The spicule is situated on the surface, with the plane of the four rays disposed paratangentially to the surface of the larva. The longer distal and proximal rays cross or join each other at both ends of the other ox5^stauractins on both peripheral ends of the larva. Their smooth, greatly tapering longer proximal and distal rays with the sharply pointed or somewhat inflated ends may be 95/x to 100/x long, and the shorter paratangential rays measure 60/a in length. The epithelial covering is entirely concealed from view. FARREA SOLLASII YAKUSHIMENSIS, new subspecies Specimen A (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22036) is much branched, forming composite masses, and measures 25 mm in height and 50 mm in breadth. It exhibits a somewhat narrow-meshed tubular frame- work, which was fixed to a substratum by means of a few compact pedicles. In inferior regions of the sponge body in parts near the pedicles, most of the soft parts are macerated, and only the dictyonal frameworks are complete. The constituent tubes are 2 mm to 3 mm in breadth and open out by means of short projecting terminal branches. In external appearance this specimen seems to be allied to the members of Eurete, Table 12. — Record of specimens of Farrea soUasii yakushimensis Specimen Collected at— Description A Station 4924, 18 miles SW. of Yakushima, 159 fathoms Large. Small B do.. C Station 4929, 10 miles S. of Yakushima, 84 fathoms Do Specimen B is much smaller and poorly preserved ; nearly all the soft parts are macerated. The body is attached to a stone by a short pedicle. The height of the specimen is 25'Inm, and the broadest part, which is at the distal end of the sponge body, measures 23 mm. Specimen C, preserved in alcohol, is attached to a stone by the broad base measuring 8 mm. Although the greater part of it is so completely macerated that only the dictyonal net is left, the soft ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 39 parts are sufficiently preserved to make it possible to study the iso- lated spicules. It is 11 mm in height and 13 mm in breadth. The chief difference from typical sollasii lies in the total ab- sense of large onychasters and oxyhexasters, as well as in the presence of the much smaller circular umbellate clavulae. The discohexaster of the present subspecies is much smaller, measuring 40/a to 45/a in diameter, and has a somewhat stronger and much shorter terminal. Of the circular umbellate clavulae, some deviations occur in different regions of the same sponge. This variation is chiefly associated with the swelling on the shaft, just below the umbel. In many cases the swelling is conspicuous ; occasionally it is totally lacking or is incon- spicuous. The roughness of the surface is much pronounced on the swelling or on parts just below the terminal umbel. The anchorate hooked clavulae are quit« delicate. They have 8 to 10 weakly devel- oped, slender, hooklike spines, widely diverged externally, and 55/x to 67/A in breadth at the lower extension. The shaft is slender, smooth on the surface, gradually attenuated to the pointed end, and 450jli long and 8/a broad just below the umbel. The four tangential rays of the dermal pentactins are much more distinctly tuberculous and somewhat broader than those of the typical form. FARREA BERINGIANA, new species Figure 6 ; Plate 3, Figure 5 Several large and small fragments (U.S.N.M. No. 22037) which may represent parts of the lateral wall of a sponge body, were col- lected from a depth of 64 fathoms, off Bering Island, Bering Sea (Station 4790). Though both the shape of the sponge and its spiculation might warrant establishing a new genus for this material, and indeed I find that the entire spiculation, particularly the dictyonal framework and total absence of umbel clavulae, is completely different from what we find in other species of Farrea^ I venture to retain it in the pres- ent genus. Instead of the network and tubular sponge body, which occur in many species of Farrea^ there is here the moderately soft, fairly thick, compact wall of a large cup. The sponge body was broken into several fragments 30 mm to 34 mm broad, and accord- ingly the complete outer configuration could not be studied. Yet I believe that the body does not form the framework of a slender tube, as in many species of Farrea; it rather seems to form a somewhat larger cup or tube. The gastral membrane, which is quite clearly visible in alcoholic specimens, extends over the whole inner surface in the form of a delicate skin. A quadrate, latticelike network, formed of opposed dermalia or gastralia, is entirely absent on all sides of both mem- 40 PROCEEDIlSrGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 branes, which have an irregular streaky appearance, though the dictyonal framework is visible from the outside. FiGDUH 6. — Farrea beringiana, new species : a. Dermal pentactiii ; 5, small clavula ; c, upper view of head of small clavula ; d, small clavula ; e, large clavula ; f, upper view of head of large clavula ; g, tylohexastcr ; h, tylohexaster ; i, tylohex- aster ; j, discohcxastcr ; k, large extremity of diactin ; I, small extremity of diactin. All X 250 Spiculation.~ThQ dictyonal framework exhibits notable variations in the different regions of the plate, but chiefly forms perfectly square or rectangular meshes of variable sizes. Most of ih^ beams AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 41 of the framework are smooth on the surface. They are frequently beset with tubercles on the longitudinal beams and are fairly slender, measuring 34/i to 50/x in width, and are curved. The moderately long and curved, free-projecting prongs, or conical pegs, are 4 mm to 1.7 mm long, rough and tubercled on the surface, and project from the inner or outer side, frequently laterally from the median beams. The dermal membrane is supported by the four rectangularly intersecting tangential rays of pentactins (fig. 6, a), whose unpaired proximal ray penetrates into the parenchyme vertically. Though the proximal ray is always perfectly straight and slightly roughened on the surface, the tangential rays are somewliat curved inward and more roughened on the surface, with the roughness much more pro- nounced toward the end of the rays. The proximal ray, which is usually much longer than the tangential, measuring 340/x to 510/^ in length and IQ/x to 24/^ broad near the center, is somewhat smooth at a short distance from the center. The tangential rays are usually more or less shorter, 280/x to 320/x long, and slightly curved inward. These pentactins on the dermal membrane are very irregularly arranged, though sometimas they form a quadratic framework. The gastral pentactins agree essentially with the dermal. The clavulae are a kind of hooked anchorate. Their size varia- tion is considerable in different regions of the same sponge. This, on the one hand, is chiefly associated with the total sizes of the spicule and, on the other, is partly associated with the number of the protruding teeth on the peripliery of the head. These deviations merge into one another through forms of intermediate size and shape. The larger clavulae (fig. 6, c, /), which occur mostly on the dermal Isijer and occasionally on the gastral layer, penetrating obliquely or lying on the surface, are 1 mm to 1.7 mm long. The head, 50/* to 70ju, in width, shows a convex, smooth surface with an external, slightly raised swelling at its center. It is usually provided with 10 to 14 strong, externally curved or nearly straight teeth 140ju, long, forming a large bunch 200/t broad at the distal expansion. The shaft is gradually attenuated to the conically pointed end, measuring 12/x, to IQ/x broad on parts just below the head and Sfx broad near the end. The curved or nearly straight lateral spines project from the proximal parts of the shaft. They are 80/* to 105/x long, their length gradually decreasing downward. The smaller form (fig. 6, b, c, d), measuring 760/t to 850/x long, is much more abundant on the gastral and dermal layers, pene- trating vertically to the surface, exposing only its head from the surface or being immersed entirely into the body wall. The head is much smaller, measuring 20/c in diameter, and its surface is quite smooth and convex or weakly raised at the center. In some of these forms the spines projecting from the periphery of the 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 terminal disk are arranged in a spiral manner and are not so regular as in those of the larger ones. In the hypodermal and hypogastral layers, the prominent tylo- hexasters (fig. 6, g^ A, ^) are abundant but are not so numerous in the parenchyme, being sparsely distributed, intermingled with discohexasters derived by reduction and stoutness of terminals from the former. The tylohexaster of large rosettes, which possess term- inal rays bearing pinheadlike disks at the ends, exhibits the typical number of principal rays, since as a rule six are present. At the slightly expanded outer end they divide into 6 to 15 straight or some- what S-shaped terminals, which diverge slightly in a tuft and attain a length about double that of the principals. Each terminal, smoothed on the surface, bears at its extremity a small pinheadlike disk. The tylohexasters vary considerably in size, measuring SO/a to 150/A in diameter ; the larger ones occur mostly in the ectosome, while the smaller ones are present in the choanosome. Two other kinds of spicules, which are considered derivatives of the normal tylohexas- ter above mentioned, are found rarely in the parenchyme. I there- fore do not give special descriptions of them. Frequently I have found a discohexaster (fig. 6, j) intermingled with the tylohexasters, mostly in the ectosome, with 3 to 4 robust gently curved terminal rays. The curvature of the terminal rays usually assumes an S-shaped form and results in the formation of strong, three or four rayed perianthlike whorls at the end of the principal rays. Uncinates of heHngiana usually penetrate the dermal surface obliquely, though they are sometimes perpendicular to it. They vary in length and thickness, measuring 1 mm to 1.5 mm long and 8/* broad at the center, and are surrounded by fine barbs. The large diactins (fig. 6, ^, I) in the hypodermal regions show a character peculiarly different from those of other members of the genus. They may attain a length of 9 mm, measuring TO/x, broad at the center and gradually attenuating to a conically pointed end. The entire surface of the spicule is nearly smooth, except at both ends where the surface is sparsely roughened by microspines, though that of the larger one is distinguished by larger and more densely dis- tributed microtubercles. INDETERMINABLE FARREA There is in the collection a small colony of specimens of Farrea collected by the Albati'oss and not determinable specifically. It is completely macerated and as it would be futile to describe it in detail, I merely give the following record of it : Station 4768 ("Bowers Bank," Bering Sea). Small macerated colony. AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 43 Subtribe Scopularia F. E. Schulze, s. ext. Family EURETIDAE F. E. Schulze, s. ext. Genus EURETE Semper, 1868 EURETE NIPPONICA, new species Plate 3, Figure 3 Among the specimens of Eurete collected, a single small injured specimen (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22038) appears to represent a new species. It was obtained at Station 4893 (10 to 20 miles southwest of the Goto Islands, 106 fathoms). This small and erect sponge arising from the slender tubular basal region measures 25 mm in height and about 24 mm in breadth. At the upper end there are irregular, radial tubes about 5 mm in diameter, most of which are injured at the apertural margin. The soft parts are sufficiently pre- served in places to enable one to recognize the microscleres. In spicular characters Eurete nipponlca closely resembles E. timr- shalli, differing from it in the thickened spinose nodes at the inter- sections of the dictyonal beams and in having onychasters in the parenchyme. The onychaster may be considered as a derivative of the discohexaster, though, as I have demonstrated, this form may be derived from an oxyhexaster. The dictyonal net forms a regular to irregular triangular or quad- rangular honeycomb. The beams composing it are nearly covered with conically pointed small tubercles on the entire surface. Every- where in the lower, older regions of the specimen the dictyonal network forms a thicker layer. It is stronger and is covered entirely with many more, stout tubercles. At the dermal and gastral margins, on the surfaces bounding the honeycomb cavities, most of the nodes appear distinct, round, and thickened, showing a strawberrylike form, though much more prominently formed on the dermal than on the gastral regions. The dermal membrane is supported by pentactins with paratangen- tial Yixys, 160^ to 200;ii long, which are nearly straight or bent inward, gradually attenuated toward the conically pointed or round ends, and covered with microtubercles on the surface, being somewhat pro- nounced at the ends. The proximal radial ray is somev/hat shorter in length, is gradually attenuated to the slightly roughened, coni- cally pointed end, and usually bears densely distributed, small pointed tubercles. The gastralia are also pentactins, which show nearly the same features as the dermalia, though they have more inwardly curved tangential rays. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 The scopules are numerous and arranged perpendicularly or obliquely to both surfaces ; they are rather abundant in the dermal layer and are variable in shape. They usually have four branches, which lie close to the center of the pentactins, where the proximal unpaired ray is given off, and which nearly reach the surface. The shaft is generally simple, smooth, straight, 20/x to 210)it long, and grad- ually attenuated toward the pointed, roughened end. It is always rough terminally, but for the rest of its length nearly smooth. Though the number of branches is subject to considerable variation, they are most commonly 4 in number. They arise from a compara- tively short thickening at the distal end of the shaft. The basal part of each branch is thin, about 52ju, long, and extends upward, bending slightly outward. Toward the end it is thickened in a club-shaped manner and is sparsely covered with spines, small and indistinct at the base, larger toward the distal end, and directed backward. Uncinates, varying in length and thickness, are quite frequently found close to the dictyonal honeycomb. They are arranged perpen- dicularly, occasionally obliquely, to the surface and usually pene- trate the whole thickness of the sponge wall. The outer half of the spicule, nearer the dermal surface, is always thicker than the inner half (nearer the gastral surface), which is gradually attenuated to a pointed end. They are mostly 85/a long and 8ju to 15fi broad at the thickest part of the outer half of the spicule. The spines projecting from the entire surface of the spicule are arranged densely but irregularly. Much more peculiar and worthy of interest are the hexasters scat- tered in varying numbers irregularly through the parenchyme. Their shapes and sizes differ in different regions of the same individual. The onychasters are 45/x to 55yu, in diameter. From each short principal there arise three or four thin, tapering, nearly straight, considerably divergent terminals. The terminations of the branch ray bear a verticil of fine claws, usually four in number. These are of small size, and subject to little variation. The claws are hori- zontal to the branch raj^ or extend obliquely downward, and are slightly recurved. Sometimes, perhaps less often, they extend obliquely upward at the end of the terminals. These probably are not senile structures, as they are produced in all hexasters of the present species and are undoubtedly derived from the oxyhexaster by the transformation of the extremities of the terminals. True oxyhexasters occur more abundantly than the former ony- chasters, and the latter may be easilj^ overlooked unless a special search be made for them. Sometimes it was difficult to find even a single onychaster between the numerous oxyhexasters; sometimes ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 45 both were present in nearly equal numbers. The onychasters are only occasionally present in parenchymal regions. In the oxyhex- asters, the diameter is usually 50^ to 75/x. The principals are of moderate length and relatively slender, being about 8/x to lOju, long, as measured from the central point of the axial cross. The slightly swollen end of the principals bears 3 to 5 terminals in a diverging tuft, smooth, tapering, generally nearly straight, but frequently curved outwardly near the end. These spicules mostly occur on the subdermal regions and closely resemble in general appearance those occurring in E. inarshoili. EURETE SACCULIFORMIS. new species Plate 3, Figures G, 7 Five complete colonies (cotypes, U.S.N.M. No. 22039) and two other fragments of E. sacouliforniis are in the collection. They were obtained 10 to 20 miles southwest of the Goto Island (Station 4890), at a depth of 135 fathoms, together with Aphrocallistes heatrix orientalis Ijima. One entire specimen forms a hemispheroidal mass, which has a diameter of 30 mm to 40 mm and a height of 24 mm to 35 mm. It is attached at the base. The surface is plainly flattened by short inferiorly expanded peduncles. The lobes are usually about 5 mm thick, and the sponge appears as if it had been produced by a con- tinued branching and anastomosing growth that started from centers of the lower regions. The oscula are about 3 mm in diameter and are bounded by a thick wall, not thinned out at the margin as is usual in members of the present genus. (It is difficult to ascertain the true features in greatly broken specimens.) The surface of the sponge appears slightly porous, owing to the numerous afferent canals. In spots, especially in the oscular margin of the tubes, the afferent canals are nearly closed, and the surface has a heterogeneous appearance. Sficulation. — The dictyonal net forms an irregular and nearly uni- form honeycomb. The hexactinic dictyonalia, which are joined in a regular manner, form a net or latticework with irregular triangular or quadrangular meshes. Fairly long, tuberculous, cylindrical processes protrude from the dermal and gastral surfaces. Those protruding from the dermal surface are distally expanded in a knob- like swelling and are quite densely tuberculous, while those protrud- ing from the gastral surface are conically pointed and sparsely roughened. The beams composing the dictyonal net are sparsely covered with small pointed tubercles. They are lOO^u to 120/x broad at the middle, becoming broader at their intersections. 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 The dermalia are nearly smooth pentactins. The rays vary from IQOfi to 190/A in length, as measured from the center, and are 16/* thick at the middle. They taper outward slightly, or not at all, and end somewhat rounded or exjDanded. The paratangential cross is usu- ally — but not always — slightly convex, as the rays themselves. On the surface, the dermal latticework presents irregular meshes, though in places these show a tendency toward an irregular quadrate ar- rangement. All the rays are nearly smooth on the surface, except on the thickened, rounded end, which is covered with densely distributed tubercles. The gastralia are also pentactins, though they are somewhat different in shape and size from those of the dermalia. The para- tangentials measure 180/^ to 200fx in length, while the proximal un- paired ray is somewhat longer, measuring 200/a to 250/x. All the rays are quite straight, not arched convexly as in the dermalia, and grad- ually attenuated toward the conically pointed and roughened ends. Scopulae are represented by two kinds, one being a larger, robuster, and much more abundant form than the other. It has four terminal branches, which lie between the proximal radial rays of the dermal hexactins and nearly reach the surface, arising from an inconspicu- ous, short thickening at the distal end of the shaft. The basal part of each branch is uniformly thick, sparsely covered with microspines and slightly divergent outward. Toward the end, branches are thickened in a spherical knob-shaped manner. It is also densely covered with spines, large and distinct at the base, directed back- ward, and smaller toward the distal convexed surface. The shaft is generally simple, straight, SOO/i, to 400/x long, and gradually attenu- ated toward the pointed and roughened end. Of the other kind of scopulae, two to four branches also project at the tip of the shaft ; but they are different from the scopulae de- scribed above, as follows : The distal thickening of the shaft is very prominent, nearly spherical, and the two to four branched rays arise from its margin and diverge somewhat prominently outward. They are nearly cylindrical, measuring 30/^ to 40/1 in length, somewhat thin at the base, and gradually thickened at the end. They terminate in a small spherical knoblike swelling densely covered with microspines which are larger at the base and directed backward. The onychasters are fairly numerous in the choanosome. They are slender rayed and rather small, 40/* to TO/* in diameter. Each short principal bears two or three, sometimes four, terminals, which are widely divergent, quite straight, thickest at the base, and gradually thinned out toward the end. They are quite smooth on the surface. The tip carries two fine prongs. Unlike the claws in a true ony- chaster, these are generally directed obliquely forward and outward. ABT. 12 HEXACTIlSrELLID SPONGES OKADA 47 The small circular nodule from which the very short principals arise is not formed as in most cases, the onychasters merely intersecting at the center. Uncinates show the usual features common to members of the present genus. They measure 2.5 mm in length and S/x broad at the center. EURETE SCHMmXII F. E. Schulze Eurcte schmidtii F. E. Schulze, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 21, p. 293, pi. 78, figs. 1-6, 1887. Of E. schviidtii there are four nearly complete small colonies and single small fragments, which are somewhat macerated and injured at the extremities of the tubes. They were obtained from two sta- tions not far apart near the entrance to Enoura, Suruga Gulf (Table 13). Table 13. — Record of specimens of Eurete schmidtii Lot Collected at— Number and description A B. Station 5069, entrance to Enoura, Suruga Gulf, 131 fathoms. Station 5070, entrance to Enoura, Suruga Gulf, 108 fathoms. Two, nearly complete, small. Two, nearly complete, but macerated; one small fragment. The outer configuration of our specimens closely resembles that of the type specimens. Unfortunately the basal portion supporting the entire colony, described for a Japanese specimen by F. E. Schulze in his Challenger report, is entirely absent here. On some of the specimens there were numerous small Actiniae irregularly scattered about as already recorded for the present and other species by other authors. Besides the common typical oxyhexaster of this species two other kinds of spicules are found intermingled with the former; the one is nearly similar to that occurring in the Challenger type, being somewhat different in the number of terminals and in the manner of their curvature. Of less frequent occurrence is the other kind of oxyhexaster of nearly the same size, which differs from the first in having a distinct central knob and widely divergent terminals, which are not curved outwardly at the ends. Of more frequent occurrence are the medium-sized oxyhexasters with simple principal rays of medium length, and with 2 to 3 outwardly bent or nearly straight medium-sized terminals, as in the type specimens. The ter- minal rays are usually twice as long as the principals of the same spicule. The oxyhexaster in question is entirely similar to that oc- curring in Periphragella elisae Marshall. {Challenger ReD.. d1. 81. fig. 5.) 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vor.. 81 The 2 to 4 terminal barbs of the much more numerous scopulae are somewhat different from those of the type specimens. They are rather weakly developed at the base, but gradually increase in diameter at the middle and again decrease, being extremely attenu- ated toward the sharpened spinous end. EURETE IRREGULARIS, new species Plate 3, Figuke 4 At Station 5030, two small sponges (cotypes, U.S.N.M. No. 22040) were taken. Owing to the fact that the microscleres had not been totally lost, the specimens are fairly well preserved. One of the bodies is an irregularly shaped tube 28 mm long with a greatest transverse diameter of 16 mm. The wall is about 3 mm thick, slightly thinning out above to an opening of the tube. The other sponge is also tubular in form but variously divided. There is no basal plate. In neither specimen is the upper end of the sponge preserved, and it may be seen that the axis is not dichotomously prolonged into branches, but remains single. Parts of the edge of cup may be flared out or may simply project toward one another. Spiculation. — The dictyonal net forms a regular elongated quad- rangular honeycomb. The beams composing it are quite smooth and approximately of the same breadth {10[x to fO/t) throughout the en- tire length. The rather slender processes, Avhich become gradually attenuated toward the ends of the conically pointed beams, protrude from the dictyonal net toward the dermal and gastral surfaces. The dermalia are pentactins, which are commonly supplied with a bosslike rudiment of the distal sixth ray. The rays are rather strong, 220/i to 250/x in length (as measured from the center), especially the proximal, unpaired ray, which is tAvice as long as the para- tangentials, and 12/t in thickness at the base. Their surface is beset throughout with obsolete microspiiies growing more prominent toward the end and thinner toward the base of the rays and the central node. They taper perceptibly from the base toward the coni- cally pointed or rounded end. The paratangential cross is usually much more convex on the inward surface, which is due to the curva- ture of the rays themselves. The gastralia are also pentactins, resembling the dermalia. The rays are similar to those of the dermalia, except that the paratan- gentials are usually not so curved convexly, being nearly straight. Much more peculiar and worthy of interest are the onychasters scattered abundantly in the parenchyme. Their shape and size differ in different regions of the same individual. The onychasters themselves vary greatly in the length and the number of rays. The normal onychaster usually measures TO/x to 80/^ ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 49 in axial length. The short principals are 12fj. long and generally bear three widely divergent terminals, which are 24/a in length, nearly straight or slightly bent, and thickest at the base, thinning out to a very fine caliber toward the end. They are quite smooth on the surface. In the same spicule all the claws are similar in shape and of nearly equal size. Transitional forms connect them with the normal onychaster, and they all occur in the parenchyme. Sometimes all the principals are supplied with two, occasionally three, terminals, and at other times they are either hemihexactinic or quite hexactinic forms, showing an increase in diameter (6;V to 95)u, in diameter) over normal forms. The tip of the terminal branches is without a trace of a disklike expansion but bears a whorl of two or three short and exceedingly fine prongs, directed obliquely backward. Scopulae are of one kind, forming delicate spicules 300/x to 350yDt long in the entire length. They are arranged perpendicularly to the surface, forming a bundle around the proximal ray of dermal pen- tactins, their terminal branches protruding forward from the sponge wall. The shaft is generally simple, straight, 280;ii to 300/i long, and gradually attenuated toward the conically pointed end. All the surfaces are quite smooth. The number and shape of the terminal branches are subject to considerable variation. They are slender, 4 to 8 in number, 30/a to 45/a long, nearly the same breadth throughout, and quite smooth on the surface. They arise from a prominent thickening at the distal end of the shaft, which is provided with three or four weak protuberances on the surface, 8/a in breadth. They run nearly parallel or slightly divergent on the whole. The most characteristic feature of the spicule is the distal thickening of the shaft, which has several protuberances on the surface. A most peculiar feature of the species is the total absence of uncinates. I have searched particularly for them in all the prepara- tions, but I must confess that I am still in doubt regarding them. EURETE FARREOPSIS Carter Eiiretc farreopsis Carter, Ann. jNIag. Nat. Ilist., ser. 4, vol. 19, p. 122, pi. 9, figs. 1-7, 1877.— F. E. ScHTJLZE. Challenger Rep., vol. 21, p. 295, pi. 79, flgs. 5-8, 1887. A single small, almost completely preserved, specimen and several fragments of E. farreopsis were collected from two stations. (Table 14.) The species resembles Pararetc carterl in essential spiculations, excei^t for the curved terminal branches of scopulae and for the mucl\ more delicate discohexaster. The specimens in question deviate from the type specimens as follows, but these variations are deemed too slight to warrant the establishment of a new species: 118040—32 4 50 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Table 14. — Record of specimens of Eurete farreopsis Lot Collected at— Number and description A Station 4890, 10-20 miles SW. of Goto Islands, 135 fathoms. B ' Station 4934, off Kagoshima Gulf, 103 fathoms Several fragments. One, nearly complete. Of the scopulae the sharj^ brakelike bend of the terminal branches, which characterizes the spicules of the species, does not constantly occur, some scopulae being occasionally found with straight terminal branches, as in P. carteri. In addition to the common discohexaster like that in the typical species, another with widely divergent termi- nals is occasionally found scattered in the parenchyme as well as in the hypoderm. The greatest variations of the spicules of this sponge are to be found in the free hexactins, which are abundant in the parenchyme, but these variations in spiculation are correlated with the parts or regions of the sponge body where they enter into the formation of the dictyonal framework. Genus PERIPHRAGELLA Marshall, 1875 PERIPHRAGELLA ELISAE Marshall Periphragella elisae Marshall, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. 25, suppl., pp. 177-180, pi. 12, fig. B, 1875 ; Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. 27, p. 123, 1876. A large nearly complete specimen, resembling in outer configura- tion the Challenger specimen brought from Enoshima, Japan, by Doderlein, was obtained from a depth of 369 fathoms in Sagami Bay, near Jogashima (Station 5088). It has the form of a nearly straight cup, or funnel, 137 mm in length, and rises, with a round hollow stalk of 16 mm diameter, from an irregularly formed basal plate 40 mm broad, and gradually expands upward toward the round terminal opening, which is 40 mm in diameter. Most of the narrow tubular branches, which project externally from all the surface, are injured toward the ends of the tubes. The discohexaster in the parenchyme differs slightly from that of the type specimens in having broad, long principals. From these arise five or six short but strong terminals, which are half as long as the principal. Distally they are weakly bent outward, becoming perianthlike in shape. On the form of the discohexaster the P. elisae from Japanese waters, described by Schulze in the Challenger re- port, ought to be separated from the typical species, as it has long, slender, widely divergent terminals, nearly twice as long as the principals. AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 51 Family APHROCALLISTIDAE J. E. Gray, 1858 Genus APHROCALLISTES J. E. Gray, 1858 APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX ORIENTALIS Ijima Plate 4, Figure 1 AphrocoUistes heatrix orientalis Ijima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 9, pt. 2, pp. 173-182, 1916. Many complete colonies and fragments that may be identified as A. h. orientoJis Ijima were obtained from the several stations men- tioned in Table 14, all of which, except Station 5092, are close tofrether. In these specimens I have found certain differences in spiculation from the type specimens. In specimens D, the macro- scleres and microscleres show a comparatively much more delicate form than those of the typical species. The distal ray of the dermal pinules, especially, is slender and is provided with weak lateral spines. Furthermore, the oxyhexasters also have much slenderer terminals. In the parenchymal regions of these sponges I have occasionally found hexactins of variable sizes, which may be of some consequence in the formation of the dictyonal framework. Table 14. — Record of specimens of Aphrocallistes beatrix orientalis Specimens Collected at— A Station 4890, 10-12 miles SW. of Goto Islands, 135 fathoms. B. Station 4894, 10-12 miles SW. of Goto Islands, 95 fathoms... C j Station 4895, 10-12 miles SW. of Goto Islands, 95 fathoms... D 1 Station 4934, ofi Kagoshima Gulf, 153 fathoms.. E 1 Station 4937, in Kagoshima Gulf, 5S fathoms F 1 Station 5092, entrance of Uraga Channel, 70 fathoms Number and description Three, nearly complete; seven fragments. Small macerated dry frag ments. Two, macerated. Two, macerated and injured. Four, macerated and injured. One, macerated. Specimens A are fine and uninjured. The fully developed form is a tube gradually widening upward, with numerous radial glove- fingerlike swellings on the lateral walls. The axis of the entire tube, which may attain a length of 87 mm or more, as a rule has a slight curvature. The inferior extremity, which is firmly attached to the substratum, has the form of short peduncles, which are 5 mm to 7 mm in breadth. The length of these diverticula, which always end in a small circular osculum, as measured on the outer end of the tube, is in most cases 9 mm, but gradually decreases in the middle and upper parts to a length varying from 3 mm to 5 mm. Very fre- quently much elongated diverticula occur here and there at a distance above the base. These are bent obliquely downward, occasionally 52 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIOISTAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 reaching the firm substratum as if they were used for supporting the entire sponge. I have found many cases in which the diverticula are arranged in more or less longitudinal rows usually nine in num- ber, which in inferior parts of the entire tube are arranged in a cruciate manner. Above, this arrangement becomes indistinct and irregular. Where the upper terminal opening with its natural mar- gin is present and uninjured, it is closed by a transversely stretched narrow-meshed latticelike plate. The latter is somewhat concavely incurved, or occasionally not curved, and united to the honeycomblike lateral wall. In a few cases this latticelike transverse partition occurs in the interior of the tube, as already reported by Schmidt and Mar- shall. I agree Avith Schulze's opinion regarding its formation and significance, as mentioned in his Challenger report. There is some doubt in regard to the onychaster of specimens described by other authors. In the specimens of the Challenger expedition, Schulze does not describe the onychaster, while in the specimen from Andamans in the Indian Ocean, he reports it for this species. On the other hand, the discoctaster was mentioned by him in the former specimen and not in the latter. At any rate the spicules in question are present in all the specimens before me. APHROCALLISTES INTERMEDIA, new speciea Three fairly large, macerated fragments and several well-pre- served fragments (cotypes, U.S.N.M, No. 22121) of this species were collected from two stations (Table 15). Table 15. — Record of specimens of Aphrocallistes intermedia Specimens Collected at— Number and description A Station 4803, about southeast of Sliimushir Island, Kuriles, 229 fathoms. Station 480-1, about southeast of Shimushir Island, Kuriles, 229 fathoms. Three, fairly large, macerated frag- B ments. Several well-preserved fragments, in- cluding the sieve plate. I have some doubt as to whether inter^nedia should be placed under Aphrocallistes or whether a distinct genus should be erected for it. The characters distinguishing it from Aphrocallistes are found in the presence of scopulae on the gastral regions and in the existence of a peculiar gastral oxyhexaster. The species is generically associ- ated with Aphrocallistes rather than with Ghonelasma^ because it has diactins in the subgastral regions. Splculation. — The dictyonal net forms a regular and nearly uni- form hexagonal honeycomb. The hexactinic dictyonalia are joined in a regular manner to form a net or latticework with nearly quad- rangular meshes. Slender, faintly tuberculous, short, cylindrical AKT. 12 HEXACTI^STELLID SPONGES — OKADA 53 processes protrude from the dermal and gastral surface. The beams composing the net are nearly smooth and measure 20/a to 40/x broad. The nodes are very slightly or not at all thickened, and are only sparsely covered with small tubercles. The dermalia are strong hexactins, with a free distal ray 180//, to 200fi long. They are terminally thickened in a club-shaped manner with stout spines, or thorns, of medium length, which diverge ob- liquely and are curved tovrard the end of the ray like the branches of a Lombardy poplar. The tangential rays are simple, straight, strongly tuberculous at the conically pointed ends, and much shorter than the distal ray, measuring 130|U, to 150/^ in length. The proximal ray is similar in shape but generally somewhat shorter. These hex- actins are arranged regularly in quadratic meshwork, formed by the paratangential raj^s of the spicule. The gastralia are stout, straight, occasionally slightly curved, somewhat flattened diactins, with a defined swelling at the center. Their ends are conically pointed or infrequently rounded and covered densely with small pointed tubercles. The spicule is always covered with such protuberances in its entire remaining length. The length of spicule varies considerabl3^ measuring from 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm or more in length. The spicules are irregularly scattered on the gastral layer. Scopulae are numerous, arranged perpendicularly to the surface or scattered irregularl}^ in the parenchyme and sometimes distributed perpendicularl}^ to the wall of the incurrent canals. The four to six branches of the scopulae perpendicular to the surface of the sponge lie between the proximal rays of the dermal hexactins and do not reach the sponge surface, except the extremity of the proximal ray. Elsewhere in the sponge they have no definite arrangement. The shaft is generally simple, straight, 160/a to 210/x long, and gradually tapering toward the pointed end. It is always slightly rough on the surface except at the end, which is frequently smooth. The number and shape of the branches are subject to considerable variation. Usually four stout or slender diverging dermal branches are observed. They arise from a comparatively short thickening at the distal end of the shaft and extend upward toward the distal ends, being nearly parallel to one another. They are nearly cylindrical, slightly thick- ened in a knot-shaped manner at the distal end, and uniformly densely covered in their entire length with very minute spines directed obliquely back^vard. The terminal thickening is covered with similar but slightly stouter spines. The other kinds of scopulae occasionally found on both layers differ mainly in length from the one described above. They are aljout two or three times as long as the former scopulae, measuring MOfi long in shaft and 80/^ long in dermal branch. 54 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yol. 81 Transitional scopular forms, connecting the smallest one to the largest, here described, are quite frequent. Scopulae with fewer than four branches are not found in intermedia. Uncinates, varying in length and thickness, quite frequently occur close to the dictyonal honeycomb. They are arranged perpendicu- larly to the dermal and mostly obliquely to the gastral surfaces and usually reach only to the inner two-thirds of the whole thickness of the body wall. The outer half of the spicule, nearer the dermal sur- face, is always slightly thicker than the inner half, nearer the inner regions of the parenchyme. The inner half tapers quite gradually to the pointed end. The weak barbs around the shaft are not so numerous. Of the spicules irregularly scattered throughout the parenchyme, I , will first describe those simple hexactins that measure 140/x, to 160/* in axial length and seem to play so important a part in the growth of the dictyonal network. Their rays are fairly stout, straight, grad- ually tapered, bluntly pointed, and irregularly covered with small, more or less numerous tubercles. The peculiar oxyhexasters are scattered abundantly in the hypo- gastral regions and are not found in the parenchyme ov in the der- mal regions. They measure 24/i, to ^Sjx in diameter and have stout principals 3/* broad near the base, being somewhat thicker toward the distal end, from which numerous outwardly curved terminals arise. These terminals vary in number from 10 to 13 on each prin- cipal and are very short, about half as long as the principals. ^ Much more peculiar and worthy of interest are the hexactins, hemihexactins, oxyhexasters, and onychasters, irregularly scattered in varying numbers through the parenchyme. They are subject to considerable variation ; their shape and size vary in different regions of the same individual. They are frequently found in the same place intermixing with one another. Four kinds of intermediary parenchymalia, except the onychaster, are to be distinguished: Stout-rayed microxyhexactins, microhexactinic and microhemi- hexactinic forms, the rays of which show a tendency to bifurcation so that they pass into oxyhexasters. The regular oxyhexasters with six equal main rays, which are nearly the same thickness as the terminals, form right angles with one another. They are terminally crowned with groups of 3 or 4 nearly straight branch rays of uniform thickness, shape, number, and degree of divergence. The main rays, measuring 8/a at the base, are generally short. The spicules usually have a diameter of not more than 80/^. The microhexactins and hemihexactins have more or less the same features, measuring SO/x to lOO/i in diameter. Their rays are strong ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 55 and broad at the base, measuring 8jx, attenuating gradually toward the pointed ends. The surface is faintly rough. The more robust onychasters, measuring about 50/x to TO/i in diame- ter, are also found together with the spicules on the upper side, but more numerous in the subgastral or in the subdermal regions. All the rays are somewhat slender and inconspicuously roughened near the ends. The terminations of the branch rays bear a verticil of fine claws, usually four in number. These are perpendicular to the branch ray and slightly recurved. Small onychasters are present in the parenchyme layer, intermixed sparsely with larger onychasters. They are more abundant in the subgastral regions. They measure 30/x to 40/* in diameter and have two or four widely diverged terminals, the surface of which is quite smooth. In the compact, thickened regions of the sponge wall near the sieve plate, the dermal hexactins occur more densely than in other parts of the entire sponge body. The proximal ray of the hexactins is much longer, attaining a length of 680|Lt to 750/*, while the distal poplarlike ray is somewhat slenderer and shorter, measuring I6O/1 to 200/A in length. The tubercles of the proximal ray are very pro- nounced toward the end of the ray. In general, the distal poplar- like ray of the spicule is much broader and stouter, being much longer than that of the ordinal hexactins distributed in other regions of the sponge body. In the parenchyme of this region, the microscleres are rarely found ; especially lacking are the hexactinic and hemihex- actinic forms and the onychaster. The diactinic gastralia are thickly accumulated and irregularly distributed, being many times as thick as the ordinary ones of the subgastral regions, and measuring 0.8 mm to 1.7 mm thick. (It is somewhat interesting to note that a dictyonal framework is not found in the parenchyme of this region.) Uncinates, when they occur, are also found in fewer numbers. They penetrate vertically to the surface, nearly approaching the gastral surface. The peculiar oxyhexasters occurring on the gastral membrane are practically absent, and when they do occur they are sparsely scattered. The so-called latticelike plate of this species differs somewhat from that occurring in Aphrocallistes heatnx Gray in several particulars. The meshes are nearl}^ circular, being 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm across; their beams are tolerably thick and composed of diactins, which are en- tirely similar to those occurring in the gastral membrane. Many previous authors, as Schmidt, Marshall, and Schulze, who discussed some points of distinction between the internal diaphragms and that of the terminal sieve plate in Aphrocallistes beafrix Gray, came vir- tually to the same conclusion regarding this point. In the present 56 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 specimen, the narrow-meshed terminal sieve plate is united all around to the thinner body wall and is not separated by several open- ings of new additional zooecial tubes, as in Aphrocallistes hocagei P. Wright. APHROCALLISTES YATSUI, new species PlATE 4, FiGUKES 2, 3 A nearly complete specimen (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22108) of A. yatsui was collected from Station 4781 (near the western extrem- ity of the Aleutian Islands at 482 fathoms). The body shows a some- what dorsoventrally compressed, cuplike form, gradually narrowed toward the stalklike basal regions, and expanded toward the nearly truncated oscular edges. The surface of the sponge is very porous, owing to the great numbers of large and small afferent canals, the outer ends of which are generally rounded and vary in size up to 1 mm in diameter. Nearly all of them are large enough to be noted macroscopically. The surface has a very homogeneous appearance. It is generally difficult to trace the distinction between a dermal surface and a gastral surface in this sponge. On the gastral surface the larger and smaller efferent canals make their appearance, ar- ranged somewhat regularly and much more visible than on the dermal surface. The outer edges of the efferent canals are usually raised to a slight degree by the thickening of the gastral surface. Spiculation. — The arrangement of the constituent beams of the dictyonal framework has a certain regularity. Beams directed radi- ally to the surface of the sponge may be distinguished. Between these lie the connectives, which are frequently transverse, thus giving rise to rectangular meshes. The superficial ends of the radial beams form tapering spines of varying lengths, sometimes very short, fre- quently long, often slightly irregular, and as a rule thickly covered with microtubercles. The beams in general are sparsely covered with similar tubercles. Usually they are 80/x thick. Slender, sharp, tuberculated spines generally project from the nodes of the skeletal reticulum, on the free surfaces and edges of the plate. Some of the very delicate connecting bars that extend be- tween the adjoining skeletal plates give the impression of having arisen through the fusion of such spines. The dermalia are exclusively hexactinic pinules, so far as those of the body proper is concerned. The pinular ray as a whole is nearly spindle shaped, 160/i, to 200/* long and 30/* to 50ja broad in the middle, which is about the broadest part. In this part, the obliquely upwardly directed, conical spines are closely distributed. The rhachis is smooth for a short distance at the base, which is about 12/i thick ; its conically pointed outer end forms the tip of the pinular ray. The remaining five rays are somewhat slender, and AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 57 gradually taper toward the conically or bluntly pointed end. They are beset with small, generally erect prickles, on the end. The proximal ray though occasionally nearly as long as, is usually much shorter than the paratangentials of the same spicule, measuring 100/x in length. The paratangentials usually measure I6O/.1 in length and when subequal to the proximal ray the latter will be found to meas- ure between 120^ and 140/x long. The gastralia include both pentactinic and diactinic forms. The diactins in most regions are much the more abundant, and the pentactins are scarcely anywhere more numerous than the diactins. In the pentactins, the distal ray is not represented by a boss; the tangential rays measure 120;U, to 230|U, in length. They have blunt or rounded tubercles on the distal end and are quite straight and not curved inwardly. The proximal ray as a rule is longer than the tangentials, about 200/a to 300ju, long, is of about the same thickness as the tangentials, and tapers evenly to a point above, where it is prominently roughened. Elsewhere it is smooth or has a few scat- tered, weak, minute prickles. Nearly all the rays taper evenly toward the end, which is blunt or rounded. The diactins are stout, straight, varying in length from 200/^ to 400(a, and gradually tapering toward the conically pointed ends. They are usually provided with two to eight defined swellings at the center,' measuring 20/x in width, while the ray near the center measures 8|U. in breadth. In some of the diactins, mostly those up to 450^ in length and 12yu broad, the distinct central knobs are not seen. These closely resemble those occurring commonly in other species of A'phrocaUisfes. The roughness of the surface is commonly much more pronounced at the distal ends and sparselj^ scattered on the central knobs and other parts. Occasionally variously developed, prominent microspines cover the entire surface. The uncinates show the usual shape, vary considerably in size, extend radially or obliquely, and are usually immersed in the sponge wall without penetrating it. The hexasters are of the discohexaster, tylohexaster, and hemi- discohexaster types, as well as of the stout peculiar oxyhexaster type. They are scantily or only fairly abundant, intermixed with one another. The discohexasters are most abundant in the par- enchyme, being nearly spherical, with a diameter of 30/^ to 40/*. Each principal, which is not very short, bears a bunch of two to four or more terminals, which are smooth-surfaced, slightly thickened toward the outer end, and capped by a minute disk, which is divided into two or three clawlike teeth directed backward. Occasionally the hexactinic forms may be present in the par- enchj^me. In hexactinic forms the axial length may reach 70/*, showing an increase in diameter over the normal form. The rays 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 taper considerably toward the end, which is supplied with two or three backwardly diverging, slender, short claws. Beside these forms, there is a microdiscohexaster, nearly resembling that com- monly occurring in the Acanthascinae and measuring 20/x in diame- ter. They are scattered in the gastralia as well as in the parenchyme, though much more sparsely in the latter. In parenchymal regions scattered large hexactins with slender rays are rather more numer- ous than in the subgastral regions. The axial length of the rays is 120/x, to 200//,; breadth at base, 6//,. All the six rays in the same spicule in general are subequal, though in some cases the distal ray is somewhat shorter than the paratangential rays. Occasionally also the free proximal ray may be longer than the paratangentials. All the rays are gradually tapered to the sharply pointed end. The microtubercies may be slightly more pronounced on the distal ends than on any other, but in any case the differentiation is never carried out to any considerable degree. The stout oxyhexasters are present in the subdermal regions in small numbers, being sparsely scattered. They measure mostly 75/x to 85/1 in diameter and have remarkably thick, conic rays, measuring Sfi on the base near the center of the spicules. The rays are usually divided into two terminals. Occasionally they are not divided, the principal being prolonged into one terminal ray. They are nearly smooth over the entire surface. Scopulae fall into only one class, having four or six distal rays, measuring 35/^ to 60/t. long, being cylindrical and covered with sparse and minute tubercles, and terminating in very small round enlargements. The shaft at its upper end has a definitely circum- scribed enlargement on which the rays rest; tapering thence to the conically shaped point, above which it is sparsely roughened. Else- where it is nearly smooth. The shaft is 200/^ to 250//, over all and 4/1 thick just below the upper enlargement. Scopulae occur only on the dermal surface, penetrating obliquely or horizontally to the sponge wall, close and nearly parallel to the proximal rays of the pinularlike hexactins. APHROCALLISTES ALEUTIANA, new species Several small colonies and fragments of A. aleufiana were col- lected from Station 4780 (near the western extremity of the Aleutian Islands). They are all nearly macerated or washed out, and can not be described in any great detail. SpicvJation. — The dermalia are slender hexactins, with free distal rays 50/i to 60/i long, terminally sometimes thickened in a nearly circular pear-shaped manner. They are covered with short slender thorns, which diverge slightly obliquely, and are curved toward the end of the ray, showing a rounded or angularlike boss, which is 50/i AiiT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 59 to 60/A long. Tlie tangential rays are simple, straight, prominently tuberculous at the weakly blunt or conically pointed ends, and twice or four times as long as the distal mj, measuring 130ju, to 200/^ in length. The proximal unpaired ray is nearly similar in shape and generall}^ much longer than the paratangentials. The gastralia are stout, straight diactins with a more or less clearly defined swelling at the center, measuring SO^a in breadth. Their ends are conically pointed and are always covered more or less densely with small pointed tubercles. The spicule is usually very sparsely covered with such protuberances throughout its entire length. The length of these sj^icules varies considerably, from about 1.2 mm to 1.5 mm or more. Besides this diactin in the gastral layer, there are frequently pinularlike hexactins, which are nearly similar to those of the dermalia. The presence of the latter spicule, the hexactin, is quite distinctive of the members of Aphrocallistes ; but aleutiaim is seemingly more similar to Hexactinella than to Aphro- callistes in dermal and gastral sf)iculations. The scopulae are numerous, are arranged horizontally to the sur- face, and are of two kinds. One is small, measuring 250/a to 300/a in length, and the other is larger, 400/^ to 500/x long. In the larger type, the dermal branches usually number 4 or 5 and are uniformlj^ bent outward in a club-shaped manner. The branches, which arise from a comparatively short thickening at the distal end of the shaft, measure 130/t to 150ju, in length. They are nearly cylindrical, either of nearly uniform thickness throughout or basally slightly thin and terminally thickened in a knot-shaped manner at the distal end and uniformlj^ and densely covered on the entire length witli minute spines, directed obliquely backward. The shaft usually measures 400/x in length, becoming gradually tapered toward the conically pointed end. In a small one, the terminal branches usually number four, running nearly parallel toward the thickened club-shaped ends. They are covered with small, slender, oblique spines, which are di- rected backward, the spines on the distal knot-shaped thickening being slightly stouter. The shaft is generally simple, straight, 200/i, to 250/* long, and gradually tapered toward the pointed end. It is rough at the end, but for the remainder of its length is entirely smooth. The chief characters aside from the one just described in- clude the following : The distal thickening of the shaft is indistinct and the branches arising from the margin extend upward, being nearl}^ parallel to each other, and uniformly thickened throughout toward the small club-shaped thickening. Uncinates, varying in length and thickness, are found close to the dictyonal honeycomb. They are arranged horizontally or obliquely to the surface and usually penetrate the whole thickness of the body wall. The outer half of the spicule, nearer to the dermal surface, is 60 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.81 always much thicker than the inner half, nearer the gastral surface, which is quite gradually attenuated to a pointed end. The spines are projected first in horizontal transverse directions and then are bent backward. Besides this distinct uncinate, there occasionally occurs a small uncinatelike spicule. It is usually 300/^ long. The distal end is some- what extended in a lobelike manner, measuring 25/x, in breadth and is then gradually tapered toward the conically pointed end, which is 8ju, in breadth. The surface is roughened by densely distributed microtubercles at the end of the spicule but elsewhere is quite sparsely roughened by microtubercles. Of the spicules irregularly scattered throughout the parenchyme I have found only one kind of ony chaster. It is 40/x to 80ft in diameter. From each short principal (6ft long as measured from the axial center) there arise two or three fairly thick, nearly straight, and strongly divergent terminals. The finely attenuated end of these bears a whorl of two or three fine backwardly arched minute claws. The surface of the terminals is sparsely covered all over with minute pointed microspines directed backward. The chief distinguishing characters of this species are: (1) The uncinate is very robust in form, with large, short barbs; (2) the small uncinate is distributed irregularly and is rarely found in the dermal layer; (3) microscleres usually consist of one kind of onychaster, measuring 40/a to 80ft in diameter and rarely of a normal oxyhexaster. The present species is somewhat allied to the members of the ApkrocalUstes group but differs from them by the existence of the gastral hexactinic pinules together with the diactins. INDETERMINABLE APHROCALLISTES There is in the collection a fragmentary specimen, probably refer- able to ApkrocalUstes. Since it is badly macerated, it can not be more fully determined. It was taken at Station 5090 (entrance to Uraga Strait between Jogashima and Okinose), and consisted of small fragments of a thin-walled skeletal tube. Tribe LYSSACINOSA Ijima, 1927 Family LEUCOPSACASIDAE Ijima, 1903 Genus CHAUNOPLECTELLA Ijima, 1903 CHAUNOPLECTELLA SPINIFERA Ijima Chaunoplectella spinifera Ijima, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. IS, art. 1, pp. 71-77, pi. 5, figs. 14-17 ; pi. 6, figs. 1-8, 1903. I have discovered in the collection a fairly large colony that is unfortunately incomplete, lacking parts of the lateral wall. Though AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OK ADA 61 it differs in some respects from the type, I am strongly inclined to refer it to G. spinifera. It comes from Sagami Bay (Station 5085), where it ATas taken at a depth of 622 fathoms. Although the sponge has come to maturity, I have, unfortunately, not found the spines on the paratangentials of the dermal oxypentac- tins, which constitute a characteristic feature of the species. As to the forms or varieties of discohexasters, I have also met with nearly the same forms as those occurring in the type specimens, but their dimensions seem to be different from those of the latter. Of the discohexasters, the comm.onest form, corresponding in outer appear- ance to that which Ijima (loc. cit. p. 76) called the first variety in the typical species, has somewhat larger dimensions, attaining 108/x, in diameter. The second variety (loc cit. p. 75) in the typical species often apjoears and varies from 120/i to 180/a in diameter. In outer appearance it is to be considered as represented by two forms. One has a widely expanding bunch of terminals and is 160/x to 180/x in diameter, while the other forms somewhat slender terminals, grouped separately, narrow at the middle and outwardly expanding into tufts, usually measuring 140/x in diameter. The largest variety, which Ijima called form c in the type specimens, appears occasionally. Its diameter falls short of the 230//, of the type specimens, measuring only 210/j, in the present specimen. The fourth variety of disco- hexaster seems to be wanting here, but perhaps it is to be considered as represented by the much more delicate form that I have just mentioned above in the case of the second variety. The discohex- asters thus far indicated have specific features somewhat different from those of the t^^pe specimens. I identify the present specimen as ChaunoplecteUa spinifera^ regarding the spicular differences to be a matter of individual variation. Family EUPLECTELLIDAE (Gray) Ijima, 1903 Subfamily EuPLECTELLiNAE Ijima, 1903 Genus EUPLECTELLA Ijima, 1903 EUPLECTELLA OWENI Kerklots and Marshall Euplectella M. J. S. Schtjltze, Eiu Beitrag zur Naturgeschiclite der Spongiea, Bonn, p. 39, 1860. Euplectella oweni Kerklots and Marshall, Arch. N^erland. Sci. Exact, et Nat., vol. 3, p. 435, 1868. — Makshall, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., vol. 25, suppl., p. 189, figs, in pis., 1875; vol. 27, p. 128, 1876. — F, E. Schulzb, Abh. kou. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1886, p. 38; Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 21, p. 78, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1887; Alih. kon. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1895, pp. 29, 48.— Ijima, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 15, p. 202, pi. 6, figs. 1-10, 1901. There are five specimens of E. oweni in the collection, which were taken as indicated in Table 16. 62 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE IsTATIOlSrAL MUSEUM Table 16. — Record of specimens of Euplectella oweni VOL. 81 Specimen Collected at— Number and description A Station 4876, eastern channel of Korea Strait, vicin- ity of Oki Islands, Japan Sea, 59 fathoms. Station 4878, eastern channel of Korea Strait, vicin- ity of Olii Islands, 59 fathoms. Station 4948, east of Hiuga Province, 65 fathoms 1, small, lacking parts of sieve- B (1,2, and 3)-. C plate and lower parts. 3, large, complete. 1, small, complete. Specimen A is the smallest one in the collection. It measures 113 mm in length, excluding sieve plate/ and the broadest part - (ledges included) is 24 mm in diameter. The compressed lower end of body measures 13 mm in diameter, and the part immediately below the sieve plate is about 8.5 mm in diameter. This specimen is rather delicate in form, with thin walls and inconspicuous parietal ledges, which frequently form irregular ribbonlike masses or protuberances. It somewhat differs from typical E. oweni in the presence of a lophocome, in the number of transverse and longitudinal beams relative to the size of entire stock, and in having weakly developed parietal ledges. Nevertheless, I think it advisable to identify this form with the present species. First, the lophocome (though somewhat different from that of E. Tnarshalli in its dimensions) scarcely deserves to be considered a character of such systematic significance as to warrant establishing a new name. The lophocome may possibly exist in E. oweni, even though it has not yet been described in the hitherto known specimens. Secondly, the proportional number of transverse and longitudinal beams is not a constant character in these sponges, especially in young specimens, thus also losing its importance as a distinctive specific character. The numbers of transverse and longitudinal beams in this specimen are as follows : Circular beams, 52 ; longitudi- nal beams at upper end, 25; longitudinal beams at middle, 34; longitudinal beams at lower end, 19. The above-mentioned characters seem to indicate some relationship with E. inaTshalli. The lophocome occurs quite rarely and singly. The diameter is 61;ii. The principal rays are 4/t to 6/i in length. The terminals are 22/x. to 24/* long and exceedingly fine. They are pointed at the outer end and arise close together from all parts of the outer disk surface. The peripherally situated terminals in each tuft are slightly but distinctly flaring, so that the tuft may be said to be campanulate. iThe sieve plate is damaged and therefore is excluded in measuring the total length of the body. 2 Breadth measured after restoring compressed body wall to a cylindrical form. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 63 The dermal swordlike hexcactin is somewhat larger than that in the typical species but is smaller than those of the specimens from other stations. The length of the hilt ray is 120^. to 160^. The blade ray is generally more than three times as long, up to 550,a. Guard rays are somewhat shorter than the hilt ray, measuring 88/* to 145)U, in length. Specimens B (1, 2, and 3) are beautifully preserved. Measure- ments and numbers of transverse and longitudinal beams are given in Table 17. Table 17. — Measurements and numbers of transverse and longitudinal beams of 3 specimens (B, 1, 2, and 3) of Euplectella oweni Body length 1 Diam- eter of sieve plate Body diameter Diam- eter imme- diately below sieve plate Number of beams Specimen (B) At broadest part 2 At com- pressed lower end Circular Longi- tudinal at upper end Longi- tudinal at middle Longi- tudinal at lower end 1 Mm 220 210 247 Mm 29 22 32 Mm 36 40 45 Mm 21 20 28 Mm 34 20 35 40 46 40 24 23 22 27 33 28 19 2 . 24 3. -- 23 1 Exclusive of basal tuft. ' Ledges included. In specimen B, 1, the diameter of the parietal pores is large, meas- uring 1,5 mm. The parietal ledges are prominently developed, being 5 mm high. The broadest part of the body ;s usually situated far below the middle of the entire stock. The wall of the body is thick, attaining 4 mm in the thickest part of the entire stock (excluding the height of parietal ledges). S'plculation. — It is a prominent fact that the blade ray of the dermal hexactin and the distal ray of the gastral pentactin are very long, compared with those of the specimens from Stations 4948 and 4876. This character seems to indicate some relation to the thick- ness of the sponge body. The dermal hexactin has a very long blade ray, measuring from 0.8 mm to 2.1 mm in length, while the hilt ray and the guard ray are comparatively short, measuring llO/t to 187//, in length. I distinguish two forms of floricome, which I shall designate with the letters a and h. They seem to represent different quantitative proportions and to show certain differences in the manner of distribu- tion within the sponge. Form a, the larger floricome, occurs com- monly and measures 80/i to lOO/i in diameter. It has G to 9 terminals (mostly 7) provided with 5 or 6 marginal teeth on the terminal plate. It is abundant, both subdermally and at the apex of the 64 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 dermal hilt rays. Form h is smaller than form «, measuring 68ja to 80^ in diameter. The nmnber of terminals in a perianth varies from 9 to 12. The marginal teeth of the terminal plate are 3 or 4 in number and seem to occur frequently among the parenchymalia or subgastralia of the basal parts of the entire stock. Oxyhexasters occur abundantl}^ both in the subdermal and sub- gastral layers, being more numerous within the former layer, and least numerous in the middle parts of the parenchyme layer. Each principal ray usually bears four or five, sometimes only two, diverg- ing terminals. The principals and terminals of the oxyhexaster of E. oweni are somewhat slenderer than in either E. hnperialis or E. marshalli, but observation of the specimens, which may be referable to E. oweni in this collection, shows that the principals are fre- quently thick or that they occasionally have small knoblike swellings. In general, the principals that are provided with four or five termi- nals seem thicker than those beset with only two or three terminals. The lophocome is probably absent. The thin and rather short diactins do not exist in the strands of the comitalia which are provided with four tubercles at the center. The oscularia consist mainly of the common diactins, with either two oppositely or four cruciately disposed central knobs. Frequentlj^^ they are intermingled with many more pentactins, tetractins, and stauractins. Generally speaking the diactins are commonly located near the edge of the oscular membrane, and the other forms stand outside or in among them in mode of occurrence. The state of the oscularia mentioned above nearly resembles that occurring in E. marshaUi. The sieve plate shows parenchymalia consisting mainly of tetractins and diactins. The latter seem to occur more abundantly among the parenchymalia than do the former. Frequently diactins, which are provided with one to four short tubercles at the center, occur among the parenchymalia. The small and large gastral pentactins are thinly beset with small prickles near their distal ends. Paratangential rays measure 100/x to 160/x long and C/.t to 8/jl thick near the center. The distal ray meas- ures 44(V to 528ft in length. Besides these pentactins, large tri- radiates and quadriradiates frequently occur. These are also tuberculated at the ends of the rays. The former have a smooth, straight basal ray, ending in a small, distinctly tuberculated pro- tuberance, measuring about 715/x long and 22/a thick at the center. Paired rays are 45/i long, strongly diverging, slightly curved inward, and also tuberculated at the ends. The basalia have a very broad, miter-shaped anchorhead, measur- ing 72/x across from tip to tip of opposed teeth. The latter are weakly AKT. 12 HEXACTIISrELLID SPONGES — OKADA 65 developed, measuring 24ju, to 28/* in length, and are four, sometimes six, in number. They differ somewhat from those of the other speci- mens in having a strongly rounded apex at the head; not pointed as a gothic arch as in the other specimens from same locality. In specimen B, 2, the diameter of the parietal pore is usually 1 mm and seems not to exceed this size. The parietal ledges are prominently developed, frequently measuring 5 mm in height, espe- cially those of the "oscular margin close to the outer margin of the sieve plate, which approach 6 mm in height. The wall of the body is also thick, as in specimen B, 1, measuring 4 mm at the middle of the body, and becoming gradually thinner toward the upper and lower ends, measuring 2.3 mm. Splculatlon. — The hexactin of the dermalia is not so large as that of specimen B, 1, usually having the blade ray 830/a to 1,370|U, long. The jjaratangential rays are proportionalh'' very short, measuring 66/A to 121/j, in length. Form 5 of the floricome in specimen B, 1, is probably not present in this specimen. The basalia do not differ from those of the type specimens, except in being slightly robuster and in having a per- ceptibh' thicker shaft. The anchor teeth, of which there are five to eight in each head (usually six or seven) are strong and about CO/i long. The distance from tip to tip of any two oppositely situated anchor teeth is 80/x to 88fi. The shaft is 24ju, thick close to its origin from the head. Specimen B, 3, is the smallest sjDecimen obtained from the same lo- cation. It does not have such prominent parietal ledges as specimens B, 1 and 2. They measure 2 to 3 mm in height, and have sharp edges. Sijnculation. — Among the basalia, there is occasionally found a much smaller form of anchor-toothed spicule than in the typical form. The apex of its head is rather pointed as in a Gothic arch. The anchor teeth vary in length from 12/«, to 24/*, and their numbers are constantly 4. The distance from tip to tip of any two opposed anchor teeth is 32/i to 56/i. The shaft close to the head is 8/* to 12/x thick. The spines on the shaft are not so conspicuous as those of the typical form and become more degenerate in number and length. Especially in the smallest one (basalia?), the spines are very short and are projected at wide intervals. These forms seem to be inter- mediate and probably grade over into the common anchor-toothed basalia and the pentactin basalia of these varieties. An abnormality, like that occurring in the specimen from station 4948, is shown by three short tubercular spines projected sideways 118040—32 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 from one of the anchor teeth near the apex of the head and another smaller protuberance near the end of a certain spine. Specimen C is beautifully preserved, and its sponge body is nearly straight, phalluslike, and quite similar to the outer configuration of various specimens obtained from the southern part of Japan (espe- cially to the specimen photographed on Plate 6, figure 1, of Ijima's Contribution I). Parietal ledges are present but not so prominently developed. They run irregularly in places, and may approach 1 mm in height. Their free edge is fairly even, frequently being either blunt or sharp. The numbers of beams are as follows : Circular, 39 ; longitudinal at upper end, 31; longitudinal at middle, 28; longitudinal at lower end, 23. Spimdation. — The oxea of the oscular margin are prominent, being usually slightly curved compass-needlelike spicules with two very weak oppositely placed tubercles at their center and sharply pointed at both ends. They occur in tufts or projecting singly from the der- mal surface of the oscular margin and with the inner one-third to one-fourth of their length embedded in the oscular margin. They measure about 715/x to 780^ long and 8/t thick at their center. The oxyhexaster is represented in greater numbers, as compared with the other specimens. It is especially abundant in the paren- chyme, differing from the specimens from Station 4878, which have fewer oxyhexasters among the parencyhmalia than in the subder- malia and subgastralia. The same abnormality of the basalia occur- ring in the specimen from Station 4878 is also found in this specimen. Family ROSSELLIDAE (F. E. Schulze) Ijima, 1903 Subfamily ROSSELLINAE F. E. Schulze, 1897 Genus CRATEROMORPHA J. E. Gray, 1872 CRATEROMORPHA MEYERI RUGOSA Ijima Crateromorpha meyeH var. rugosa Ijima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 2, p. 49, 1898. Crateromorpha mcyeri rugosa Ijima, Joiirn. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 18, art. 7, pp. 71-74, pi. 4, figs. 10, 11, pi. 5, figs. 14, 15, 1904. Two large specimens of C. m. rugosa were trawled up from a depth of 103 fathoms off Kagoshima Gulf (Station 4936). Both are badly macerated. One, a large fragment, is probably all the body proper of a large sponge, and the other is a nearly complete colony with a distinct large stalk, which during preservation was broken from the body. The stalk expands somewhat abruptly ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 67 at its upper end, is laterally compressed, and measures 22 mm by 15 mm at the middle, and is nearly as long as the body, T5 mm. It is compact looking throughout, being entirely covered by a dense coating of dermal and hypodermal spicules, which seem to have fallen from the Sagami Sea specimens preserved in the Uni- versity of Tokyo. Internally it is traversed by a system of anas- tomosing excurrent canals. The conspicuous features of this sub- species mentioned by Ijima I have found also in these specimens. They show the irregularities of the external surface, which result from a pronounced thickening of the wall into protuberances in the lower part of the body, and occasionally numerous wrinklelike ridges in the general superior surface. But the agreement does not extend into the spiculation, since these specimens lack hexac- tins among the parenchymalia. In the first specimen, the breadth of the paratangential rays of the hypodermal pentactins is usually 50/A to QO/x at the base. They occasionally attain a thickness of 140/ut. In most of the oxyhexasters, the ends of the terminals are some- what curved inward at the tip, and I have observed this feature in the preparations from the Sagami Sea specimens. (I have occasionally found the onychasterlike hexaster in the preparations of the latter. I consider the onychasterlike hexaster to be a varia- tion of the oxyhexaster with terminals curved at their ends because I have found a complete series of intergrading forms from one to the other.) A thorough examination of slide preparations revealed a single case of a smaller microdiscohexaster, which is nearly like that of the common form of this spicule included in the tissues of other rossellids. The occurrence of this solitary microdiscohexaster in the slide preparations I believe is due to the contamination of the sponges either in the dredge or by other species that may have been placed in the same bottle at the time of collection. I have observed the presence of this spicule with the same size and shape in prepara- tions of C. meyeri from the Sagami Sea. in the tissues of the basal region of the entire stock. The second specimen that I refer to this species has essentially the same spiculation but with some points of deviation. Few of the terminals of the oxyhexaster show a curved end. This, however, I consider to be due to individual variation. The hypodermal pen- tactins are fewer in number and distributed sparsely and irregularly on the superior region of the entire stock. But among the dermalia of the stalk region, there are numerous short and robust-rayed spicules irregularly oriented. The paratangentials usually measure 68 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 but do not exceed 20/* to 200/x in length, and the proximal ray is 100/1 to 120/t long. CRATEROMORPHA CORRUGATA Ijima Crateromorpha corrugata Ijima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 2, p. 49, 1898; Jonrn. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 18, art. 7, pp. 78-86, pi. 6, figs. 1-8, 1904. A small fragment of C. corjmgata was collected from a depth of 131 fathoms at the entrance to Enoiira, Suruga Gulf (Station 5069). The peculiar structure described by Ijima for Scyphidiuiri longi- spina can be plainly seen in the present specimen. It also has very delicate filaments, arranged irregularly, in brushlike bunches. Subfamily Lanuginellinae F. E. Schulze, 1897 Genus LANUGINELLA O. Schmidt, 1870 LANUGINELLA PUPA O. Schmidt Plate 5, Figure 2 Lanuginella jmpa Schmidt, Grundziige einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes, p. 13, pi. 2, figs, 1, 3, 1870.— Kent, Monthly Micr. Journ., vol. 4, p. 247, pi. 65, figs. 1-6, 1870. — Sohulze, Abh. kon. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1886, p. 47; Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 21, p. 130, pi. 53, figs 3-5, 1887 ; Sitz-ber. kon. preuss. Akad., vol. 26, p. 548, 1897. — Ijima, Zool. Jap., vol. 2, p. 44, 1898 ; Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 18, art. 7, pp. 3-16, pi. 1, figs. 1-13, 1904. There is a single specimen in the collection that may be identified as L. pupa. It was collected from a depth of 153 fathoms in Kago- shima Gulf (Station 4934), and seems to be the largest of the species hitherto recorded. It is cup shaped in form, 51 mm in height, and S5 mm in breadth at the widest part of the entire stock. It has also a short stalklike basal region measuring 8 mm in breadth at the middle. The dermal surface is quite smooth and not covered by a veil, as in the Sagami Sea specimens recorded by Ijima. Spiculation. — Toward the stalklike base of specimens from the Sagami Sea the hypodermal lattice becomes unnoticeable. In the present specimen it is irregularly distributed, and has somewhat stronger-rayed pentactins with a shorter proximal ray. The pen- tactins of this specimen do not protrude through the dermal layer, so that the surface of their paratangentials is quite smooth. Occa- sionally there occur in the hypodermalia stronger and larger diac- tins, which measure 3.5 mm long and lOO/i thick at the middle. In the stalklike basal region of the sponge they attain a length of about 5 mm. The parenchymal oxyhexactins supporting the skeleton of the sponge may attain larger dimensions; the axial length frequently ART. 12 "HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OK ADA 66' measures 3 mm; and the thickness of the rays reaches COju, near the central node. As described by Ijima, the discohexaster shows considerable vari- ations in both size and appearance in the same specimen. This con- dition is also found in the present specimen. In it I have discovered three forms of discohexasters, which are seen in the Tokyo University Faculty of Science specimen No. 436 of this species, which was taken outside of Okinose in the Sagami Sea. The largest one, which measures 80/x, in diameter, has three terminals, similarly thickened throughout; the intermediate one, which measures 60;li in diameter, is provided with four to five terminals; while the smallest one, 4:5ju, in diameter, has more numerous delicate terminals, nearly resembling the so-called microdiscohexasters of certain other rossellids in ap- pearance. In general, the number of terminals varies with different sizes of rosette, the smaller the rosette the fewer the terminals are in number. Identical oxyhexactins, as well as canalaria and parenchymalia, occur in great abundance. The strongiloplumicome of the present specimen usually measures 50/x in diameter and occurs abundantly in the subgastral region, as well as in the choanosome. Genus HYALASCUS Ijima, 1896 HYALASCUS ATTENUATUS, new species FiGXJBE 7 ; Plate 6, Figure 5 • This new species is represented by two specimens. In specimen A (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22014), the body shows a vaselike, or some- what barrellike, appearance. The height is 48 mm and the breadth 45 mm near the basal region (the attachment base is torn off, so that it can not be measured), and 40 mm above just under the oscular edge. The wall is moderately thick, 3 mm to 4 mm in the middle of the entire stock, and becomes gradually thinner toward the oscular margin. The osculum is comparatively large and circular, measur- ing 30 mm in diameter. The diactinic prostalia are confined to the oscular edge and to the superior regions of the entire stock. The marginalia generally project straight upward to a length of 5 mm to 10 mm. Table 18. — Record of specimens of Hyalascus attenuatus Specimen Collected at— Number and description A Station 4790, near Bering Islands, Bering Sea, 64 fathoms.. Station 4804, SE. of Shimushir Island, Kuriles, 229 fathoms. One, large, basal regions torn off. B One, small, complete. 70 PEOCEEDIlsrGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Specimen B is barrellike in shape and measures only 30 mm in height, with a roundish osculum 10 mm in diameter. It was directly and firmly attached to stones with the basal surface. The wall is 2 mm thick at the base and gradually becomes thinner toward the oscular margin, which is 0.8 mm thick. Spictilation. — The following description applies to the first and larger specimen (A), unless otherwise indicated: The parenchymalia are all slender diactins of variable thickness, measuring lO^u to 30/a broad and 1 mm to 2 mm long. Both ends of Figure 7. — Hyalascus attcnuatus, new species: a, Gastral hexactin, X 175+ ; Z), dermal stauractin, X 175+ ; c, hemihexactinic oxyhexaster, X 375; d, hemihexactinic oxyhexaster, X 375 ; e, hexactiaic oxyhexaster, X 375 ; 1, oxyhexaster, X 375 the diactins usually are conically pointed and beset with micro- tubercles on the surface. Sometimes each is spherically expanded, showing a moderately large knoblike swelling. The diactins occur either individually or are combined into long bundles. Besides this spicule, shorter and slenderer diactins, which are almost entirely smooth on the surface, frequently occur in the parenchyme. Very strong and large diactins are only occasionally found among the foregoing. They are more commonly present in the lower regions of AEX. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 71 the sponge body. The diaetins measure 3 mm long and 170/x broad at the center. They are of nearly the same breadth throughout, but taper suddenly near the sharply pointed ends, which have the sur- face roughened. Except the ends, the entire surface is quite smooth and completely covered with numerous striations. Single spicules occur irregularly. The comitalia are only 12/a thick or sometimes less, showing as usual the same breadth for the greater part of their length. The prostal marginalia are long diaetins of variable sizes, project- ing from the oscular edge and measuring 15 mm to 40 mm in length. They taper gradually toward the conically pointed ends, of which the distal one is smooth, while the proximal is rough. Further- more, the prostal marginalia project from the surface of the superior regions of the entire stock. Most of the hypodermalia are moder- ately large oxypentactins with smooth, tapering rays, except at the end. The straight, unpaired proximal ray tapers strongly toward the sharply pointed and microtuberculated end and is 3 mm long. The paratangential rays are shorter or nearly the same length as the ' proximal ray, usually 1 mm to 1.5 mm. They are always either more or less curved or nearly straight, tapering gradually toward the conically pointed and sparsely tuberculated ends. These spicules may occur singly or grouped together. The paratangentials consti- tute the beams of the irregularly meshed hypodermal latticework. The dermalia are mostly stauractins and pentactins, occasionally hexactins. The pentactins are commonly supplied with a bosslike rudiment of the distal sixth ray. The paratangentials measure SO/x, to 100/a in length (measured from the center) and S/x in thickness at the base. The proximal rays are in general nearly as long as, or longer than, the paratangentials, measuring 100/x. to 200/x,. They taper perceptibly from the base toward the conically pointed end. The surface is beset throughout with microspines, which grow considerably weaker and thinner toward the base of rays and central node. In the stauractins (fig. 7, h) the bosslike rudiment is usually not present. The axial rays are IDO/i, to 240/a in length and roughened all over. The micro- spines on the surface are more pronounced on the conically pointed ends. In the hexactinic form, the proximally directed ray is not so long as in the gastral hexactins, and is nearly as long as the paratan- gentials of the same spicule. The gastralia (fig. 7, a) are all rough hexactins in which the free proximal ray is usually much longer than the other rays. In length the paratangentials measure 140ju, to 160/*. The distal ray is fre- quently shorter than, though occasionally as long as, the paratangen- tials. The proximal ray is 210/* to 280/i long and 12/i broad at base 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 of rays. All the rays taper gradually or strongly toward the sharply or conically pointed ends. Except at the base of the rays and on the central node, both of which parts are usually smooth or occasionally thinly microtuberculated, the surface of the rays is beset with numer- ous microspines similar to those on the dermalia. Oxyhexasters, represented by normal, hemihexactinic, and some- what less frequently by hexactinic, forms, are numerous in the choanosome and in the ectosome, as well as in the endosome. Nor- mally developed oxyhexasters (fig. 7, /) are present frequently in the ectosome and in the choanosome. In them the center is swollen to a globular node, and the principals are exceedingly short or fre- quently almost obsolete. Two or three slender terminals, which are about half as broad as the principals, are attached to each principal. They are apt to be broken off near the base, as the fragments are found in abundance in the soft parts. In diameter, or axial length, the normal oxyhexasters measure 120/x to 140/x. The hexactinic forms (fig. 7, e) (axial length 160/x) are rarely found and are for the most part aj^preciably larger than those of the hemihexactinic form. The terminals are moderately strong, on the average about 10/a thick at the base and slightly rough. In the hemihexactinic form (fig. 7, c, d), 1 to 3 of the 12 extremely short or almost entirely atrophied princi- pals each bear two diverging terminals. These are fairly strong and nearly straight. All the terminals of the oxyhexasters mentioned above are rough on the surface, and in those of the endosome the roughness of surface usually becomes more pronounced toward the base of the terminals, distinctly on account of reverted micro- tubercles. There is but one kind of microdiscohexaster. This is fairly com- mon near the gastral surface. It is probably not altogether lacking among the parenchymalia. It is rather small and is spherical in shape, with a diameter of 40/z to 45^0,. The six principals are fairly long, about li/x in length ; their outer ends are somewhat expanded, forming a disklike expansion. There are usually 14 terminals ; fre- quently 10 to each principal. The terminal disks are rather small. As regards the spiculation of the smaller specimen (B) herein provisionally referred to H. attenuatus: Here the paratangentials of the hypodermal pentactins attain a maximum length of 0.85 mm to 1.4 mm, while the proximal unpaired ray may be 1.7 mm long and 25ju broad. They are shorter and de- cidedly slenderer than in the larger specimen; and further the paratangential is nearly straight to the ends which have an entirely smooth surface. Among the dermalia the pentactins occur infrequently and the hexactins very rarely, while they are fairly abundant in the larger specimen. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 73 Oxyhexasters are represented by normal hemihexactinic and hexac- tinic forms. The first are abundant and exhibit a distinct knoblike center and very short principals. The distinct parench^anal diactins which become very much at- tenuated toward both ends seem not to be represented in the smaller specimen. Instead are found large diactins, which measure 5 mm to 6 mm long and Soju to ISO^u, broad. The basidictyonal plate is not completely formed, being repre- sented by large individual or compound stauractins with ends bi- furcated or multifurcated, connecting with those of other approach- ing stauractins. The surface is nearly smooth, except near the ends, which have scattered microspines. . Genus AULOSACCUS Ijima, 1896 This genus was originally established by Ijima because it differs from Scyphidium and Rossella in having no pentactinic hypoder- malia, though otherwise it shows great affinity to both genera. If certain si^ecies of AuJosaccus described by him were only provided with pentactinic hypodermalia, there would have been no hesitation in including it in Scyphidium at that time. But in the various specimens in the collection before me, I have always found a pentac- tinic hypodermalia. The spicule in question easily drops from the dermal surface of the sponge and is not observed in poorly preserved specimens. Although Ijima mentioned the absence of hj^podermal pentactins as the most important character of the genus, I maintain that it may be regarded as distinct from the genera Rossella and Scyphidium in having the macrodiscohexaster as well as the hypo- dermal pentactin. AULOSACCUS FISSURATUS, new species Figure S Both of the complete specimens are very similar in appearance, being large and vaselike in shape, attached by a somewhat narrowed base, and having at the broad upper end a large circular osculum. The larger specimen, which I make the type of the species (U.S.N.M. No. 22114), is nearly 175 mm long and 100 mm broad at the broadest part. The circular osculum measures 80 mm in diameter. Table 19. — Record of specimens of Aulosaccus fissuratus Specimen Collected at— Number and description A Station 4769, Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, 244 fathoms Station 4775 Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, 584 fathoms Several macerated fragments. B One, large, complete. C Station 4781, near western extremity of Aleutian Islands, 482 fathoms. One, complete; about same size as Specimen B. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Spiculation. — The parenchymalia are mainly diactins, which are as usual of varied dimensions, ranging from filamentous comitalia to principalia of 5 mm or more in length and 10//, in thickness in the middle. The larger diactins are oftener found in the deeper Figure 8. — Aulosaccus fissuratiis, new species : a, Gastral hexactin, X 200 ; i, hypodermal oxypentactin, X 200 ; c, dermal pentactin, X 200 ; d, dermal stauractiu, X 200 ; Cj scopiila, X 400 ; f, macrodiscohexaster, X 400 ; g, oxy- hexaster, X 400 ; h, oxyhexaster, X 400 ; i, hemlhexactinic oxyhexaster, X 200 ; /, hexactlnic oxyhexaster, X 200 ; k, microdiscohexaster, X 400 parts of the body. They are bowlike and of nearly the same breadth throughout, with conically pointed and microtuberculated ends and without central swellings or knobs. The shorter and broader diactins, which are mostly isolated, are smooth at the center or, at most, with an annular swelling there; their ends are always roughened and rounded or conically pointed. AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 75 The hypodermalia are mainly large oxypentactins (fig. 8, h) with rather strong rays, among which the cliactinic forms are intermixed. The former spicules vary somewhat in size. The paratangentials may be 180/x to l,320;u, or more long, and the straight unpaired proximal ray is always much longer than the paratangentials in the same spicule, measuring 490/x, to 2,000/a in length. The rays at the base may attain a thickness of 70|U. The pointed ends of the rays usually are rough on the surface at a short distance from the end. Somethnes the surface is roughened all over, caused by their being densely covered with tiny microtubercles and lined with a few dis- tinct straight striations. These pentactinic hypodermalia occur sin- gly at the centers of the starlike texturings of the sponge surface. The radiating texture of the surface is formed by the paratangentials and by the slender diactins, described below, which help to support the dermal layer. The diactins, which occur either singly or together with the paratangentials of the oxypentactins forming the small bun- dles, are distinguished by two forms. One, less frequently found, is the shorter and broader diactin and is smooth at the center or, at most, with an annular swelling : its ends are always roughened and conically tapered or rounded to a point. The dermalia are slightly rough pentactins (fig. 8, c), occasionally stauractins (fig. 8, d). The rays, measured from the center, average 150ja long and 12ju, thick. The unpaired ray is somewhat shorter, measuring 75/a to 145ju, in length. If they taper outward, it is only slightly. The ends are rounded or conically pointed. Not infre- quently the pentactinic form, in which the unpaired ray is always directed proximad, show^s an indication of the sixth distal ray in the form of a knob. The paratangentiai cross is usually straight and not convex. Seen from the surface, the delicate dermal lattice- work presents irregular meshes, though in places these tend to assume a regular quadrate arrangement. Near the oscular margin the latticework may be disturbed, forming a very irregular arrangement. The gastralia are rough hexactins (fig. 8, a) wath six long and more sharply pointed rays. The paratangentiai ray is 165/x to 220/i long; breadth at base, 20/^. All the six rays in the same spicule may occasionally be nearly uniform in length, though usually the distal ray is much shorter, measuring 120/^ to 210/a, and the free proximal ray much longer, measuring 300m to 340/^. The microtubercles are more pronounced on the distal parts of the six rays. They are sometimes entirely absent on the basal parts and on the central node of the rays. All the six rays are very gradually tapered distally and sharply pointed at the ends. Frequently the proximal ray (in the case of its ray measuring twice the length of the distal ray) is slightly curved laterally toAvard the proximal end. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. SI Oxyhexasters of normal, hemihexactinic (fig. 8, ^), and hexactinic (fig. 8, j) forms are found; the two latter most commonly in the choanosome and in the ectosome, as well as in the endosome. The normally developed oxyhexasters (fig. 8, g^ h) are frequently met within the hypoderm and occasionally in the parenchyme layer. They measure 90/x to 150/* in diameter. From the slender and short principals arise the two slender terminals, moderately widely diverged. In the present species I have not seen the robuster larger oxyhexasters that occur in A. alhatrossi, but I believe that some might have been discovered, had a more extensive search been made. Fre- quently, among the gastralia, the somewhat robuster oxyhexasters, mentioned above, are to be found. This oxyhexaster has the same dimensions, but it differs in having broader terminals and a dis- tinctly microtuberculated surface. The hemihexactinic and hexac- tinic forms, being quite similar to those of A. alhatrossi, are not described. The macrodiscohexaster (fig. 8, /) is very much like that of A. alhatrossl, except that it is perceptibly smaller in diameter. It averages 450ja in diameter and is provided with a round central sphere measuring 40/x to 45/x in diameter. The microdiscohexaster (fig. 8, k) is of two forms. The larger one is rare in the dermal layer, while the smaller one is usually jDresent in the choanosome and in the ectosome, as well as in the endosome. The former is essentially similar to the macrodiscohex- aster known to occur in A. mifsukurii, but has a somewhat shorter diameter. It measures 75fi to 80/t and is fairly well supplied with terminals, which are generally straight and unif ormiiy thick through- out their length. The terminal disks are small, and each is furnished with six or more minute marginal teeth. The smaller microdiscohexaster measures 32/* in diameter. I have found this form on the whole sparsely distributed in the ecto- some and in the endosome as well as in the choanosome, though exceedingly rare in the latter. The principals are slender and form a cross, measuring about 8/x in axial length. The terminals number six to eight and measure 12/* to 13/j, in length. In the endosome, this microdiscohexaster usually attains a diameter of 36/* to 40/*. The terminals are also longer, measuring 16/* in length. I have always found the structure of the basidictyonal plate of this species to be thick. The beams of this plate are entirely smooth and look quite different from those of A. albatrossi, and the meshes are much longer than in the latter. Remarks. — The other smaller specimen is a vaselike form with a somewhat narrower inferior part of the body. The height and the ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 77 broadest part of the body are nearly the same as those of the type, but the osculiim is somewhat oval in form, measuring 67 mm by 45 mm. The species here described as new is unquestionably a very near relative of A. schulzel Ijima and A. albatrossi, new species. It can scarcely be said to differ from these species so far as the categorical forms of the spicular elements are concerned; but in the details of the characters I find in all individuals referred to it certain con- stant peculiarities that I think maj' be considered to be of sufficient specific value. AULOSACCUS FISSURATUS SHIMUSHIRENSIS, new subspecies A tolerably large fragment (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22046) was obtained from a deptli of 229 fathoms southeast of Shimushir Island, Kuriles (Station 4803). /Spiculafiofi. — The hypodermalia and hypogastralia are pentac- tins and diactins. The pentactinic forms appear f requenth^ and are not so great in size. They are provided with paratangentials 130,u. in length and with an unpaired proximal ray 680;u. to 2,500;u, long. The surface of the ra37s is sparsely microtuberculated all over. The rays taper slightly toward the rounded or conically pointed ends, the surface of which is not so prominently tubercled as that occur- ring in other members of the genus. The diactins are generally 20ju, in breadth and are less than 180/a to 300/a in length. They taper very slightly toward both conically j^ointed ends; the surface is sparsel}-- tubercled. The center of this spicule is frequently marked externally by a conspicuous swelling. The parenchymalia are all slender diactins in loose, feltlike ar- rangement or grouped together into moderately thickened bundles. The principalia may attain a length of 9 mm or more and a breadth of 45/A at the middle; they taper gradually toward the rough and shar25ly pointed ends. The dermalia are predominantly stauractins in which the atro- phied fifth ray is frequently indicated by a gentle swelling on the distal side of the paratangential cross. The axial length measures 170/A to 200/A and is 8//, to 12/i thick at the base. For the greater part of their length they maintain a nearly uniform thickness. Besides this form, occasionally they are represented by pentactinic forms. The paratangential rays, as measured from the spicular center, are 75^ to lOOfj. long, and an unpaired proximal ray measures 92^,1 long and 5fx broad at the base. The thickness of all the rays is nearly the same, but decreases very slightly toward the rounded tips. Their 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 surface is entirely rough, the roughness being uniformly distributed on the entire surface. The gastralia consist chiefly of rough hexactins. The paratan- gentials mostly measure TOjU, long from the spicular center and 8/^ thick at the base. The distal ray is nearly as long as, or somewhat longer than, the paratangential of the same spicule, while the prox- imal ray is usually longer, 105;u to 120/x. in length. The rays taper perceptibly toward the conically pointed end ; their entire surface is quite uniformly rough. The hexaster, the oxyhexaster^ and hemihexactinic forms are of frequent occurrence in all parts of the entire stock. Their axial length varies from CO/x to 80/i. The very thin and delicate terminals •of the normal oxyhexaster are about 1/i, thick at the base and diverge widely; the principals are distinct and thick. The hemihexactinic form is robuster, measuring 100/^ in diameter; and the terminals are stronger and the roughness is more pronounced. It occurs mostly in the parenchyme, intermingled with the normal oxyhexaster and is more numerous than the latter. The macrodiscohexaster shows a sunlike appearance, nearly like that occurring in other members of this genus. It varies in diameter from 680/i, to SSOju. The axis of the central sphere measures Mfi. The microdiscohexaster shows two kinds ; the larger one is nearly similar to that occurring in A. mitsukurii Ijima and measures 80/a in diameter, with straight, strong terminals and with distinct prin- cipals lOju, long. The smaller one shows a delicate structure with a diameter of 40)ii to 50|U,, nearly the half of the former. It occurs chiefly in the dermal layer. Remarks. — Our new subspecies closely resembles A. flssuratus in general spiculation, but differs from it in having a larger macro- discohexaster and in the appearance of the microdiscohexaster. AULOSACCUS ALBATROSSI, new species Figure 9 ; Plate 5, Figure 3 The larger, complete specimen A (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22111), upon which I base this description, is exquisitely vaselike, being broadest in the upper fourth of its length and gradually narrowing. The total length is 182 mm ; greatest breadth, about 120 mm. The osculum is nearly circular, with a diameter of approximately 45 mm. The wall in the middle of the entire body is 12 mm thick; in the oscular margin, 2 mm. The greater part of the dermal skeleton has • fallen off. Where it is preserved it shows a delicate dermal layer, of which the latticework is perceptible with the naked eye. The par- enchymal mass, exposed to the eye on the ouside, presents as the re- ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 79 Figure 9. — Aulosaccus albatrossi, new species : a, Hypodermal pentactin, x 100 ; b, proximal part of hypodermal pentactin, X 100 ; c, dermal pentactin, X 200 ; d, dermal stauractin, x 200 ; c, gastral hexactin, X 200 ; f, gastral hexactin, X 200 ; g, small gastral hexactin, X 200 ; h, dermal diactin, X 200 ; i, small oxyhexaster, X 250 ; }, small oxyhexaster, X 320 ; k, hemihexactinic oxyhexaster, X 320 ; I, large oxyhexaster, X 320 ; m, microdiscohexaster, X 320 ; n, larger microdiscohexaster, X 320 suit of abrasion a curly appearance. The gastral surface is well preserved. It is lined all over with a continuous layer of the deli- cate endosomal skeleton. Table 20. — Record of specimens of Aulosaccus olbatrossi Specimen Collected at— Number and description A Station 4797 near Petrooavlovslj:. 682 fathoms. One, large, complete. B do - - - -- One, small, represented by large pieces broken from superior region. Sficulation. — The hypodermalia are pentactins (fig. 9, a, h) and diactins. The former show essentially the same character and ar- 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 rangement as in A. fssuratus. In general they occur singly and not in groups, the manner of arrangement being typically as de- scribed below. The starlike texture of the sponge surface is mainly formed by this pentactin, situated centrally with the diactins run- ning along its paratangentials and entering with them into the sup- port of the dermal layer. The pentactins are comparatively large, with rather strong rays. They are infrequently supplied with a boss- like rudiment of the distal ray, the end of which is strongly beset with sharply pointed microspines. The paratangentials may be ISOfi to 1,045|U, long and the unpaired proximal ra}^ 500|Li to l,TOO;ti long. The rays at the base may attain a thickness of 45;a. The conically pointed ends usually show a tuberculated surface. The diactins are generally 20/i, to 30^i in breadth at the center and less than 3% mm in length. They quite agree in appearance with the similarly sized hypogastralia, except for the fact that the spicular center is often, but not always, externally marked by an inconspicuous annular swelling. The parenchymalia are all slenderer and longer diactins than those of the hypodermal and hypogastral layers. They are usually grouped together into curled, ill-defined bundles. The principalia may attain a length of 8 mm or more and a breadth of SOft at the middle ; they are of nearly the same breadth throughout and smooth on the surface except for the conical, tuberculated ends. The dermalia are nearly the same as those of A. flssuratus. They are predominantly pentactins and occasionally stauractins. The rays of the pentactins (fig. 9, c), as measured from the spicular center, are 110^ to 165/a long and 8/i. to 12/^ broad at the base. Their surface is completely rough, the roughness being inost pronounced near the conically pointed end. They are also commonly furnished with a bosslike rudiment of the distal ray. Stauractins (fig. 9, d) are only slightly rough all over. Their axial length is from 280/^ to 450/4. The rays taper perceptibly toward the rounded or coni- cally pointed tip and are almost uniformly thick ; at the middle they are 8/* to 12/a thick. The meshes of the dermal latticework, which may be composed of pentactins and stauractins, are fairly regularly quadrate, averaging 143/^ in length of sides. Seen under the micro- scope the dermal latticework is not regularly meshed throughout, es- pecially on the dermal membrane of the oscular margin. The gastralia are predominantly rough hexactins (fig. 9, e, f). The paratangentials usually measure 155jn to 190/i, in length and 15)u, to 18/x, in thickness at the base. The distal ray is nearly as long as, or somewhat shorter than, the paratangential in the same spicule, while the proximal ray is generally much longer; it may be 330/x in length. Sometimes in the same spicule these rays are subequal, but often there is a high degree of variation in the length of the ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 81 distal or proximal ray. The rays are nearly uniformly broad through their length toward the conically pointed and microtuber- culated end. These hexactins, being single or two or three in a group, also form a regular quadrate latticework, the length of which is nearly the same as those of the dermal layers or 110/u, to 145ju. Besides these large hexactins, there occasionally occur small and delicate hexactins (fig. 9, g), which may be younger or not fully developed, with lengthened paratangentials, 80/*; distal ray, 75|u; and proximal ray, 90/i. In this specimen I have occasionally found paratangentially disposed, diactinic dermalia (fig. 9, h) and diactinic gastralia. The manner of their occurrence in company with the stauractinic or pentactinic form in the ectosome and with the hexactins in the endosome leaves no doubt as to the legitimacy of considering them to be dermalia and gastralia. They seem to be linked to the hypo- dermalia and the hypogastralia by means of intermediate forms. Their presence in the species seems to be nearly constant. Of the hexasters, the oxyhexaster (fig. 9, ?, j, k) is of frequent occurrence in the endosome and the ectosome, as well as in the choanosome. The oxyhexaster exhibits the normal oxyhexaster as well as hemihexactinic and hexactinic forms. The normal oxyhex- asters may be distinguished as of two kinds, the smaller one (fig. 9, ?, i) is usually present in the ectosome and in the endosome of the superior region of the entire stock, while the larger one (fig. 9, A ) seems to occur in the parenchyme of the inferior basal regions. They differ in respect to both size and general appearance. The former is comparatively small and of a delicate appearance, with a diameter of 120)u to 130/*. From each exceedingly short and slender principal arise two or three thin, straight terminals, the surface of which is rather sparsely tuberculated. The latter oxyhexaster is larger, with much stronger terminals, measuring 76/i in length. The principals are usually fairly long and broad, 8/t at the base. The number of terminals to a principal is usually two or three. The diameter is 150/x to 160/*. Its entire surface is strongly tuberculated. Hemihexactinic and hexactinic forms (fig. 9, k) are of frequent occurrence. In shape and size they quite agree with those of A. schnlzei. The macrodiscohexaster in this species is somewhat smaller than that of .1. schulzei, usually measuring 250/i to G50/* in diameter, about half that of the latter species. The central sphere measures 35/* to 48/* in diameter. The terminals are delicate, slender, rodlike, and quite smooth-surfaced. The terminal disk is somewhat con- ically convex on the outer side. The margin shows a row of num- erous small teeth. This spicule occurs usually in the hypoderm and in the dermal membrane, as well as occasionally in the parenchyme. 118040—32 6 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 Microdiscohexasters (fig. 9, m, 71) are of two kinds, namely, the larger, which usually occurs in the hypodermal region, and the smaller, which is found commonly everywhere, in the endosome, ectosome, and choanosome. The larger one measures 50/x to 56/* in diameter and is frequently somewhat better supplied with terminals (8 to 12) than the smaller. Terminals measure 16/^ to 20/x long, are generally slightly curved inward distally, and are nearly uni- formly thick throughout. The terminal disks are small and are furnished with minute marginal teeth. The principals are per- ceptibly broad and form a cross 10/a to 12/a in axial length. The common, smaller microdiscohexaster is comparatively small, meas- uring 32/A to 40/i in diameter. It is a very delicate form and usually occurs everywhere, except on the ectodermal region. In some places in the basal region of the entire stock it is more abundant than elsewhere. The principals are slender and form a cross 8/1, to 10/i in axial length. Their outer end shows a disklike expansion from which slender terminals arise, 12/x, to 16/* in length. I have always found the basidictyonal plate to be fairly thick and very uneven. The irregularly contoured beams are sparsely microtubercled. The meshes are very small and roundish, oval, or irregular in shape. AULOSACCUS SCHULZEI Ijima Aulosaccus sclmlzei Ijima, Zool. Anz., 188G, p. 252 ; Aimot. Zool. Japou., vol. 2, p. 51, 1898 ; Journ. Sci. Coll. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 18, art. 7, pp. 110-117, pi. 8, figs. 26-28, pi. 9, figs. 1-12, 1904. A single fairly large specimen of A. schulzei was collected south- east of Shimushir Island, Kuriles, at a depth of 229 fathoms (Sta- tion 4803). It is exquisitely vasiform, and 87 mm broad at the lower end. The greatest breadth is about 57 mm. Above the broad- est part of the body the wall curves in more or less to terminate in the thin oscular margin, which in this specimen is much injured. The osculum is irregularly circular, with a diameter of approxi- mately 34 mm. The thickness of the wall in the middle of the upper half of the sponge is 5 mm ; in the middle of the lower half, about 18 mm. The greater part of the dermal skeleton has fallen off ; the parenchymal mass exposed by abrasion presents a curly appearance. The gastral surface is quite well preserved, but most of the delicate endosomal skeleton has also fallen off. The normal oxyhexaster, which is absent in the type specimens, appears intermingled wnth the hemihexactinic and hexactinic forms. It measures 135/* in diameter and its center is swollen to form a globular node. The terminals, generally two or occasionally three in number, arising from each principal are slender and rough. They seem to be rather brittle near the base, as their fragments are found in abundance in the soft parts. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 83 The gastral hexactins, though somewhat shorter, are much more robust than those of the type specimens, measuring mostly 12ix to 15/A broad at the base. The roughness of the surface, caused by the existence of microspines, is also much more pronounced. Remarlis. — The present species somewhat resembles A. flssuratus shimushirensis from the same station in the essential characters of spiculation; but differs from it by the entire absence of the larger microdiscohexaster and by the structure of the normal oxyhexaster, which has the central knob well developed in the present species, while absent in the latter. AULOSACCUS TUBERCULATUS. new species Figure 10 This species is represented by three fragments (cotypes, U.S.N.M. No. 22122), which may belong to the upper portion of the same sponge (two fragments preserved in the same bottle are larger than Figure 10. — Aulosaccus tuherculatus, new species : a. Dermal hexactin, X 250 ; b, gastral hexactin, X 250 ; c, hexactinic form, X 500 ; d, hemihexactinic form, X 500 ; e, hemihexactinic form, X 500 ; f, macrodiscohexaster, X 500 ; a. microfliscohexaster, X 500 the third in another bottle). They were all obtained from a depth of 244 fathoms, off Bowers Bank, Bering Sea (Station 4769). The greater part of the dermal delicate latticework has fallen off, some 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 remaining near the marginal parts of the oscuhim. The incurrent apertures vary considerably in size, measuring 1 mm to 5 mm in diameter, and sparsely scattered with small and large ones inter- mingling. The excurrent ones are like the former in size and shape. The wall is about 9 mm thick in the middle, becoming gradually thinner toward the oscular margin, where it measures 1 mm. Spiculation. — The parenchymalia are mainlj^ slender diactins of widely varying sizes, reaching 7 mm in length and 20/x in thickness at the middle. They are sparsely distributed and are infrequently present singly or forming small bundles. The gradually tapering rays are provided with microspines at the end. The slenderer par- enchymalia present no features worthy of special mention. The hypodermalia and hypogastralia are predominantly diactins, which are much stronger and longer than those of the parenchyme, measuring 6 mm in length and 30/a to 50/a in thickness at the center. These spicules usually occur singly, rarely forming bundles, and are more densely distributed than in the parenchyme layer. They are nearly the same breadth throughout, with conically pointed, occa- sionally distinctly circular, expanded ends, the surface of which is usually microspined. Comitalia are slender diactins, smooth, but with roughened conically pointed ends. The length may reach 3 mm or more and the thickness at the middle IS^u.. The dermalia are rather thick-rayed pentactins, the paratangen- tial rays of which are strongly arched on the dermal plane. Occa- sionally hexactins (fig. 10, a), stauractins. and tauractins are found. In the pentactins, the paratangential, as measured from the central point, is 90/A to lOO/n long; the thickness at the base averages 12ju. The rays are very slightly narrowed outward ; the tip is rounded or somewhat conically pointed. Their surface is thickly beset all over with well-developed, erect, and conical, or tubercular, prickles, which constitute one of the most striking characteristics of the species, as ^it does of A. mlts'ukurii. The hexactins and stauractins need no special mention. The quadrate meshes formed by apposed rays of the dermalia measure 100/* to 120;it in length of sides. The gastralia are prominently stronger and larger hexactins (fig. 10, l>) than those of the dermal layer, and are rarely pentactins. The raj^s are somewhat tapering toward the ends; the prickles on the surface are not so strongly and conspicuously developed as those of the dermalia. The proximal ray is the longest of the rays, meas- uring l'20jLi to 210/i, in lengtli while the distal ray measures 112;u, to 128/x. The paratangentials are nearly straight and measure 108/x, to 132/x, ; the thickness at the base averages 10/*. The quadrate meshes formed by the paratangentials of the gastralia usually measure 120/>t in length of sides. ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 85 The pentactins are much like those in the dermal layer, but tlie prickles over their surface are not so prominently developed. They rarely occur in this layer. The prominent sixth ray knob is usually found in these spicules, though absent in the dermal pentactins. The oxyhexaster consists of normally developed oxyhexaster, hemi- hexactinic (fig. 10, r/, e), and hexactinic (fig. 10, c) forms. The former oxyhexasters are not so numerous. They occasionally occur in the ectosome and in the endosome, and far more rarely in the parenchyme. They measure 108/x in diameter. From each ex- ceedingly short principal, there diverge usually two, thin, often slightly strong, obsoletely rough-surfaced, and nearly straight ter- minals. Frequently the last two forms ave found throughout the sponge, being especially abundant in the choanosome. No special mention is made of the hemihexactinic and hexactinic forms. Gen- erally speaking, the central nodes of these spicules are distinct, and the surface of all the rays is rough. The macrodiscohexaster (fig. 10, /) is somewhat smaller than that of A. TTiUsukurli, is nearly spherical in shape, and measures 90/x in diameter. It is not so well supplied with terminals; these are very thin and generally not straight. No more than five terminals arise, not in a circle but promiscuously from the disklike expansion of each very short broad principal. The terminal disks are very small and are furnished with three or four sharply pointed claws. This macrodiscohexaster is found chiefly in the dermal and gastral layers, and frequently quite abundantly in the choanosome. The microdiscohexaster (fig. 10, r/) is small, only 28ju, in diameter, and spherical in shape. I have found it fairly numerous in the gastral and dermal membranes, but in the parenchyme it is exceed- ingly rare. AULOSACCUS SOLASTER, new species FieuRH 11 This species is represented in the collection by a large fragment (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22109) that seems to be the superior part of an entire stock. It was obtained southeast of Shimushir Island, Kuriles, at a depth of 229 fathoms (Station 4804). The osculum may attain 140 mm in size. The body wall is very thick, measuring 30 mm at the inferior region, and becomes thinner toward the oscular margin. It has a yellowish-white color in alcohol. Spiculation. — The parenchymalia are all slender diactins of varia- ble thickness. Their ends are usually beset with microtubercles and are mostly conically rounded. The diactins occur either singly or combined into long threadlike bundles. In the latter case, they are curled strongly among the parenchymalia, commonly about 1.5 mm thick. These diactins are long, attaining a length of 4.25 mm to 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM VOL. 81 6 mm or more, and are nearly uniformly broad throughout the entire length, measuring 8ja to 20^ at the center. The hypodermalia and hypogastralia are mainly diactins; pent- actins are not found. These hypogastral diactins are broader but shorter than those of the hypoderm. They measure 16)u, to 40;(i thick at the center and attain a length of 1.37 mm to 2 mm. Some- times their spicular center shows a gentle annular swelling. Figure 11. — Aulosaccus solaster, new species : a, h. Dermal hexactins ; c, gastral hexactia ; d, hemihexactinic form ; e, hexactinie form ; f, hemihexactinic form ; g, h, small hexac- tinic form ; i, j, ox.vhexasler ; A;, mierodiscohexaster ; I, macrodiscohexaster. All X 225 The dermalia are all hexactins (fig. 11, «, h) in which the proximal ray is always longer than any of the other rays. They are of two forms, one being occasionally intermingled with the others. In the first kind, the length of the paratangentials is lOO^i to 132/i,; distal ray is as long as the paratangentials or somewhat longer; length of proximal ray, 121/a to 154/* ; breadth at base of rays, 20/i,. The length of paratangentials in the smaller one is 68/* to Y3/i; the distal ray is also as long as the j^aratangentials or somewhat longer; length of ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 87 proximal raj', T5/i to SO/x. All the rays taper very perceptibly to- ward the conically pointed ends. Their surface throughout is beset with conical, erect, or nearly erect microspines, which are sometimes absent on the base of the rays and on the central node. Both of these parts are smooth. The microspines on all rays are strongly directed toward their ends. The meshes of the latticework for the greater part appear quadrate, measuring 110;u, to 143;u, in length of sides. The gastralia are also hexactins (fig. 11, c), of nearl}^ the same shape as those of the dermal layer, but on the whole much larger. The length of the rays, as measured from the spicular center, is usually 155ju. to 180/a. The six rays are nearly the same length, but often the distal ray is shorter than the others, measuring 120/a to 165jit in length. Except at the base of the rays and on the central node, both of which parts are generally smooth, the surface is also beset with numerous microspines similar to or somewhat more weakly developed than those on the dermalia. Stauractins are rough near the ends and either nearly plane or slightly arched. They are of rare occurrence among the gastralia. The rays, perceptibly taper- ing toward the rounded tij), are nearly all uniformly thick, though sometimes slightly swollen at the center. Oxyhexasters are commonly represented by hexactinic forms, and somewhat less frequently by hemihexactinic and normal forms. The former two are abundantly present in the hypodermal, hypogastral, and parenchymal layers, especially the hexactinic form, which is much commoner everywhere. Two forms of normally developed oxyhexasters are occasionally found in the endosome and in the choanosome. In the endosome, the delicate oxyhexasters (fig. 11, i) are rarely intermingled with common robuster forms. These robuster normal oxyhexasters (fig. 11, j) measure 90/x to llOpi in diameter. Two to four stouter terminals with slightly rough surface, measur- ing 52/x in length and widely diverged, are attached to the broad prin- cipals which measure Qfx in breadth. Hexactinic forms (fig. 11, e) are very abundant throughout. They have six broad, strong rays, 45/x to CO/x long, which taper strongly toward the sharply pointed end, measuring 4/x to S/x at the base. The entire surface is slightly rough and tuberculated, except at the base. Besides this form much smaller hexactinic forms (fig. 11, g, h) with the surface entirely smooth, occasionally occur, in all probability a partly developed, or 3^ounger, form. The hemihexactinic form (fig. 11, f/, /) may be present together with the hexactinic form. They show nearly the same features, with big rays, as those occurring in other members of the genus, measuring 90jli to lOO/i. in diameter. The macrodiscohexaster (fig. 11, I) shows a regularly spherical form, measuring 230;a to 320ja in diameter. From a central sphere 55/A to 75/x across, there arise numerous straight, smooth-surfaced 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.81 terminals, radiating uniformly in all directions. They have a minute terminal disk, the margin of which shows a row of 2 to 14 small teeth. The terminals always appear to have been regularly arranged in their positions and not situated promiscuously as those of A. schulzei; they usually radiate uniformly in all directions, forming two circles ; the inner circle is always composed of shorter terminals, which stick densely together in great numbers. The longer terminals are arranged sparsely on the outer circle. This spicule is very com- mon in the gastral membrane and fairly so in the endosome and the choanosome, but is not found on the dermal membrane. This can easily be verified with a hand lens. The microdiscohexaster (fig. 11, A;), of a delicate nature and with a diameter of 40/x to 45/i,, is common in the parenchyme, hypoderm, and hypogastral layers. It is spherical in shape and provided with exceedingly fine terminals 10/x, to 12/x long. The principals are noticeably broad and form a cross about 18/i in axial length. Their outer ends do not show a distinct disklike expansion but become somewhat broader than the middle of the principals, and in the cen- tral part they are weakly spherically swollen. AULOSACCUS PINULARIS, new species A single specimen in the collection (Station 4790) has served as the type of this new species (U.S.N.M. No. 22112). In general ap- pearance, this sponge resembles A. schulzei Ijima from Sagami Sea. It is exquisitely vaselike, broadest in the upper third of its length, and gradually narrowed below. The total length of the stock is 135 mm; greatest breadth, about 85 mm. Above the broadest portion, the wall curves in more or less to terminate in a much-injured, thin, oscular margin, which may have flared out slightly. The osculum is nearly circular, with a diameter of approximately 55 mm. The w^all in the middle of the upper half is 10 mm thick; in the middle of the lower half, 19 mm. The greater part of the dermal skeleton has fallen off. Where preserved it shows an exceedingly delicate dermal layer supported below by fine hypodermal strands that intersect one another at various angles. The parenchymal mass, exposed by abrasion, presents a somewhat curly appearance. The apertures to the incurrent canals are medium sized or smaller. The gastral surface is well preserved. It is lined throughout with a continuous layer of the delicate endosomal skeleton. This consists of a small and irregularly meshed latticework of thin hypo- gastral strands bearing gastralia, which, without forming a con- tinuous layer by themselves, leave the hypogastral meshes more or less freely open. The surface features of 'pimilaris are largely com- mon to all species of the genus. The excurrent canalar apertures are ABT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 89 all small in the upper part of the gastral cavity. Lower down, larger ones become interspersed. The openings of all are covered by the sievelike layer of the gastral skeleton. Spicidation.. — The parenchymalia are all slender diactins either in a loose feltlike arrangement or grouped together into moderately thick, ill-defined bundles. The principal may attain a length of 6 mm or more and a breadth of 52/x at the middle ; it tapers gradually toward both ends, which are rough and conically pointed. All sizes down to comitalia only 12/^ in thickness are to be found. All the smaller diactins have roughened ends, which taper very slightly to a conical tip, measuring S^a broad. The hj^podermalia and hypogastralia are likewise diactins; pent- actins are not present. They are generally 20ju, in breadth and less than 1.5 mm in length. They quite agree in appearance with similar- sized parenchymalia, except in the fact that the spicular center is often, but not always, externally marked by an inconspicuous annular swelling. The dermalia are hexactinic pinnies, so far as those of the body proper are concerned. The pinular distal ray as a wdiole is spindle- shaped; it is 110/x to 160/A long and 14/^ to lS;a broad in the middle, which is about the broadest part. In this part the obliquely up- wardly directed, elongate, conical spines may be as long as 8/i. The rhachis is smooth for a short distance at the base, which is about 8/A thick; its conically pointed, outer end forms the tip of the pinular ray. The remaining five rays are somewhat slender and bluntly pointed at the end. They are beset with small, usually erect prickles, sparingly at the base but more pronounced at the end ; length, IIO/a to 120)U. The proximal ray is usually slightly shorter than the paratangentials of the same pinule, measuring 105/a to 130/* in length. The fine quadratic-meshed dermal latticework is formed by two to six paratangentials of two to six adjoining pinnies lying side by side for nearly their entire length. Here and there, among the der- malia, I have found such forms as may appropriately be regarded as early stages in their development. They are much smaller, slender-rayed hexactins, in which either there is no distally directed ray or it is but little differentiated from the other rays, being nearly as prickly as these. The gastralia are pinularlike hexactins. The free ray is much longer, 260/i to 300^ long and 8/* to 12/* broad at the base, beset with strong prickles, which are projected obliquely upward and pro- nounced at the extremity. The remaining five rays are all slenderer and gradually taper toward the conically or sharply pointed end. But frequently one of the paratangentials shows a somewhat pinular- like appearance and is provided with strong prickles at the end. 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 The distal ray is the smallest and shortest of all, measuring ISOfx to 220/x, in length and sharply pointed at the end, while the paratangen- tials are usually somewhat longer and bigger than the distal ray, 200/x to 240/x long. The oxyhexaster consists of normal oxyhexaster and hemihexac- tinic and hexactinic forms. The normal oxyhexaster is abundant, measuring 125)li to IGO^ia in diameter. Two varieties of this spicule can be distinguished from the characters of the ray; both seem to occur together promiscuously. In the one the center is swollen to a globular shape, and the very short principals are somewhat rounded in a knoblike manner. Terminals are slender, mostly rough but occasionally smooth, usually three or four arising from each princi- pal. It seems that this is the more abundant of the two oxyhexaster varieties. In the other form the terminals are usually two in number and slightly stronger, while the principals are much less distinctly indi- cated, being in fact quite abortive. Insignificant microtubercles are sometimes seen on the surface of the terminals. They measure usually 110/A to 115/^ in diameter. Hemihexactinic and hexactinic forms are also intermixed with the normally developed oxyhexaster in the choanosome of the sponge body. They measure 120/x to 160;a in diameter. The terminals, which look moderately strong, are about 10/x thick at the base, and their surface is obsoletely rough. The latter occurs usually much more abundantly than the former. The macrodiscohexaster resembles that occurring in A. ijwiai (Schulze). It is sunlike in appearance, measures nearly 200/* to 430/x at the axis of the rosette, and is present mostly in the choano- some. From the end of the principals, which are separated by six hemi- spherical bosses measuring 45/x to 55^ across, there arise numerous very long and slender terminals, radiating uniformly outward. Terminals are filamentlike, obscurely rough-surfaced, and furnished with a disk at the end, which is somewhat conically convex on the outer side. It measures about 12/i, in diameter. The margin shows a row of numerous small teeth. Microcliscohexasters of spherical shape and 40ju, in diameter are not uncommon in or near the endosomal layer. They were occa- sionally observed in the ectosome also. From a nearly spherical node arise comparatively thick principals, which in length are about one- third the radius of the rosette, each of which carries at the outer end a small disk, usually provided with a central tubercular prominence on the external side. The terminals are very fine and difficult to count, but there are probably not more than 10 to each principal. ABT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 91 Remarks. — This new species resembles A. ijimai in essential mode of spiculation but differs from it in the shapes of the dermal and gastral hexactins and the outer feature of the parenchymal oxyhex- aster. BATHYDORUS UNDETERMINED Here are mentioned three specimens that I have studied but which I prefer to leave unnamed, I provisionally place them in the genus Bathydorus. One of them is very small and probably a young specimen in which the cliaracters have not been fully developed. The other two are broken into several fragments, which were pre- served in a badly macerated condition. BATHYDORUS, a species Pi/ATE 6, Figure 2 This is a little specimen collected at Station 4917, about 90 miles west by southwest of Kagoshima Gulf at a depth of 361 fathoms, together with SericolojyJius reflexus (Ijima). The body is barrel- like in shape, measures 14.5 mm high and 7 mm broad, and is at- tached to a mass of pebbles. From the body proper arise fine prostal needles of a considerable length, mostl}'' directed obliquely upward and outward. The dermal surface is smooth. The parenchymalia are chiefly diactins less than 12/a thick. Nearly all the surface is smooth ; occasionally it is rough at both ends. The dermalia are predominantly stauractins, the plane of which is usually slightly convex on the outer side. The length of their rays varies from Goyu. to 80/x. They are 4/* in breadth at their base. The relatively strong and slightly tapering rays are entirely rough with distinct but sparse microtubercles. The atrophied rays are entirely absent in the present spicule. The gastralia are hexactins found in dense but irregular distribu- tion. They do not form a regular latticework. The surfaces of the rays are much more prominently microspined. The paratangentials usually measure 70/x to 80/a in length; the distal ray is shortest of all, while the proximal is 120|u, to ISO/u long, tapering toward the pointed and curved ends. The hypodermalia are moderately large pentactins, with their rays gradually tapered toward the conically pointed ends. The paratangentials measure SGO^ti to 400|U, in length and IS^u, to 16|a in breadth near the spicular center. The proximal fifth ray is always longer than the paratangential in the same spicule and at times is nearly twice as long. Seen in surface-view preparations, the paratangential crosses are situated for the most part without any regular or " mutual " arrangement, though at places they approach the formation of a quadrate-meshed latticework. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 The oxyhexasters are common, but not abundant, in the choano- some, as well as in the subdermal and in the subgastral spaces. They are characterized by rather longer terminals, as compared with the principals, and are slender, quite smooth on the surface, and, though bent at the base, are nearly straight for the rest of their length, and so diverge from one another as to give a spherical shape to the entire spicule. This measures 110/,t to 120/a in diameter. Principals bearing less than two terminals probably never occur; there are two or three in most cases. The only kind of discohexaster present is comparable to the micro- discohexaster of certain other rossellids. It measures only 3.04 mm in diameter. The convex disk at the outer end of each fairly strong- principal bears a bunch of numerous and exceedingly fine divergent terminals, each of which ends in a minute terminal knob. The shape of the entire rosette is spherical. In some parts the discohexasters in question were found only occasionally ; in other parts of the same specimen they were quite common, occurring near the subdermal or subgastral regions, where they seem to be present in nearly equal numbers to, or are somewhat more numerous than, the oxyhexasters. The described spiculation seems to come nearest to, and indeed closely resembles, that of Vitrollula fertUis. But, as the parenchy- mal hexactins are lacking, I should prefer not to make a definite specific determination. An interesting fact regarding the specimen is the presence of cer- tain peculiar small bodies lodged in large numbers among the tis- sues of the choanosome. Ijima has already noted these in Stauro- calyptus glaber. To the naked eye they appear as whitish spots of various sizes of about or less than 0.5 mm diameter. Under the mi- croscope the body is found to be a reticular mass of no definite shape,^ consisting of an irregular rigid framework of microtuberculate beams. The mass is always completely transversed by a few par- enchymal diactins of the sponge. These reticular bodies treated of are also like those described by F. E. Schulze from the buds borne on the prostal lateralia of Rhdbdocalyptus mirahilis. BATHYDORUS, jQ species Several poorly preserved fragments were obtained from two sta- tions: No. 4769 (Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, depth 244 fathoms), and No. 4770 (Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, depth 247 fathoms). As the specimens are macerated and broken into several fragments, it is impossible definitely to determine whether they are identical. The principal parenchymalia are the rather numerous and elon- gated bowlike diactins, 160jli to 200iu long, the middles of which are not always externally marked by a swelling. They are practically smooth on the surface, gradually tapering toward both ends. AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 93 The smaller parenchymalia down to comitalia only lOjx in thick- ness are of the usual description. The tips are acuminate, rounded, conical, or mucronate; infrequently they are swollen to a clublike or even a bulbous shape. Hypodermal pentactins are well developed and show essentially the same characters and arrangements as in common members of Staurocalyptus, being isolated or sometimes standing out in small loose groups. Paratangentials do not exceed 4 mm in length; the shaft is longer, measuring up to 7 mm. They are either paratropal or almost regularly cruciate. The surfaces of all rays are quite smooth except at the ends, the surface of which is roughened by densely distributed microtubercles. All the rays are gradually at- tenuated toward the conically or sharply pointed ends. The dermalia are rather thick-rayed pentactins, with the unpaired ray directed proximally. Their paratangential rays are in a plane slightly arched on the inside. Occasionally stauractins are found, intermingled here and there with the former spicules. The paratan- gentials, from the central point, measure dO/x to 100/x, while the ]:)roximal unpaired rays are 100/x to 110/x, in length. The thickness at base averages 12/x. The rays are slightly narrowed outward; the tip is rounded or somewhat conically pointed. Their surface is thickly beset nearly all over with distinct microspines, which are much more pronounced at the ends. In the stauractins, the rays are somewhat longer, 120/x to 135/i. long, also in a plane, slightly arched on the inside. The aborted rays of both spicules are at most repre- sented by vestigial bosses. The gastralia are strong and long hexactijtis, for the most part fulh' twice as long as the dermalia. The rays are somewhat more tapering toward their ends; the microspines or microtubercles on the surface are in like manner moderately developed. Length of rays : Paratangentials, 130|U, to 180/a ; distal ray, 130/i, to IGOja ; proxi- mal, ISOfi to 210|u. The raj^s at the base are somewhat slender, aver- aging Six thick. The oxyhexasters consist of three kinds, namely, normal oxyhex- aster, hemihexactinic, and hexactinic. The normally developed oxy- hexaster occurs less abundantly in all parts, but it is especially plenti- ful near the ectosome. Its diameter is 90/x to 135ju,. There is no appreciable difference in appearance between those in the periphery and others situated more deeply in the wall. From each exceedingly short principal two or three rather thin, obscurely rough-surfaced, and nearly straight terminals diverge. Occasionally the principals appear distinctly circular-knoblike in shape, measuring lOfi in size. Oftener the oxyhexasters seem to be hemihexactinic and occasionally quite hexactinic forms. In the hemihexactins, the diameter meas- 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 ures 80/x to llOfx, while in the latter it is 150/i to 210ju, across. Of the hemihexactinic forms, the total number of terminals to the entire rosette may vary from 5 to 11, indicative in each case of the number of the principals that remain biterminal and of those that become uniterminal. Much less numerous than the oxyhexasters are the microdiscohex- asters, which vary considerably in size, measuring 2>0fx to 60ju, in diameter. They are thinly distributed both subdermally and sub- gastrally, though they seem to be much commoner in the gastral re- gions. The shape is spherical ; the terminal disk is minute, not pin- headlike, but is a small laterally expanded disk. Genus ACANTHASCUS F. E. Schulze, 1886 ACANTHASCUS PACHYDERMA, new specieB Figure 12 ; Plate 5, Figure 1 This species is based on a single complete specimen (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22123) collected from a depth of 229 fathoms south- east of Shimushir Island, Kuriles (Station 4803). It has an elon- gated barrel shape. The lower end is somewhat contracted into a stalklike base, 27 mm broad, gradually becoming broader toward the upper end. The total height is 88 mm; the greatest breadth near the anterior end of the body is 39 mm. The osculum at the superior end of the stock is elliptical in form, the greater diameter being 18 mm and the smaller 11 mm. The deep gastral cavity ex- tends almost into the stalklike base. The body wall in the middle is as thick as 10 mm and is of nearly the same thickness toward the simple-edged oscular margin. The external surface is quite smooth, but shows indications of a number of small and large tubercles, measuring 1 mm to 3 mm across in the lateral side of the entire stock. The more prominent of these tubercles may have been 2 mm in height. The wall is firm, on ac- count of the closelj^ interwoven state of the hypodermal spicules as well as of the small size of the canals. Nearly all the irregularly quadrate-meshed dermal latticework is torn off. It partly covers the incurrent apertures, which are less than 2 mm in diameter. Their apertures are irregularly placed and are indistinctly visible through the latticework. The gastral surface appears smooth, but the excur- rent apertures may be distinctly observed, 2 mm to 3 mm in diam- eter, distributed irregularly. Spiculation. — Principal parenchymalia are fairly long diactins, 4.5 mm or more in length and up to 20/x in thickness at the middle. They taper gradually toward the conically pointed or rounded ends, the surface of which is much less strongly roughened than that of ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 95 the middle part of the spicule. There are frequently much slen- derer, curved diactins, forming small bundles close together. At any rate the parenchymal diactins are somewhat slender in form and are FiGDUB 12. — Acanthascus pacliyderma, new species : a, Gastral hexactin, X 225 ; h, dermal stauractin, x 1,875; c, hexactinic form, X 225; d, oxyhexaster, X 375; e, oxyhexaster (form A), X 375; /, oxyhexaster (form B), X 375; g-i, discoctasters, X 375 ; i-l, basalia, X 225 distributed much more irregularly and sparsely than those of the hypogastral layer. Hypodermal diactins are loosely arranged and do not form strands, as do those occurring in the hypogastral layer. They are wider but 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 usually shorter than hypogastral diactins. They may attain a length of 170/Li and are 16/x wide at the middle. The width is nearly the same throughout, slightly tapering toward the rounded ends, the surface of which is roughened by microspines. The diactins are dis- tributed densely, forming a thickened firm layer 1 mm in thickness. Occasionally diactins that have a central protuberance appear. They are 560fi in length and 20^ to 24)u, wide at the center. The sur- face, except that of the central protuberance, is roughened sparsely. Hypogastralia also consist of diactins, which are arranged in loose or compact bundles of variable length, distributed much more sparsely and irregularly. They are generally slenderer than those on the hyjDodermalia but much longer than the latter. They taper very gradually toward both ends, the tip being either simply acumi- nate or conically pointed. Subterminally the surface is sparsely roughened by microspines. Occasionally in the diactins the center shows a gentle swelling, but more frequently four protuberances, like those occurring in the hypogastralia. Dermalia are predominantly stauractins (fig. 12, 6), sj^arsely rough all over, nearly plane, not arched ; axial length, 280/x to 360/,i. The rays taper perceptibly toward the conically pointed or rounded tip, or are nearly uniformly thick. They are sometimes provided with a central prominence. The thickne&:s at the middle averages 8/x. Occasionally among the dermalia there are found pentactinic forms in which the proximally directed, unpaired ray is somewhat shorter or longer than the paratangentials, 140/i to 200ju, in length. The surface is also sparsely roughened. Besides these common stauractins and pentactins, a smaller and very slender stauractin occasionalh' occurs. Its rays are very slender, measuring 2;u. to 4/x wide at the middle, and are sharply pointed at the ends. Gastralia are rough large hexactins (fig. 12, a), irregularly scat- tered. The rays taper slightly outward. The microtubercles on their surface are neither numerous nor strongly developed, so that the roughness on the surface is not prominent. The proximal ray measures 212//, in length; the distal ray 190/a, and the paratangen- tials 175/x.. Oxyhexasters consist of normal oxyhexaster (fig. 12, d), hemihex- actinic, and hexactinic forms, the last of which is rarely found in the parenchyme. The normal oxyhexaster may be present in two forms, designated A and B, differing in total size, in the slenderness of the terminals and in the shape of the principals. The variety B (fig. 12, /) frequently occurs in the dermal and gastral layers, as well as abundantly in the parenchyme, intermingled with the other variety. It measures 140fi to 155/x in diameter and has a dis- tinct globular node and short principals, rounded in a knoblike man- ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 97 ner at the ends. Slender, sparsely roughened terminals, generally two or three in number, arise from each principal. They are apt to be broken off near the base. It seems that this form is the more abundant of the two varieties. In variety A (fig. 12, e) the terminals are considerably stronger, being nearly 5/a in thickness at the base, while the principals are much less distinctly indicated, being in fact quite abortive. They are obscurely rough all over. There are generally two terminals to each principal, never more, rarely only one. The principal measures l72jti in diameter. The hexactinic form (fig. 12, e) is somewhat larger, measuring lOO/x in diameter and having roughly surfaced terminals which are pointed at the ends. The hemihexactinic forms are somewhat smaller, measuring about 150^ across, and are pro- vided with delicate and slender terminals. These two forms are distributed fairly abundantly, intermixing with the normal oxyhex- asters in the parenchyme. Discoctasters (fig. 12, g, h, i) are common in all parts, being especi- ally abundant near the ectosome and the endosome. They measure 180/x to 220/x in diameter. The principals are 8ja thick at the base, fairly slender, and 40;U. long. The number of principals projecting from the spicular center varies from 6 to 8 ; in most cases 6 and less often 8, of which 6 protrude laterally and the remaining 2 forward and backward. In other cases, the pairs protrude from the spicular center in all directions. The number of terminals in a tuft is 5 to 12, each with a minute terminal disk. They are usually somewhat longer than the principals, measuring 56/a in length, with their tuft narrow at the base and slightly expanded distally. This discoctaster has a distinct quadrangular humplike prominence measuring 20/x in di- ameter on the central node. The terminal disk is very small and pinheadlike. The microdiscohexaster is found abundantl}^ in the parenchyme. Spherical in shape, it is similar in appearance and in structure to that of all members of the genus, so that a special description appears unnecessary. It measures 40ja in diameter. The basidictyonal plate (fig. 12, j, k) is represented by a fairly large-meshed siliceous reticulum, the beams of which may measure 20;u broad at the widest part and have a smooth surface. In isolated instances much more robust pentactins are found (14/i to 18/i in breadth, and paratangentials 32ju to 48/a in length), and oftener stauractins having nearly the same or a greater axial length. It is not difficult to make out that the foundation of this plate is formed of the stauractins and pentactins above mentioned, which are directly as well as synaptically fused together. 118040—32 7 98 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM TOL. 81 ACANTHASCUS CACTUS F. E. Schnlze Acanthascus cactus F. E. Schuxze. Abh. kou. preiiss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1886, p. 49: Rep. Toy. Challenffer, vol. 21, p. 148, pi. 57, figs. 1-7, 1887.— Ijima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 1, p. 48, 1897. — F. E. Schulze, Sitz-ber. kon. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, vol. 26, p. 551, 1897. — Ijima, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 18, art. 7, pp. 140-158, 296, pi. 11, figs. 16-22, pi. 12, figs. 23-37, 1904. Specimen A expands somewhat superiorly in such a manner as to take on a funnellike shape, as shown in Ijima's Contribution IV, page 142, Figure 6, D. Height, 140 mm. Broadest part of sponge body, 70 mm. Xear the basal end it measures 45 mm. As the pre- served sponge is extremely compressed laterally, the exact size of the osculum can not be ascertained. It probably measured 45 mm to 65 mm. The wall of this specimen is thicker than in specimen B, measuring up to 6 mm in the middle of the entire stock. The body is nearly completely preserved, lacking a basal attachment and even a basal plate. The sharply apexed conical elevation of the external surface occurs at various but rather wide intervals, measuring about 17 mm high. On the oscular edge there may occur very fine prostal marginalia, which always project singly, without forming small tufts. In the smaller specimen (B) the lower parts of the entire stock are much more dilapidated. It measures 76 mm high and 60 mm wide at the broadest part of the sponge. The wall in the middle is about 2 mm thick. There are no numerous conical elevations, as in specimen A. Table 21. — Record of specimens of Acanthascus cactus Specimen CoUected at— Number and description A Station 5088, Sagami Bay, 369 fathoms do One, large, nearly complete. B One, small, lacking inferior parts of body. Speculation. — The prostal marginalia are not distinct, projecting simply from the thin edge of the osculum. They are very fine diactins, measuring about 2 mm long and 0.5 mm thick in the middle, being smooth on the surface with the exception of both ends. xVlthough the simple hexactins in the parenchyme were not seen by previous observers, they were found occasionally in both speci- mens. Paratangentials are of nearly uniform length, being 48/^ long, and the distal and proximal rays 56/a long, and tuberculated on the entire surface. As noted by previous authore, the gastralia usually consist of rough pentactins and occasionally of stauractins, but besides these I have 4RT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 99 occasionally found rough liexactins having paratangentials of nearly equal length, 90,u to 115|u, long and 8/x to lO/x broad at the base, with proximal and distal rays measuring 120/i to I'difi in length. As regards the occurrence of the abnormality of the oxyhexaster of this species described by Ijima, I have met with a discoctaster in these specimens that represents what seems to be a case of abnormal development. This occurs occasionally in the dermal membrane of both specimens. It measures T2/x in diameter with an irregularly shaped central node 14/x broad, with no indications of the normal principals dividing into more than 30 terminals. Each terminal ends in a very small pinhead. Genus STAUROCALYPTUS Ijima, 1897 STAUROCALYPTUS RUGOCRUCIATUS, new species Figure 13 ; Plate 6, Figure 4 A single small specimen of this species (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22051) was obtained from a depth of 426 fathoms off Bowers Bank, Bering Sea (Station 4771). The sponge body is a pair of elongated, thick-walled, pear-shaped sacs. From the base the breadth increases somewhat gradually until over mid-height is reached when it decreases rapidly toward the oscular opening. Tlie total height is 46 mm. Near the lower parts it is irregularly shaped and bent inward; the maximum breadth at mid-height is 25 mm. The osculum, which is elliptical in outline, measures 5 mm by 15 mm. The margin is fairly thick and simple-edged. The body wall is thick, decreasing gradually from 8 mm near the base to 2 mm near the oscular margin. Projecting from all parts of the outer surface of the sponge are many long, robust prostalia, forming a definite and distinct fringe at the oscular margin. They are more abundant in the lower portion of the sponge than in the upper. Those project- ing directly outward from the oscular margin measure 10 mm to 15 mm in length. The gastral surface is smooth and has numerous evenly distributed circular openings about 0.5 mm in diameter. The diactinic prostals are somewhat weaker needles of various lengths. They project to a free length of 5 mm to 15 mm or more, being directed on the whole obliquely and outward. The pentactinic prostals are of a moderately large size, and may form a gossamer- like covering over the dermal surface. They generally protrude in groups of two or more, but sometimes stand out singly. Spiculaf ion.— The prostal diactins, which are primarily to be re- garded as enormously developed parenchymal principalia, are of various sizes. A small one may measure 10 mm in length, while the larger measure 35 mm long and 170/x thick at the middle. These 100 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM TOL. 81 spicules are straight and taper perceptibly toward both ends. The outer and inner ends are acutely or bluntly pointed, the entire surface being smooth and not beset with microtubercles. Comitalia are slender diactins, measuring 20/*, with a smooth surface, except at both ends, where they are roughened by micro- tubercles. They are broad at the middle and nearly as long as half of the entire length of the prostal diactins. FiGDRB 13. — Staurocalyptus rugocruoiatus, new species : a, Gastral hexactin ; t, dermal pentactin ; c, oxyhexaster ; d, e, hemihexactinlc forms ; j, g, hexactinic forms ; h, clis- coctaster. All x 250 + The parenchymalia are composed of large and small oxydiactins, either nearly straight or gently bent in a bowlike manner. They may attain 5 mm in length and ITO/t in breadth at the middle. The ends are usually prominently microspined in varying degrees. In some of these diactins, one end is slightly rounded, but most of them are acutely pointed at both ends. The smaller diactinic parenchy- malia with 2 or 4 Imobs at the middle and 300/x to 400/i, in length, ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 101 occur in the hypodermal and hypogastral layers. They are micro- spined on the entire surface, most pronouncedly so at the end. They are frequently smooth near the center. The hypodermal pentactins are somewhat variable in size, the larger ones usually occurring lower down on the sponge, while the small ones, measuring not more than half the size of the larger ones, are situated near the oscular margin. I have found that the small pentactins are generally arranged in the form of a regular cross. This cruciate arrangement of the paratangentials also occurs rather rarely in the larger pentactins lower down on the sponge. The larger pentactins are usually protruded singly from the lower parts of the sponge surface. The paratangentials, which are generally not quite straight but rather wavy, are 4 mm or more long. The straight shaft or the unpaired proximal ray is always much longer than the paratangential in the same spicule. All the rays of the pentactins are at first smooth or very sparsely rough except near the ends, which are minutely rough. They are so in most of the spicules in the hypodermal situation or in the oscular margin; while the older pentactins present a finely shagreenlike surface throughout the lower parts of the entire stock. The roughness is caused by minute, erect, and sharply pointed processes. The fine shagreenlike surface is caused by the same minute and thickly set processes. The micro- spines remind one of those on the prostal pentactins of Staurocalyp- tus dowUngii (Lambe). In general, the surface of the rays in the pentactins is more thickly microspined on the paratangentials and more sparsely so on the proximal unpaired ray. The dermalia are mainly rough pentactins. Exceptionally they may be stauractins, rarely hexactins. The pentactins (fig. 13, h) measure 150/x along both the paratangential rays and the unpaired proximal ray, which is somewhat shorter than, or nearly equally as long as, the paratangentials. The thickness at the middle is 8/x. They are straight and taper very slightly toward the rounded or conically pointed ends. All the surfaces of the rays are sparsely roughened. The stauractins are nearly straight on the outside and almost the same size as the pentactins in axial length. The rays are 140ju, to l70/>i long and 8/^ broad at the base. They are entirely rough, and the microtubercles on their surface are more or less prominent. The hexactins are nearly the same as those occurring in the gastralia but are smaller in size. The gastralia are fairly large hexactins (fig. 13, a). All six rays in one spicule may sometimes be of nearly equal length, but more frequently the proximal free ray is the longest and the distal the shortest. ^ The length of proximal ray is 100/>t to 250/^; of paratan- 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.81 gential rays 80/x to 240/x; and of the distal rays YO/i to 200/i. At the base the thickness averages about 10/a. The rays taper gradually toward the pointed ends and may all be nearly equally rough, on ac- count of microspines, but more pronouncedly so at the distal ends. These hexactins are generally arranged irregularly, and do not form a continuous quadrate-meshed latticework. The oxyhexasters, occurring in moderate abundance in all parts, are partly normal and partly hemihexactinic and hexactinic forms. In most normal oxyhexasters (fig. 13, c) the principals each bear 2 or 3 terminals, so that the total number of terminal points is 12 to 16. Their diameter measures 110/x to 140/x. The terminals are rather strong, measuring about 2/i, across at the base, and are straight or wavy and sparsely rough on the surface. The principals are extremely short and often obsolescent. Throughout the parenchyme there are numerous oxyhexasters and hemihexactinic (fig. 13, d, e) and hexactinic (fig. 13, /, g) forms, which are seen to be sparsely rough or occasionally densely rough, having numerous micro- tubercles on the surface and measuring 112/x in axial length. Any one of the principal rays of hemihexactinic form may bear two long, straight or wavy, divergent, sharply pointed terminal rays, thus giving rise to the oxyhexasters, so that all gradations between the 6 and 12 rayed spicules are seen. These several forms are en- tirely similar to those occurring in Staurocalyptus dowlingii (Lambe) . The discoctasters (fig. 13, A) are not abundant. They are slender rayed and on the whole small. The diameter is usually 80/x. The central node is plain and very weakly tubercled. The principals are slender, nearly as long as, or much longer than, the terminals. The number of terminals to a principal is frequently three and probably never more than four. They form a very slightly diverg- ing tuft and are nearly straight. On the minute terminal disks the marginal serration is wanting. Malformed discoctasters, in which one or more primary terminals stand free without fusing with any of the secondary principals, are of occasional occurrence. The microdiscohexasters are of usual appearance and 50)u, in diam- eter. They are found, mostly in the ectosome and in the endosome, in fairly large numbers though scattered. The new species, as before mentioned, resembles Staurocalyptus dowlingii in outer configuration and in some essential points of spiculation, but differs from it in having a smaller discoctaster and a larger microdiscohexaster. AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 103 Genus RHABDOCALYPTUS F. E. Schulze, 1886 RHABDOCALYPTUS BOREALIS, new species Figure 14; Plate 6, Figuke 3 As can be seen, this species has passed through my hands in no small numbers. With one exception, all were obtained from the same station. Some were not well preserved, the oscular margin and other parts being damaged. Though these specimens all differ in external appearance, they do show an essential or almost complete agreement in spiculation. Table 22. — Record of specimens of Rhabdocalyptus borealis Specimen Collected at- - Number and description A B Station 4772, fathoms. .... do Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, 344 One, large, lacking parts of oscular margin. One, large, broken upper parts of entire stock. c do One, large, complete. D do One, fairly large, complete. E do -. Do. F do Do. G do ,. One, small, lacking the greater upper part of H Station 4769, fathoms. Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, 244 one side of entire stock. One, small, complete. Specimen A represents a belt-purselike form, totally closed at the entire lower end and lacking a special attachment of the entire stock. The specimen is not well preserved, being somewhat dilapi- dated in parts on the oscular edge. It is expanded outward, all around, and is bent backward. The major and minor diameters of the osculum are 70 mm (exclusive of the flaring rim of about 15 mm in breadth and measured on the inner margin of the osculum). The thin oscular edge is of a finely granular or densely feltlike appear- ance. The height is 75 mm. The broadest part measures 90 mm and is located below the middle of the sponge body. The wall is 1 mm thick in the middle of the body; lower down it is as much as 1.5 mm tJtiick, and at the margin of the oscular rim as little as 0.8 mm. Specimen B is very different. It represents a vaselike, or fun- nellike, form; total height, 145 mm; size of the oval-shaped o.sculum, 55 mm ; breadth of body, 50 mm near the upper end, near the middle 42 mm, and farther below 30 mm. The narrowest part of the entire stock — the basal region — measures only 22 mm from side to side. The thickness of the wall at the middle of the body is 2.5 mm ; far- ther below, near the base of the body, it is 2 mm. The wall gradu- 104 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM A a VOL. 81 Figure 14. — Rhabdocali/ptus horealis, new species: a, Hypodermal pentactin, x 80+; h, gastral hexactin, X 225— ; c, dermal pentactin, X 225—'; d, parenchymal oxy- hexact, X 425+ ; e, oxyhexaster (form C). X 425+ ; f, oxyhexaster (form B), X 425+ ; (/, oxyhexaster (form A), X 425+ ; /), microdiscohexaster, x 425— ; i, discoctaster, x 250 ally thins out at the oscular margin, which does not flare out. The base can not be said to be solid, since the gastral cavity extends almost to the attachment surface. AKT. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 105 Specimen C is elongate-sacciform, 95 mm high, with an oval oscular opening. The broadest part of the body is situated beloAv the middle of the stock and measures 38 mm; the basal part measures only 14 mm. The thickness of the wall is nearly the same as in speci- men B, measuring 2 mm in the middle and 1 mm in the lower part. Specimens D and E are similarly shaped and have bent bodies (at the base) 75 mm in height. The diameters of the oval -shaped osculum are 13 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The broadest part of the entire stock measures 26 mm to 30 mm, and the extremely nar- rowed stalklike basal region, which is bent toward one side, meas- ures 2 mm to 5 mm in breadth. The thickness of the wall is 2 mm at the thickest part of the entire stock. Both specimens are well preserved, except at their basal ends. The gastral cavity seems not to extend into the extreme end of the basal stalk region but appears close to it. Specimen F is the smallest of all, and is tubular or vaselike in form, about 30 mm in height and not less than 8 mm in diameter. The wall is 1 mm thick in the thickest part and becomes gradually thinner toward the outer oscular margin, where it measures 0.8 mm. The circular osculum measures 4 mm to 5 mm in diameter. The prostal marginalia measure 15 mm to 20 mm in length. The greater part of the entire stock of specimen G is broken, the remaining part measuring about 35 mm high and 15 mm broad. Specimen H (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22161) is a cup-shaped sponge, 65 mm in height; the wall at the middle of the entire stock measures 2 mm thick. The greatest breadth of the sponge appears in the superior region ; near the lower part of the oscular margin it measures 40 mm. Sficulation. — The parenchymal principalia are bowlike oxydiactins with tapering or straight raj^s, which subterminally are occasionally smooth. They may attain a length of 6 mm and a thickness of 102/x in the middle, but are usually smaller. The middle is not externally marked by a swelling. There are no points worth special mention regarding the slender parenchymalia. The prostal marginalia present on some specimens are needlelike oxydiactins, which may be 10 mm to 17 mm or more long and 12/a to 77/x thick. The rays gradually taper toward the end and are subterminally minutely tuberculated. The prostal basalia are represented in some specimens. They are nearly the same length as the prostal marginalia but are rather strongly tuberculated at the ends and not extremely narrowed or pointed. The large prostal pentactins are present usually in the upper two- thirds of the entire stock ; they seem to become lost as somehow they are shed off in the lower parts. Diactinic prostalia were not ob- 106 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 served in specimens A-C, either at the rim of the oscular margin or in the lateral wall of the entire stock. But in the remaining speci- mens, long, diactinic prostalia project beyond all parts of the outer surfaces. They do not occur in large numbers nor do they form a definite fringe at the oscular margin (except in specimen F), though they are more abundant in the upper portion of the sponge than elsewhere. These marginal and pleural prostalia are smooth on the surface, frequently reach a length of 20 mm and have a maximum thickness of about 180/x. The hypodermalia are strongly developed diactins, oxypentactins with paratropal paratangentials and pentactins. There are usually in each grouj) one or two pentactins that have entirely smooth para- tangentials, except at the ends; they may be the youngest of all in the group. The older pentactins (fig. 14, a) usually are situated at a higher level than the younger (this is characteristic of all Rhab- docalyptus species) and have the paratangentials armed from base to tip with strong, straight or slightly curved, and sharply pointed prongs, arranged in two series along the lateral sides of the rays. The prongs are placed at fairly regular intervals, those of the two sides alternating with one another. In the basal parts of the rays, the strongest prongs may be 119/^ long; there they all spring out vertically, frequentlj'^ bend forward away from the dermal surface. Toward the tip of the rays and along with the gradual tapering of these, the prongs grow continually smaller. Apart from the above prongs, the surface of the paratangentials is perfectly smooth, except at the microtuberculated end. The unpaired shaft ray is occasion- ally pronged, but then not so numerously as in other rays. The paratangentials of the older pentactins are 20 mm to 50 mm long, and the shafts 40 mm to 90 mm. The rays are not more than 85/>t thick at the base. The dermalia are predominantly pentactins (fig. 14, c), which have short, rough, microtuberculated tangential rays 90/^ to lOOju, long; proximal ray T5/t to 85^ long. Less often, among the der- malia, stauractins are found lying with their rays in the dermal plane and still more rarely hexactins somewhat smaller than those in the gastral layer. The gastralia are rough hexactins (fig. 14, 5) with rays exactly like those of the dermalia ; length of rays, 152/^ to 190/a ; breadth at base, 12ju,. Occasionally all six rays in the same spicule are subequal, though in most cases the proximal ray is somewhat longer than the paratangential and the distal rays. They measure 152/* to 176/a in length. The microtubercles are slightly more pronounced on the proximal ray than on any other. The oxyhexasters occur in abundance in all parts of the sponge wall and are of three slightly differing forms, designated herein by 4.Ki,12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES — OKADA 107 the letters A, B, and C. Forms A and C are chiefly in the ectosome or endosome, and form B is common everywhere, intermixed with other forms, though less numerous in the endosome. The A oxyhexasters (fig. 14, ff) are distinguished by having very slender, slightly wavy and slightly roughened terminals. Each very short principal usually carries two slightly curved terminals. The diameter of the oxyhexaster, llS/x, seems to be greater than in form B. Form A is not so numerous as the remaining forms. Form B (fig. 14, /) is 88/x to IOO/a in diameter and occurs every- where. It is by far the best represented of the three forms, occurring in greatest abundance of all these spicules. It is distinguished by having nearly straight and rough terminals, which seem not to be so fragile as those in the form A. Each very short principal is provided with two, occasionally three, straight, slightly rough terminals. This roughness becomes more or less pronounced toward the base, but not so prominent as to form microspines or barbs. The terminals meas- ure 48/A to 52/x long. Form C (fig. 14, e) resembles form B in shape and size. It is dis- tinguished from the other forms by having very broad, strong prin- cipals, to each of which are attached widely diverged strong termi- nals. These principals are of a perceptible length, 4;ii; and there are usually two, sometimes three, terminals to a principal. They usually measure 49/x to 52ix long and have a smooth surface. This oxyhexaster is represented in nearly the same numbers as form B, but is more abundant in the endosome of the sponge. Throughout the parenchymalia are a few oxyhexacts (fig. 14, d), which are rough on the surface. The proximal and distal rays are 48/x long and the tangential rays iO[x. Discoctasters (fig. 14, i) commonly occur among the paren- chj'malia and are occasionally found in the ectosome, as well as in the endosome. The six prominent bosses present on the central node frequently form a large tuberculated mass, measuring 12/a by 18/x across. The principals are slender, at most 4^ thick ; about one- half or more the length of the entire ray, measuring 20ft to 32/i, long. The fine terminals are four to six in number, in a gently expanding tuft measuring 16/x to 30/a in length, and have very minute terminal disks shaped like a pinhead. The diameter of the spicule is 80[i to 120/x. The microdiscohexaster (fig. 14, ^) is relatively small, measuring 25/i in diameter. I have found it sparsely distributed everywhere, though it is most frequently in the dermal and gastral membranes. The principals are slender and form a cross measuring about Sfx in axial length. The number of terminals may reach 10 to 12, meas- uring 5/t long. 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 This new species seems to agree closely with Rhcibdocalyptus australis Topsent in outer appearance and in essential characters of spiciilation, but differs from it in three respects: In our species (1) the surface of the prostal paratropal pentactins is smooth, except at the end, instead of microtuberculated over the surface; (2) oxy- hexasters consist of three kinds and usually have smooth or slightly rough terminals; (3) the cliscoctaster has four to six terminals to each principal, instead of three to four. RHABDOCALYPTUS HETERASTER, new species FiGXJBE 15 ; Plate 6, Figure 6 The two complete specimens of this species were collected from the Station 4770 (Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, 247 fathoms). Both of FiGDRB 15. — Rhabdocalyptus heteraster, new species : a, Gastral liexactin, X 225 ; 6, oxyhexaster (form B), X 270; c, oxyhexaster (form B), X 270; d, oxyhexaster (form C), X 270; e, oxyhexastei- (form A), X 270; f, oxyhexaster (form C) ; X 270 ; g, hexactinic form, X 270 ; li, hexactinic form, x 270 ; i, hemihexactinic form, X 270 ; j, hemihexactinic form, X 270 ; k, discoctaster, X 270 ; I, dis- coctaster, X 180 ; m, microdiscohexaster, X 270 them are fairly thin-walled, subglobular, and purselike in form, and are without a specially formed attachment at the base. In the larger one (holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 22052) the total height is 85 mm ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OK ADA 109 and the breadth 57 mm measured at the broadest part, which is just above the middle of the entire stock. The smaller one is 20 mm in height and 12 mm in breadth. The dermal surface is rough and is covered with pentactinic pleuralia on the inferior parts of the sponge body. The oscular margin is much injured, only a part remains of one side and it seems not to flare out. The orifice is sub- circular, with a thin edge. The incurrent canalar apertures are very small, attaining a size of nearly 0.5 mm and becoming smaller toward the upper region of the sponge; they are numerous and distributed closely together. The excurrent canalar apertures are also small, nearly the same size as those of the incurrent canalar apertures, covered by the thin gastral layer. The thickness of the wall near the basal region is 3 mm to 4 mm, which becomes thinner toward the oscular edge. Spiculation. — Parenchymalia are long diactins, wdiolly smooth on the center and roughened or microspined toward the ends, with sharply pointed or conically pointed ends. The slenderer ones are in bundles, and the thicker are isolated. Hypodermal oxypentactins with the paratangential rays are paratropal, more or less curved, smooth, and provided with nearly regularly distributed, sharply pointed thorns. Dermalia are rough pentactins, occasionally hexactins, or rarely stauractins. The rays average 115)a long, measured from the center, and 12;u, thick. They taper outward to a slight degree ; the ends are rounded or conically pointed. The paratangential cross is usually not convex on the outside and measures 220/1, to 240/x in length. Seen surface on, the delicate dermal latticework presents irregular meshes, though in places these show a tendency to assume a regular quadrate arrangement, measuring 130/x in length of sides. The hexactins and stauractins are of usual appearance and have nearly the same length of ray, lOO/i to 150/* long. The latter spicules seem to be more abundant than the former. The gastralia are chiefly hexactins (fig. 15, a). The rays are similar to those of the dermalia; only they are usually of a much greater dimension. The paratangentials are somewhat longer than the distal ray, measuring 120/x to 135/t in length, though they are much shorter than the proximal ray, which may attain a length of ITO/A. The rays are lO/i thick at the base and taper somewhat strongly outward to sharply or conically pointed ends. Except for the central node, all surfaces of the rays are microspined, though more sparsely proximally. Three varieties of oxyhexasters may be distinguished, designated by letters A, B, and C. The first oxyhexaster, form A (fig. 15, e), occurs mostly in the ectosome and occasionally intermixed with form C in the choano- 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 some; diameter, 105/x. The principal is exceedingly short and slender and to it two slender terminals (occasionally three) are usually attached. They are nearly straight, narrowly diverged, and slightly rough, or nearly smooth on the surface. The second variety, form B (fig. 15, 6, i at the middle. They usually form slender bundles, Figure IQ.—Rhaidocalyptus bidcntatus, new species: a, Gastral oxyhexactin, X 175+ ; b, dermal tauractin, X 157+ ; c, dermal stauractln, X 175+ ; d, parenchymal diactin, X 375 ; e, hexactinic form, X 375 ; /, oxyhexaster, X 375 ; g, hemihexactinic form, X 375 ; h, discoctaster, X 375 although they occasionally appear singly. The gradually tapering rays are subterminally more or less rough. There are no points worth special mention regarding the slenderer parenchymalia. The hypodermalia consist of large oxypentactins with paratropal paratangentials, which are 5 mm to 6 mm in length and about 80/x ART. 12 HEXACTINELLID SPONGES OKADA 115 in thickness at the base. The shaft, up to 6.5 mm to 7 mm in lengthy is always the longest of the rays; it is smooth except at the rough- ened end and is not provided with spines. The paratangentials are also nearly smooth on the surface. The stout conical spines occur in a rather regular distribution — in two lateral rows. Those situated on the basal parts of the rays spring vertically, become more or less bent forward near the end of the ray, and bend more strongly toward the extremity. These hypodermal pentactinic spicules may occur singly and not in close groups of two or more, as in some other members of this genus. Occasionally they occur fairly close to- gether. Diactins do not seem to associate with the hypodermal paratangentials in forming the support to the dermal layer. The dermalia are mostly stauractins (fig. 16, c), but frequently rough diactins and rarely pentactins, as well as stauractins. The common stauractins appear abundantly in the entire stock. The center of these is generally plain but occasionally shows a gentle swelling on either the external or the internal side or both. The axial length of the spicule may measure 260/^ to 320/a and lOju, thick at the center. The entire surface is slightly roughened, being more pro- nounced at the conically pointed ends. In the diactins the sup- pressed rays are indicated by three knobs in a cruciate arrangement on the center. The rays are rough all over and taper slightly toward the rounded or obtusely conical end. They measure 320ju, to 480/x in total length and 12/x in thickness near the middle. In the tauractins (fig. 16, h) the atrophied paratangential usually leaves a knoblike relic, while the radial rays may or may not be similarly represented. The meshes of the dermalia, which are composed of stauractins, diactins, and pentactins, are more irregular in shape than those of the gastralia. The gastralia are rough oxyhexactins (fig. 16, a) of great axial length. The length of the free proximal ray in the most prominent part is 320/a; that of the distal ray, 160/x; that of the paratangentials, 180/^ ; thickness of rays near the base, about 10/x, on the average. The microtubercles on all rays are sparsely and uniformly developed but are somewhat strongly pronounced on all the ends. The gastral lace- work shows a regular quadrangular shape, measuring about 140/x by 190jU, in length of sides. The discoctasters (fig. 16, h) resemble in shape and size those of R. ungniculatus. They are found more abundantly in the ectosome, as well as directly under the dermalia, than in deeper parts. Their diameter is 150/a to 160/a. The principals are entirely smooth on the surface and 16/^ long as measured from the spicular center; in any case they are much longer than in R. unguiculatus. The terminals number 6 to 8 to each principal and form a rather broad, lilylike tuft, expanded at the outer end. Each terminal disk distinctly shows 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81, art. 12 strongly recurved and sharply pointed marginal claws, usually num- bering two, occasionally three or more, on the external side of the disk. Oxyhexasters represented by hemihexactinic and somewhat less frequently by hexactinic forms, are abundantly present in the choano- some as well as in the gastral layer. Normally developed oxyhex- asters (fig. 16, /) may frequently appear in the choanosome, measur- ing 130/A to 140/x in diameter. From each exceedingly short prin- cipal there diverge two, occasionally three, slightly rough-surfaced and nearly straight terminals. Hexactinic forms (fig. 16, e) (axial length 120/x) are for the most part appreciably smaller than the hemihexactinic. It seems to be the general rule that the oxy- hexasters show a tendency to take the hexactinic form. The ter- minals ajopear to be moderately thin and are generally nearly straight. In the hemihexactinic forms (fig. 16, g) usually five, but sometimes one, of the six principals are uniterminal ; the rest of the principals are biterminal, in which case the entire ray is either straight or else is bent at the base. A case of a. principal bearing more than two terminals has not been observed. Microdiscohexasters of 30/x and 40/i, in diameter are sparsely dis- tributed in the dermal membrane as well as in the choanosome. They are quite similar to those occurring in R. ung^iculatus, except in having a greater diameter. RHABDOCALYPTUS VICTOR Ijima Rhahdocalyptus victor Ijima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 1, p. 52, 1897. — Ch. Gkavier, Bull. Mns. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, no. 8, p. 421, 1899.— Ijima, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 18, art. 7, pp. 238-253, pis. 18, 19, figs. 1-23, 1904. Two small fragments in this collection, which probably belong to the same colony, were obtained at the entrance of the Uraga Channel, at a depth of 200 fathoms (Station 5090). In these specimens I found much larger and stronger parenchymal prostalia than any hitherto recorded, attaining a length of 30 mm to 40 mm and a width of I70fj. at the middle. The discoctaster usually measures ISOfx in diameter, and frequently larger ones, measuring 220/x in diameter, are found on the gastral layer intermingled with the smaller. It may be somewhat worth while to mention that the meshed siliceous reticulum, which seems to be homologous to that of basidictyonal plate in its con- titution and formation, is occasionally present on the surface of the large parenchymal diactins to which it is attached. The foundation of this network is made up of certain stauractins, hexactins, and pentactins, synapticularly fused together. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART 12 PL. 1 NEW Species and Subspecies of Hyalonema and Pheronema 1. 2, Ilyuloiumu (Cyliconeinn) nprrtiim soliilitni: :<, ',, II. (C.) hozawai: 4, Pherommn (ilohosinii Uijo- shimi-nsis. All about natural si^.e except •'', which is X ^3. U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81. ART. 12 PL. NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HYALONEMA AND PHERONEMA 1, Pheronana ijimni; 2, Ilyalonema (Cnscinonema) oi>utum; 3, II. (C.) kirkpatrkki ghbosum. All natural size except 3, which is X yi. U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL 81. ART. 12 PL. 3 NEW Species of Farrea and Eurete 1, Farren wata.ici; 2, F. kurilemh: 3, Eurete nip/wniai; 4, E. hreyuliirh: f), Furren berinnUinn: (\, 7, FAirete sacculifoTjuh. All about natural size except 2, which is X L'- U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL 81. ART 12 PL. 4 APHROCALLISTES 1, Aphrocallixles beatrix orientnlis Ijima; 2, 3, A. yatsui, new species. All iiaUiral size. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 81, ART. 12 PL. 5 ACANTHASCUS. LANUGINELLA, AND AULOSACCUS 1. Aanithfrn-a.. jMichndrrma. nvw spocics, X I; 2, Lanui wide and almost fills the posterior part of the cirrus pouch; pars prostatica slender, about 700/a long, and separated from the seminal vesicle by a sharp constriction; ejaculatory duct relatively short. The cirrus is protrusible and armed with strong spines. The spines are about 40/t long and are inserted into a basal disk which is about 16/i, in diameter. Testes oval in shape and situated in the anterior fourth of the body; the anterior testis is 900/a to 1.5 mm long by 620/* to 930/* wide, and the posterior 1 mm to 1.6 mm long by 620/a to 850,a wide, the distance between them being 310/x to 1.2 mm. The ovary is transversely oval, 232/* to 387/* long by 465/* to 590/* wide, situated a short distance cephalad of the anterior testis and to the right of the median line. Seminal receptacle not observed. Laurer's canal is slender and sinuous, and opens in the mid-dorsal line at the level of the ovary. Mehlis's gland is large and is situated median and dorsal to the ovary. The vitellaria consist of chainlike rows of follicles, which radiate to form rosettelike masses, and extend from the anterior testis to the posterior end of the body; the masses of follicles are distributed on all sides and form a continuous layer be- neath the dermomuscular layer of the body. The uterus consists of six or more transverse coils confined to the intercecal field between Mehlis's gland and the acetabulum. The vagina is well developed, unarmed, and about one-half the length of the cirrus pouch ; it opens at the base of the genital sinus to the left of the male genital aper- ture. The eggs are oval, 97/* long by 52/* wide, with a short prolonga- tion at the posterior pole, triangular in cross section. Host. — White whale {Delphinapterus leucas). Location. — Intestine. Distribution. — North America (Alaska). Type sfecimens. — U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. No. 30807; paratypes, No. 26157. Collected by Dr. Seymour Hadwen, September 9, 1921, at Golovin, Alaska. Remarks. — Iladicenius seyiihouri appears to be more closely related to Synthesiuin tursionis than to any of the other species of Campu- linae. Both are parasites of the intestinal tract of cetaceans and are similar in body fonu. They differ, however, in two principal charac- ters, which are considered generic, viz, the copulatory organs and distribution of the vitellaria. In Iladwenius seymouri the cirrus is armed but the vagina is not, and the vitelline follicles are arranged in rosettelike masses similar to those in Lecithodesmus^ while in Synthesiv/tn tursionis both cirrus and vagina are armed and the vitel- line follicles are distributed in small grapelike groups. Other dif- ferences are present, but these appear to be only of specific value. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. SI Genus ODHNERIELLA Skrjabin, 1915 Generic diagnosis. — CamjDulinae : Body fiat and ribbonlike ; cuticle of preacetabular part of body armed with spines. Oral sucker slightly smaller than acetabulum. Digestive tract without anteriorly directed ceca. Excretory vesicle as in Canipula. Cirrus pouch sac- like, extending beyond posterior margin of acetabulum ; cirrus armed with spines as in Orthosplanchnus ; testes entire. Ovary entire, pre- testicular. Vitellaria consisting of grapelike masses of follicles, sit- uated laterall}^ and not invading median field, and extending from about midw^ay between ovary and acetabulum to level of termination of ceca. Uterus relatively short; vagina unarmed. Eggs triangu- lar in cross section. Parasites of pinnipeds. Type species. — Odhneriella rossica Skrjabin, 1915. ■ ODHNERIELLA ROSSICA Skrjabin, 1915 Plate 5, Figure 22 Description. — Odhneriella: Body flat and ribbonlike, 9 mm long by 760/x wide at acetabulum ; sides of body almost parallel. Cuticle of preacetabular part of body armed with spines. Oral sucker di- rected ventrally, 500ja long by 480/1, to 530/*, wide; acetabulum 500/j. long by 680/1 wide, slightly elevated above surface of body, and sit- uated in anterior part of body. Prepharynx 119/t long; pharynx 325/t long by 290/i wide; esophagus 230/t long; intestinal ceca simple and extending to po.sterior end of body; anteriorly directed ceca, characteristic of other members of the subfamily, absent. Excretory pore terminal; excretory vesicle as in other members of the sub- family. Genital pore median, near anterior margin of acetabulum. Cirrus pouch saclike, extending beyond posterior margin of acetab- ulum; cirrus strong and armed with spines. Testes oval, 935/i long by 390/1 wide, entire, tandem in position, and situated in the posterior fourth of the anterior half of the body. Ovary globular, 300/i, to 340/1 in diameter, pretesticular. Vitellaria consisting of grapelike masses of follicles distributed along sides of body and extending from about midway between ovary and acetabulum to level of ends of ceca. Uterus short, with few coils, situated in the intercecal field between ovary and acetabulum; vagina straight and unarmed. Eggs oval, 100/t long by 60/* wide, thickened at posterior pole, tri- angular in cross section. Host. — Odohenus rosmarus. Location. — Bile ducts. Distribution. — Europe (Russia). AUT. 13 TREMATODE PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS PRICE 21 Remarks. — The foregoing description, taken from Skrjabin (1915)/ was based upon specimens collected by Doctor Staroka- domsky, February 8, 1912, in north Russia, near Kaluchinskaya Bay. Family ECHINOSTOMATIDAE Loess, 1902 Family diagnosis. — Body more or less elongate, small or very large, usually much flattened anteriorly, less so, or even cylindrical, posteriorly. Oral sucker small and weak, surrounded dorsally and laterally, but not ventrally, by a collarlike fold, bearing one or two rows of spines, which are continued laterally to ventral corners, the corner spines usually large or specialized ; acetabulum large and powerful, usually preequatorial and near oral sucker. Cuticle usu- ally spinose, especially anteriorly. Excretory vesicle Y shaped, with lateral twiglike branches. Pharynx and epithelial " pseudoesoph- agus " present ; intestinal ceca extend to posterior end of body. Genital aperture preacetabular; genital sinus present or absent; cirrus pouch usually present. Testes postequatorial, usually tandem in position. Ovary pretesticular, usually to right of median line; Laurer's canal present. Vitellaria lateral, rarely extending anterior to acetabulum. Uterus in transverse coils, rarely extending beyond intercecal field. Parasites of intestines or bile ducts of vertebrates, especially birds. Type genus. — Echinostoma Rudolphi, 1809. Genus ECHINOSTOMA Rudolphi, 1809 (sensu lato) Generic diagnosis. — Characters of the family. ECHINOSTOMA ACANTHOIDES (Rudolphi, 1819) Cobbold, 1860 SynonyTn. — Distoma acanthoides^ Rudolphi, 1819, p. 114. Description. — Ecldnostoma: Body elongated and flattened (4 mm to 6 mm long, according to Dujardin, 1845), divided into a somewhat slender (271/x wide) anterior part and a broader (520/* wide) poste- rior part (Dujardin gives the maximum width of the body as 750/1.) the two portions being united at the level of the acetabulum. Oral sucker 15G/x long by 135/i wide; acetabulum 375/t long by 396/a wide, situated about one-third of the body length from the anterior end. Cephalic collar provided with four spines, 73ju, long, on each ventral lobe, with 16 to 18 smaller spines, 59/i long, arranged around the mar- gin in a single row, uninterrupted dorsally, and with one small spine, ^ The writer Is indebted to Dr. R. Ed. Schulz, of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow, for a tjpt'writton cojiy of Professor Skrjabin's paper, the publication in which this paper appeared being unavailable in this country. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 81 26/x long, on each side between the larger spines of the ventral lobes and the smaller marginal spines. Pharynx 145/a long by 114/x wide, situated almost immediately caudad of the oral sucker. Testes globular 159/a in diameter, tandem in position and situated in the posterior part of the body. Viteliaria lateral, not extending anteriorly beyond acetabulum. Host. — Phoca vitulina. Location. — Intestine. Distribution. — Europe (Berlin, Germany). Remarks. — Rudolphi (1819) reported finding two specimens of this species in the above host in Berlin. Braun (1901a) redescribed this form on the basis of the original material and stated that the specimens were immature. The above description is compiled largely from that given by Braun. It is not certain that this species belongs to the genus Echinostoina., sensu stricto. The arrangement of the spines of the cej)halic collar tends to exclude it from the genus, but the other characters are not sufficiently well described to permit a definite generic assignment at present. Genus STEPHANOPRORA Odhner, 1902 Synonyms. — Mesorchis Dietz, 1909a, p. 183; Monilifer Dietz, 1909a, p. 183. Generic diagnosis. — Echinostomatidae : Body elongated and sub- cylindrical. Cuticle of anterior part of body armed with spines. Oral sucker surrounded by a well-developed reniform collar bearing a single row of spines, which is interrupted dorsally by a space about as wide as oral sucker. Acetabulum situated approximately one-fourth of body length from anterior end. Cirrus pouch well developed, containing seminal vesicle, pars prostatica, and a short, strong cirrus. Testes tandem in position, situated near equator of body. Ovary pretesticular. Viteliaria almost filling posttesticu- lar part of body and extending anteriorly to anterior testis. Uterus moderately long and containing relatively few eggs. Ty^e species. — Stepkanoprora omata Odhner, 1902. STEPHANOPRORA DENTICULATA (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1910 Plate 7, Figures 20-30 Synonyms. — Fasciola denticulata Rudolphi, 1802, p. 91 ; Distoma denticulatwn (Rudolphi, 1802) Rudolphi, 1809, p. 424-425; Echin- ostama denticulatum (Rudolphi, 1802) Cobbold, 1860, p. 36; Echinostoma {Mesorchis) denticulatmn (Rudolphi, 1802) Dietz, 1909a, p. 183; Mesorchis denticulatus (Rudolphi, 1802) Dietz, 1909b, p. 31. ART. 13 TEEMATODE PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS PRICE 23 Description. — Stephanoprora: Bodj^ elongated, 2.08 mm to 2.64 mm long by 288/x to 352/* wide at acetabulum. Cuticle of an- terior part of body closely beset with spines arranged in alternating transverse rows ; these rows are close together in the region anterior to acetabulum, but caudad of this point they are more widely separated and finally disappear in the region of the anterior testis. Oral sucker subterminal, 74/* to 92/x in diameter, surrounded by a well-defined reniform collar, 213/i to 237/* wide. The collar bears 22 spines arranged in a single row, which is interrupted dorsally by a space almost as wide as the oral sucker. Four of these spines, two on each ventral lobe, are slightly smaller and more aboral than the marginal spines; they measure 29/* to 37/t long by 11/* to 14/i wide; the marginal spines are 37/i to 44/* long by 11/* to 15/i wide. Acetabulum almost circular, 185/* to 222/t in diameter, situated 370/* to 560/1 from anterior end of body. Prepharynx 37/* long; pharynx 81/* to 110/t long by 74/1 wide; esophagus 92/i to 166/t long; intestinal ceca slender. Genital pore situated about midway between intestinal bifurcation and anterior margin of acetabulum. Cirrus pouch ovoid, 185/1 to 222/t long by 48/i to 129/i wide, containing a large seminal vesicle, pars prostatica, and short cirrus. Testes tandem in position, situated in equatorial zone; anterior testis globular, 166/* to 229/1 in diameter; posterior testis ovoid, 203/* to 259/1 long by 148/1 to 222/t wide. Ovary transversely oval, 85/t to llO/i long by 100/t to 122/t wide, situated cephalad of anterior testis and to right of median line. Vitellaria consisting of large follicles and extend- ing from level of posterior margin of anterior testis to near pos- terior end of body. Uterus short and with few coils. Eggs 74/i to 77/t long by 52/t to 55/t wide. Host. — Zalop h us calif orniatviis. Location. — Small intestine. Distrlhufion. — North America — United States (Washington, D. C). jSpecimens.— U.S. 'N.M. Helm. Coll. No. 28147. Collected by E. W. Price, June 1, 1928, from a California sea lion, which died in the National Zoological Park. ^to^ Family TROGLOTREMATIDAE Odhner, 1914 Family diagnosis. — Body compact, more or less flattened ventrally and convex dorsally. Cuticle with pointed spines. Body muscula- ture as well as that of suckers weakly developed. Excretory vesicle Y shaped or tubular. Pharynx present; esophagus short; intestinal ceca extend to near posterior end of body. Genital pore near acetabulum, either immediately in front or behind, median or slightly to the left. Cirrus pouch absent except in Troglotrenna; pars prosta- 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 tica and seminal vesicle always distinct. Testes opposite each other, equatorial or postequatorial. Ovary usually lobed, dextral, pretesticular ; seminal receptacle and Laurer's canal present. Vitel- iaria usually well developed, exclusively or mostly dorsal, leaving only the median dorsal area of body unoccupied. Uterus either very long, with relatively few loops, or shorter and more convoluted. Parasites of carnivorous mammals and birds, usually occurring in pairs in cystlike cavities. Type genus. — Troglotreiiia Odhner, 1914. Genus PHOLETER Odhner, 1914 Generic diagnosis. — Troglotrematidae : Body more or less spindle shaped. Cuticle armed with small pointed spines, the spines not in groups. Excretory vesicle Y shaped, the bifurcation occurring in front of testes, and branches extending to acetabulum. Genital aperture at anterior border of acetabulum, slightly to left of median line ; genital sinus moderately deep and wide ; cirrus pouch absent ; pars prostatica short, directed dorsoventrally ; seminal vesicle tube- like, undivided, extending under the dorsal surface to near the ovary. Testes elliptical, situated opposite each other a short distance from the posterior end of body. Ovary deeply lobed; seminal receptacle present; Laurer's canal moderately long. Vitellaria strongly de- veloped, dorsal in position, and having a tendency to occur in grape- like bunches. Uterus long and convoluted, occupying entire body width and extending from ovary to genital pore. Parasites of cetaceans. Type species. — Pholeter gastrophilus (Kossack, 1910) Odhner, 1914. PHOLETER GASTROPHILUS (Kossack, 1910) Odhner, 1914 Plate 7, Figure 26 Synonym. — Distomuni gastrophiluni Kossack, 1910, pp. 118-120. Description. — Pholeter : Body spindle shaped, 1.5 mm to 3.33 mm long by 1.7 mm to 2.1 mm wide according to Odhner (1914), or 3.15 mm to 3.66 mm long by 1.8 mm to 2.25 mm wide according to Kossack (1910), the thickness being about one-third of the width. Oral sucker l70/x to 200/a in diameter; acetabulum 250/i to 300/a in diameter, situated about one-third of the body length from the ante- rior end. Pharynx 150/x to 170;u, in diameter; esophagus of same length as pharynx ; intestinal ceca simple and terminating about the middle of testes. Genital pore situated at the anterior margin of acetabulum; cirrus pouch absent; pars prostatica short and directed AKT. 13 TREMATODE PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS PRICE 25 dorsoventrally ; seminal vesicle tubelike; undivided. Testes ellip- tical, situated side by side in the posterior third of the body. Ovary deeply lobed, situated immediately cephalad of testes and slightly to one side of the median line; seminal receptacle moderately large, dorsal to ovary. Vitellaria dorsal and extending from about halfway between intestinal bifurcation and acetabulum to the level of the ends of the ceca. Uterus long and strongly looped, occupying almost the entire width of the body from the ovary to the genital pore ; vagina short. Eggs oval, 23/i* to 25/a long by 14/x wide. Host. — Fhocaena phocoena {—P. communis). Location.. — Stomach (encysted in the mucosa of the pylorus). Distribution. — Europe. Family OPISTHORCHIIDAE Braun, 1901 Family diagnosis. — Medium-sized to small forms; body elongate, flat, thin, transparent, with weak musculature. Suckers relatively weakly develoiDcd. Intestinal ceca simple, extending to posterior end of body. Excretory vesicle Y shaped with long stem and short branches. Genital aperture median, immediately preacetabular ; no genital sinus containing suckerlike structures or gonotyls. Cirrus pouch and cirrus absent; seminal vesicle coiled. Testes in post- equatorial region, situated more or less obliquely. Ovary pretes- ticular; seminal receptacle voluminous; Laurer's canal present. Vitellaria lateral of ceca, moderately developed, not reaching poste- rior end of body. Uterus long, with numerous loops, usually confined to intercecal space between ovary and acetabulum. Eggs small and numerous. Parasites of bile ducts and gall bladder of mammals, birds, fishes, and reptiles. Type genus. — Opisthorchis R. Blanchard, 1895. KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF OPISTHORCHUDAB 1. Vitellaria and uterus do not extend cephalad of acetabulum. Opisthorchiinae (p. 25). Vitellaria and uterus extend cephalad of acetabulum Tletorchiinae (p. 30). Subfamily Opisthorchiinae Looss, 1899 , Subfamily diagnosis. — Opisthorchiidae : Excretory pore terminal ; stem of excretory vesicle long. Vitellaria do not extend anteriorly beyond level of acetabulum. Uterine coils usually confined to inter- cecal space and not extending anteriorly beyond acetabuhnn. Type genus. — Opisthorchis R. Blanchard, 1895. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.81 KEY TO GENERA OF OPISTHORCHnNAB OCCURRING IN MARINE MAMMALS 1. Uterine coils extend laterally beyond limits of intestinal ceca. Cyclorchis (p. 28). Uterine coils do not extend laterally beyond limits of intestinal ceca 2. 2. Vitellaria divided into two distinct regions by a break at the level of the ovary Amphimerus (p. 29). Vitellaria not divided into tvpo regions Opisthorcliis (p. 26). Genus OPISTHORCHIS R. Blanchard, 1895 Generic diagnosis. — Opisthorchiinae : Body elongated, flattened, anterior end attenuated, posterior end broader. Cuticle generally smooth, without spines. Excretory vesicle Y shaped, with S-shaped stem and short branches. Cirrus pouch absent; testes usually lobed, situated in posterior part of body and placed obliquely to the long axis of the body. Ovary simple or lobate, pretesticular ; seminal receptacle prominent, postovarial; Laurer's canal present. Uterus with numerous transverse loops confined to intercecal field, not ex- tending anteriorly beyond acetabulum. Vitellaria moderately de- veloped, extracecal, not extending anteriorly beyond level of aceta- bulum or posteriorly beyond level of ovary. Parasites of bile ducts of mammals, birds, and fishes. 2'ype species. — Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) R. Blanchard, 1895=6*. tenuicollis (Rudolphi, 1819). OPISTHORCHIS TENUICOLLIS (Rndolphi, 1819) Stiles and Hassall, 1896 Plate 7, Figures 27, 28 Synonyms. — Distoma tenuicollis Rudolphi, 1819, p. 93; D. conus Gurlt, 1831, p. 193, not Creplin, 1870; D. lanceolatmn von Siebold, 1836, p. 113, not Rudolphi, 1803 ; D. felineum Rivolta, 1884, pp. 20- 28; D. viverrini Poirier, 1886, pp. 116-130; Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) R. Blanchard, 1895, p. 217; 0. viverrini (Poirier, 1886) Stiles and Hassall, 1896, p. 155; O. tenuicollis- felineus Looss, 1899, p. 678. Description.— Opisthorchis: Body flat, 6.5 mm to 8.5 mm long by 2.1 mm to 2.2 mm wide, anterior end somewhat more attenuated than posterior end. Cuticle smooth and without spines. Oral sucker subterminal, 320/* to 340/x. in diameter; acetabulum 260;a to 320/1, long by 300/A to 360/A wide, situated 1.4 mm to 1.6 mm from the anterior end of body. Pharynx ovoid to piriform in shape, 200/x long by 140/A to 160/z, wide; esophagus 80/a to 140/x, long; intestinal ceca slender and extending to near posterior end of body, the left cecum being slightly shorter than the right. Excretory vesicle Y shaped, with a long sigmoid stem and short branches. Genital aperture im- mediately cephalad of acetabulum. Seminal vesicle more or less ART. 13 TEEMATODE PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS PRICE 27 spirally coiled and free in parenchyma, situated posterior to ace- tabulum and to the right of the median line. Testes lobed and situated in the posterior third of body; the anterior testis has four lobes and measures 500//, to 600/x long by 660/a to 700/x, wide; the posterior testis has five lobes and is 540/* to 700/a long by 680/a to TOOjU, wide. Ovary more or less trilobed, 160/x to 200/* long by 400/i to 440/1, wide, situated slightly to right of median line and about 400/A to 440/A cephalad of anterior testis. Mehlis's gland diffuse, dorsad and cephalad of ovary; seminal receptacle large, somewhat ovoid or retort shaped, situated to the right and caudad of ovary; Laurer's canal long and slender. Vitellaria extracecal, each one com- posed of eight poorly defined groups of follicles which extend from a short distance caudad of acetabulum to level of ovary. Uterus with closely packed loops confined to intercecal field between ovary and acetabulum. Eggs oval, 27/x, to 31/* long by 13/* to 15/* wide. Hosts. — Erignathus harhatus {^Phoca barbata), Halichoerus grypus^ Phocaena phocoena {^Delphinus phocoena—Phocaena comTnunis)^ Gulo borealis, Fells vivei^ina, domestic cat, dog, and man. Location. — Liver (bile ducts). Distribution. — Europe; Asia (Siberia). Remarks. — The above description is based upon specimens (U.S.N.M. Helm. Coll. No. 3357) labeled '' O pisthorchis felineus (Riv.), Haliclioei^s grypus., Konigsberg Thiergarten, collected and determined by Mtihling," which were donated to the helminthologi- cal collection by Prof. Max Liihe, June, 1902. These specimens are considerably smaller than the measurements given by various authors for C. tenuicollis^ but so far as can be determined from the litera- ture, this species exhibits considerable variation as regards size. Whether Opisthorchis tenuicolUs and O. felineus are identical species appears to be a moot question. Braun (1893) stated: "So reiht sich Dist. tenuicolle Rud. aus Phoca barbata dem Dlst. feVmemn Riv. und verwandten Arten an." Miihling (1896, 1898a, and 1898b) was convinced of their morphological identity, as was Looss (1899). Barker (1911) noted that there was a lack of specific characters that would definitely separate the two species. Morgan (1927) also states that several species of the genus, including O. tenwicoUis and 0. felineus^ are very similar and of questionable validity, and points out that widely different hosts, when feeding on the same intermediate host, may become infested with the same species of fluke. After studying the descriptions and figures of (9. tenuicolUs and O. felineus .^ the writer is convinced that they are the same morphological species and should no longer be regarded as distinct. There also appears to be no good reason for considering O. viverrini as valid, especially since the figure given by Fuhrmann (1928) shows that the uterine 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 81 coils are more closely packed than those figured by Poirier (1886) for this species, the distribution of the uterine coils being essentially the only character by which this species could be differentiated from O. tenv/icoUis { = 0. felineus). It is also possible that O. entzi^ de- scribed by von Ratz (1900) from the gall bladder of Ardea purpu- rea^ and 0. geminus, described hj Looss (1896) from the liver of Milvus parasiticivs, are species identical with O. tenuicoUis, since the characters given fall within the range of variation exhibited in the latter species. It appears that in the case of O. teiiuicoUis there is a lack of host specificity, as is also the case for Gryptocotyle lingua and certain other trematodes. Genus CYCLORCHIS Luhe. 1908 Generic diagnosis. — Opisthorchiinae : Body more or less spindle shaped, the maximum width being near the equator. Cuticle with- out spines. Suckers about equal in size. Digestive tract and excre- tory vesicle as in Opisthorchis. Testes globular, situated in poster- ior fourth of body. Ovary and adjacent structures as in Opisthor- chis. Vitellaria lateral, situated in posterior half of body, but not extending caudally beyond level of seminal receptacle. Uterine coils loosely arranged and extending laterally beyond limits of ceca. Type species. — Cyclorchis amphileucus (Looss, 1896) Liihe, 1908. CYCLORCHIS CAMPULA (Cobbold, 1876) Luhe, 1908 Plate 8, Figure 31 Synonyms. — Distoma campula Cobbold, 1876, p. 40; Metorchis campula (Cobbold, 1876) Looss, 1899, p. 565; Opisthorchis campula (Cobbold, 1876) Looss, 1899, p. 559. Description. — Cyclorchis: Body elliptical, about 3 mm long by 1 mm wide, slightly more attenuated anteriorly than posteriorly. Oral sucker subterminal; acetabulum about the same size as oral sucker, situated about one-fourth of the body length from the anterior end. Esophagus short; intestinal ceca relatively wide and sinuous, ex- tending to posterior end of body. Genital pore preacetabular ; testes ovoid and situated diagonally to the long axis in the posterior fourth of body. Ovary small; seminal receptacle large. The body which Cobbold says is " apparently the ovary " is probably the distended seminal receptacle, and the smaller body immediately in front of it is probably the ovary. Vitellaria (?). The uterus passes poster- iorly and forms a transverse loop between the ovary and testes, and then passes anteriorly in transverse loops which extend laterally be- AiiT. 13 TEEMATODE PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS PRICE 29 yond the inner limits of the ceca. Eggs " 1/1000 of an inch from pole to pole by 1/2100 inch in breadth." Host. — PJatanista gangetica. Location. — Bile ducts. Distribution. — Asia (India). Remarks. — The foregoing description is taken largely from Cob- bold's (1876) figure of D'lstotna campula. The description which he gives for this form is very incomplete, and almost no measure- ments are given. Cobbold confused this species with Gaiiifula oh- lo7iga^ a species which he had described earlier from Phocaena pho- coeiia i=P. coTnnmmis). his identification being based largely on the zigzag course of the intestinal ceca. The species from Platanista gangetica is unquestionably an opisthorchid and has been placed in the genus Cyclorchi^ by Liihe (1908) as species inquirenda. The disposition of the reproductive organs, so far as they have been fig- ured by Cobbold, is strikingly similar to that in C. amphileucus so that there appears to be good reason for including it in the same genus. Genus AMPHIMERUS Barker, 1911 Generic diagnosis. — Opisthorchiinae : Body elongated and flat- tened, anterior end attenuated. Cuticle frequently covered wholly or in part with small spines. Excretory vesicle as in Opisthorchis. Cirrus pouch and cirrus absent ; testes in posterior part of body, sim- ple or lobate, situated diagonally to long axis of body. Ovary an- terior to testes, simple or lobate; seminal receptacle well developed; Laurer's canal present. Vitellaria well developed, lateral of in- testinal ceca, divided into two distinct regions by a break opposite the ovary, not extending anteriorly beyond the acetabulum, but fre- quently extending posteriorly to or beyond the posterior testis. Uterus anterior to ovary as in Opisthorchis; the coils may extend laterally beyond the inner limits of the ceca. Parasites of the bile ducts of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Type species. — Amphimerus ovalis Barker, 1911. AMPHIMERUS LANCEA (Dicsing. 1850) Barker, 1911 Plate S, Figueks 32-33 Synonyms. — Distommii lancea Diesing, 1850, p. 334; Opisthorchis lancea (Diesing, 1850) Braun, 1901c, p. 897. Description. — Aniphimeriis: Bod}^' lanceolate, 5.5 mm to 12.5 mm long by 1 mm to 2.8 mm wide ; anterior end conical and shorter than the flattened posterior portion ; margins of posterior portion serrated. Oral sucker subterminal, 330/x to 360/x by 510/* to C60/a; acetabulum 510/x to 1.2 mm in diameter, situated one-third of the body length 30 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.8] from the anterior end. Genital pore preacetabular and median in position. Testes spherical or lobed, slightly oblique in position and situated in the posterior part of the body. Ovary biscuit shaped; seminal receptacle generally spindle shaped, situated caudad and to the right of the ovary ; Mehlis's gland indistinct. Vitellaria lateral to intestinal ceca, consisting of eight groups of follicles on each side of body divided into two regions by a break between the fourth and fifth groups, and extending from a short distance caudad of the acetabulum to the ends of the intestinal ceca. Uterus consisting of transverse coils which extend intercecally from the ovary to the acetabulum. Eggs oval, 29/x, to 33/x long by 12|u, to 14/i, wide. Hosts. — Delphinus tacuschi {])voh&h\y^ Sot alia tucuxi)^ (?) Orcaella hrevirostris. Location. — Not given ; probably bile ducts. Distribution. — Sou:th America (Brazil — Barra do Rio Negro), (?) Asia (India). Cobbold (1876) reported what he thought was this species from Orcaella hrevirostris, the specimens upon which the report was based having been collected in " the North-eastern Province of India " by Dr. John Anderson, superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The character which apparently caused Cobbold to regard the form from India as the same as that from Brazil was the "irregularly serrated " margin of the body, since he states : " I know of no other trematode possessing these sinuosities." The description and figure which he gave are quite different than those given by Diesing (1855) and by Weski (1900). The writer doubts whether the form which Cobbold calls Distoma lancea is the same as Diesing's species, but on account of the incompleteness of his description and figure, no opin- ion is expressed as to its probable affinities. Subfamily Metorchiinae Liihe, 1909 Suh family diagnosis. — Opisthorchiidae : Excretory pore ventral; stem of excretory vesicle usually short, ventral to testes. Vitellaria extend cephalad of acetabulum. Uterine coils frequently overlap ceca and extend cephalad of acetabulum. Type geniis. — Metorchis Looss, 1899. KETS" TO GENERA OF METORCHIINAE OCCUREING IN MARINE MAMMALS 1. Posterior end truncate and suckerlike Pseudamphistomum (p. 31). Posterior end rounded Metorchis (p. 30). Genus METORCHIS Looss, 1899 Generic diagnosis. — Metorchiinae: Body rounded posteriorly and attenuated anteriorly. Cuticle usually covered with spines. Intes- tinal ceca extend to posterior end of body. Testes large, usually AET. 13 TEEMATODE PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS^ PRICE 31 lobed, and more or less obliquely placed, and almost filling posterior part of body. Ovary, Mehlis's gland, seminal receptacle, and Laurer's canal as in Opisthorchis. Vitellaria compact and extend- ing anteriorly beyond acetabulum. Uterine coils often extend extra- cecally and preacetabular. Parasitic in gall bladder and bile ducts of mammals and birds. Type species. — Metorchis aJhidus (Braun, 1893) Looss, 1889. METORCHIS ALBIDUS (Braun, 1893) Looss, 1899 Plate S, Figube 34 Synonyms. — Distomwn albidum Braun, 1893, pp. 347-355; D. {Di- crocoeliunv) alhidum Braun, 1893, p. 353; Opistliorcliis albidus (Braun, 1893) Railliet, 1896, p. IGO. Description. — Metorchis : Body spatulate, 1.6 mm to 2.2 mm long by 800ju, to 1 mm wide ; anterior part of body narrower than the flat posterior part. Cuticle covered with small spines. Oral sucker sub- terminal, 200/A to 240)a in diameter ; acetabulum 200/^ in diameter and situated 600/i, to 900/i, from the anterior end of the body. Pharynx ovoid, 75/x to 90/x long by 47/a to 85^ wide ; esophagus 28fx long ; in- testinal ceca extend to posterior end of body. Genital aperture pre- acetabular; seminal vesicle relatively short. Testes lobed, oblique in position, the left testis anterior to right, and situated in the pos- terior jDart of the body; the anterior testis is 300/a to 34:0ju, long by 300/x to 380/A wide, and the posterior 320/a long by 380/* wide. Ovary somewhat triangular in shape, lOOju, to ISOjx long by 140ja to 180/x wide, situated a short distance in front of anterior testis. Seminal vesicle large and situated posterolateral of ovary; Mehlis's gland diffuse. Vitellaria lateral and extending from near level of intestinal bifurcation to level of ovary. Uterus greatly convoluted and occupy- ing the greater part of the inter vitellarian field from the ovary to a short distance cephalad of acetabulum. Eggs 27/i to 32/x, long by 13/x to 16/1 wide. Hosts. — Ualichoerus g7'ypus, Felis domestica^ Vulpes vulpes, and Canis fatniliaris. Location. — Gall bladder and bile ducts. Distribution. — Europe. Genus PSEUDAMPHISTOMUM Luhe, 1908 Generic diagnosis. — Metorchiinae : Body conical in shape, anterior end pointed ; posterior end truncate and surrounded by a ridge giv- ing it a suckerlike appearance. Cuticle beset with fine spines. Ex- cretory pore in center of posterior suckerlike structure. Intestinal ceca slightly sinuous, extending to posterior end of body. Genital 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.81 pore preacetabular ; cirrus pouch and cirrus absent; seminal vesicle convoluted, free in parenchyma. Testes in posterior third of body, placed slightly obliquely to long axis of body. Ovary median in po- sition, situated about midway between anterior border of testes and acetabulum; seminal receptacle voluminous, postovarial. Vitellaria extracecal and consisting of relatively large groups of follicles ex- tending from level of seminal receptacle to level of genital pore or slightly beyond. Uterus greatly convoluted, extending laterally over ceca and anteriorly beyond acetabulum. Parasites of bile ducts of mammals. Type species. — PseudamphistoTnuin truncatwm (Rudolphi, 1819) Luhe, 1908. PSEUDAMPHISTOMUM TKUNCATUM (Rudolphi. 1819) Luhe. 1908 Plate 8, Figure 35 Synonyvis. — Amphistoma truncatum Rudolphi, 1819, p. 91; Bis- ioma coivm Creplin, 1825, pp. 50-53; Distomum lanceolafuni Mehlis of Diesing, 1858, p. 332 ; Distoma cannpanulatmn Ercolani, 1875, pp. 432-439; Metorchis truncatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1899, p. 565. Descriptio